Physiocrats - ko wai te mea tenei? māngai o te Physiocrats

I roto i te whakaaro ohaoha XVI rautau i roto i Europe kua oti te reira huringa nui: i timata te rapu kaha mo te ariā puna capitalist o taonga. Kei te tika whakaaro tenei wā ririhau te wā o te haaputuputuraa tahito o te whakapaipai, ki te wā i roto i nei kua tīmata whenua Pākehā hokohoko me te roha tōrangapū, a na i runga i. D. I tenei wa, recaptures te bourgeoisie te tūranga, e kore anake i roto i tōrangapū, engari ano hoki i roto i te ohaoha.

I te wa ano, ka i reira ko tetahi whakawhitinga ki te parau haapiiraa puāwaitanga pera-ka karanga i roto i France, te wahi i reira ko tetahi kura o te Physiocrats, te kaiwhakarewa o i ko te rongonui Fransua Kene.

He aha te physiocracy me ko wai e physiocrats?

Ko te ariā o "physiocracy" mai i te hanumi, o te kupu Kariki "physis", e whakamāoritanga rite "natula" me "kratos", e te tikanga mana, te kaha, faatîtîraa. Physiocracy - te ingoa o tetahi o nga wāhi tino rongonui o te pera-ka karanga ōhanga tōrangapū puāwaitanga, me nga Physiocrats - e, i runga i, te māngai o tenei au. Ahakoa te meka e te kura ake ahu i roto i France i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XVIII (i roto i te 1750, kia rite ki te nuinga o ngā mātāpuna), ina te tere tipu te whenua raruraru o te pūnaha feudal, ka anga te wā "Physiocrats" ki te whakamahi anake i roto i te rau tau XIX. I tapa reira e Dupont de Nemours, e whakaputaina nga mahi o te kaiwhakarewa o te kura French o economists - F. Koehne. Ratou māngai o te wāhi pai ki te karanga ia ia te "Economists" me te ariā i whakawhanakehia ratou, ka ki i kaitautoko i - ". Ōhanga tōrangapū" Physiocrats - kaitautoko o te "tikanga māori" i roto i te ora ōhanga o te hapori, e kaha awhina te whakaaro e te āhua o te whenua - ko te take motuhake anake o te hanga tenei.

Ko te takenga mai o te ariā o te Physiocrats

E ai ki te nuinga o te reo Ingarihi, faihisitōlia Russian me Tiamana, te kaiwhakarewa o ōhanga tōrangapū ko Arama Smith. Heoi, i te pūtaiao French turaki tenei tirohanga, tautohetohe e te putanga o tenei pūtaiao - he kaiaka tino o te kura Physiocrats. Ratou tautohe ko e hiahia Arama Smith ia ki te horo'ai tona mahi matua "Ko te rawa o Nations" rangatira e mōhiotia ana o nga Physiocrats - Fransua Kene.

whakakapi Physiocracy te mercantilism pera-ka karanga, i ko atu pūnaha atu ariā. I tua atu, i taka nga mercantilists ki te waihanga i tētahi parau haapiiraa pūtaiao tonu-parirau. Na reira, ko te reira tika Physiocrats ki kia mohio rite whaimana i nga kaiwhakatū o ōhanga tōrangapū. Kua hoatu e ratou i mua mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te parau tumu i takoto te hapori e te tikanga tūturu o te ora. I roto i to ratou tirohanga, he rawaka ki te ite i te ture e pā te ora ōhanga reira, a ka waiho e taea ki te hanga i tētahi ariā o te uri me te tohatoha o te taonga i roto i te mau melo o te hapori. Ki te to ratou tikanga deductive he tino rite ki te tikanga o Arama Smith me ētahi atu māngai rongonui o te "puāwaitanga" ohaoha.

Ko te parau haapiiraa o te Physiocrats Basics

Physiocrats - Ko te hoariri o mercantilism, e mau te whakahaere ki te waihanga i tētahi pūtaiao ōhanga whānui. Ua faaite ratou i te ngākau nuitanga o kaimahi nui, capitalists, a kī e te agriculturalists (kaimahi) ko te piha haapiiraa hua anake i roto i te hapori.

Ko te ariā matua o te Physiocrats he rite whai:

1. Ko te ture o te ohaoha e rerekē huru māori, e ko, ka taea e matau ratou tangata ia. I roto i te take o te ine iti i enei tukanga ture whakangao te taniwha, ohorere.
2. hāngai ana te parau haapiiraa ōhanga o te Physiocrats kei i runga i te kōhanga e te puna o te taonga ko te ao o te production, ngā ahuwhenua.
3. I kite Ahumahi rite te pakoko, e kore whakaputa rauemi taonga poi.
4. E nga physiocrats mara pakoko pēnei me ngā mahi hokohoko.
5. Physiocrats hua Pure i titiro rite te rerekētanga i waenganui i te huinga o taonga whakaputaina i roto i te ahuwhenua, me te utu e hiahiatia ana ki te whakaputa ia ratou.
6. I muri te tātari i te wahi tūturu o te whakapaipai, korerotia nga Physiocrats (nga māngai o ngā ngākau nuitanga kaimahi ') e kia wehewehe tetahi i waenganui i te "moni ā-tau" (mahi whakapaipai), "mua tuatahi" (rawa pūmau) me ngā utu ā-tau, e, i roto i to ratou whakaaro, ko te whakahaere o kaimahi pāmu te pūtea matua .
7. E kore e te moni i roto i tetahi o enei momo o mua. Ahakoa te meka e te "moni-whakapaipai" Ko te ariā e ko te tino maha mahi ariā ōhanga hou, nga Physiocrats, Heoi, kihai i faaohipa i te reira, tautohetohe e he horomata te moni, te mea he uara o anake ratou mahi o te reo o te utu. Ano, ka whakapono ai e ki te whakaora moni e kore e taea e koe, no te mea i muri i te tango ia ratou i te tohanga, e tangohia e ratou o ratou tetahi anake 'aonga, mahi - ki te waiho i te tikanga o te utu o te taonga.
8. mai ki raro ki te mau parau tumu tumu e toru te take o te tāketanga parau haapiiraa o te Physiocrats:

- hāngai taake kei runga i te puna o te moni;

- kia takoha kia hiahiatia ki te whakatau i te moni;

- e kore e waiho nui utu whakahaere tāke.

Fransua Kene me tona tepu ōhanga

I momo ana ki ngā whakaaro e kua whakahuatia, ka wehea i roto i Physiocrats papatipu te wāhanga ōhanga o te hapori French o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII. Māngai o tenei au o ohaoha puāwaitanga whakatau pātai rite ki te pehea, ki te puta kia te hononga ōhanga i waenganui i te iwi i roto i ngā o te tikanga tūturu, me te aha kia te mau parau tumu o te whanaungatanga raraunga. whanau te kaiwhakarewa o te kura o te Physiocrats Fransua Kene i roto i nga wahi o waho ake o Paris i 1694. Na roto i te tikanga e kore ko ia te ohanga, a ka mahi i rite te tākuta i te marae o Louis XV. Ko te raruraru o te ōhanga, ka hiahia i roto i te taenga e ono tekau tau i ia.

Ko te takoha matua o F. Quesnay ko te hanganga o te "tepu ōhanga" rongonui. I roto i tona mahi, ka whakakitea e ia pehea te hua katoa i hanga e te i roto i te ahuwhenua, te tahuri iho hoki i waenganui i te akomanga pāpori tīariari. Ohunga Quesnay i nga akomanga e whai ake nei:

- mahi (kaimahi me kaimahi ahuwhenua);

- horomata (kaihokohoko me ngā kaiwhakanao);

- kaipupuri (ngā kaipupuri whenua, me te te kingi).

E ai ki Quesnay, te kaupapa o te hua katoa ā-tau ngā o 5 taahiraa tumu mahi o ranei:

1. Kei te hoko Farmers i ngā hua kai kaimahi i roto i te nui o te 1 piriona pümautanga. hoki tenei mahi ki kaimahi 1 piriona pümautanga, a 1/3 o te hua ā-tau riro i te tohanga.
2. hua Ppb rite rangatira piha reti rangatira whenua whiwhi hua ahumahi hanga "horomata" piha.
3. Industrialists ki te hoko i te miriona kaimahi (te piha hua) kai. Ko te kupu kaimahi, a ka haere ki te piriona kua 2/3 hua i muri ā-tau ngaro i te tohanga.
4. Farmers hoko i hua kaiwhakanao hua. Utu o taonga hokona ngā roto i te utu o te hua ā-tau.
5. Industrialists ki te hoko i te piriona hua i te kaimahi te rauemi raw tika mo te hanga o ratou hua. Ko te kupu, ko te kaupapa ā-tau o te hua whai wāhi ki te utunga o moni e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi, me te tino i roto i te ahuwhenua, kia rite ki te tikanga matua matua mo te hë o te tukanga whakaputa.

Ki te whakaaro ki takoha, whakapono F. Quesnay e kia atu tenei anake ratou ki kaipupuri whenua. Ko te nui o te tāke e hei, i roto i tona whakaaro, 1/3 o te hua parakore.

Kua whakawhanakehia F. Quesnay tikanga tūturu ariā, te whakaaro taketake o te mea e te ture morare, i meinga nei hei te kāwanatanga, me te kore e waiho e poka ki te ngākau nuitanga o te hapori rite te katoa tangata ia takitahi.

Ko te ariā matua Physiocrat A. Turgot

whanau A. Turgot i roto i 1727 i roto i France, a puta i te Sorbonne Faculty o Theology. Whakarara ki tenei, i hiahia i roto i te ohaoha ia. Hoki e rua nga tau, i 1774 ki te 1776 ko A. Turgot te Comptroller General. Reipa, i kawea mai Physiocrats rongo, ka karanga "Ngaahi Fakakaukau ki te hanga me te tohatoha o te taonga", i whakaputaina i te reira i roto i 1770.

Ka rite ki atu Physiocrats, tohe A. Turgot i te whakarato haere noa oti i roto i ngā mahi ōhanga, ka tohe e te puna kapu o te hua toenga he ahuwhenua. Ko ia te tetahi tuatahi kitea i roto i te piha haapiiraa "kaimahi" me te piha haapiiraa "kaimahi" o kaimahi, kaimahi whaiaro-mahi me kaipakihi.

i whakatakoto A. Turgot "ture o hoki iti", rite ki nei ia āpitihanga muri ki te whenua, o te mahi whakapaipai ranei e homai he pānga iti atu i te tāpiritanga o mua, me i etahi wāhi i reira mai te rohe, ka noa i taea ki te whakatutuki i te pānga atu ranei.

Ētahi atu ngā mema o te rangatira o te physiocracy

Ko te tūranga takaro e te Physiocrats i roto i te ōhanga o France kore e te hoohonutanga. kitea o ratou whakaaro kei te i roto i te mahi o taua tuakiri pai-mohiotia pērā i Pierre de Lepezan Boisguillebert ko Richard Cantillon.

mohiotia Per De Boisguillebert ki hītori rite te tangata nana nei i hoatu mua i te parau tumu o te rongonui «Laisser faire, laisser tika», e muri ka te parau tumu matua o te ōhanga. Ia koi whakahē te ariā o mercantilism, engari i te wa ano tautoko te whakaaro i kawea te taimaha o te kura Physiocrats. Māngai o mercantilism, me whakahou rite Boisguillebert ratou kitenga i roto i te mara o te ōhanga, e kore nei e hāngai ki te mau hakari o te ora.

E ai Boisguillebert, he reira e tika ana ki te anake aua takoha e kore e e i roto i pakanga ki te tikanga tūturu, ka whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te mahi ohaoha. korero e ia i roto i ki pokanoa tukino a te State me te ora ōhanga o te kingi, a ka ui ki tukua mai te tika ki te hokohoko taupori noa. I tua atu, ko ia tetahi o nga kaituhi o te mahi ariā o uara, kī e ka te uara tūturu o te taonga e takoto i te mahi, me te utu o te mehua - wā e mahi ana.

whanau R. Cantillon i roto i Ireland, engari mo te tino roa noho i roto i France. I roto i te 1755 whakaputaina e ia he mahi nui "Ko te wheako o te natura, me te hokohoko." I roto i tona mahi, i tāutuhia e ia he maha o ngā mōrearea e whakawehi te whenua, ki te ka whai reira te tuhituhinga "ki te hoko iti, me te hoko atu te utu." kite R. Cantillon e waenganui i te supply mākete o nāianei, me te hiahiatanga, i reira he rerekētanga tika ki te mea e taea ki te tiki i te tahi mea iti, me te hoko, aua, ake te utu. People e whakamahi i tēnei wāhi ki te painga o ratou, ka karanga ia "kaipakihi".

Ko te horapa o te ariā o te Physiocrats waho France

Physiocrats - e kore ko te French anake nei i whakaturia te kura o te Physiocrats, a mau ana whakaaro i roto i te whenua. whakaaro hoki Physiocrats ratou Tiamana Shlettveyn, Springer, Movilon Itāriana Bandini, Delphic, Sarkiani, Swiss Schaeffer, Olaf Runeberg, Hidenius, Brunkman, Westerman, amo Stroynovsky B., A. Poplavsky me te tini ke atu.

rawa i kitea Physiocrats whakaaro maha kaitautoko i roto i Germany. Ko konei te rongonui tino, Karl-Friedrich, e ngana ana ki te ripeneta i te pūnaha tāke. Ki te mahi i tenei, tīpako i ngā kainga iti, whakakorea e ia nga takoha o mua katoa a hei utu whakaurua he tāke kotahi o 1/5 o "moni kupenga" i takea mai i nga mahi i te whenua.

I roto i Italy, i te pānga nui i runga i te hanganga whakaurua i roto i te ora o Toscana, Leopold te ariā o te Physiocrats.

I roto i te Sweden recaptures hoki physiocracy tūranga. timata mercantilism Tino ki wane, a kihai i nga Physiocrats mahue tona tupono. Ko te a Tūrongo, te nuinga o ratou māngai ko Hidenius nei korero e pā ana ki te pūtake, me te ai te rawakore o te kāwanatanga. I tua atu, kua mīharo ia e te pātai o te hekenga. tamata ia ki te tautuhi i te take o tenei āhuatanga, me te ki te whakawhanake i mehua ki te whakakore i te reira.

Mō Me kï Poland e i roto i tenei whenua, ko te ahuwhenua ko he mahi matua o te taupori tonu matara i te rau tau XVI. Ko te aha te rawa hohoro reira kitea ona kaitautoko o te whakaaro i peia nga physiocrats French. I roto i Poland, Nōna te ōhanga huringa kounga i roto i te paerewa o te ora o te whenei waenganui o te taupori tino nui haere.

Taiawhiotia physiocracy i roto i Russia

Ahakoa kihai i Russia māngai parakore o nga Physiocrats, engari te awe etahi tikanga o tenei au ki etahi whānuitanga te kingitanga o Catherine II. Hei tauira, i roto i nga tau wawe o tona kingitanga o Empress e tumâ wheketere heriheri i runga i te whakaputa o te hua, ko Maehe 17, 1775 whakaputa he Faaiteraa i karangatia te parau tumu o te whakataetae kore utu. I te 1765 ka hanga ai te Free Economic Society, nei te mau melo i kaitautoko Russian o Applied physiocracy. Ko tētahi o ratou ko agronomist Andrei Bolotov.

Dmitry Golitsyn ko he karere Russian i roto i Paris, a maha ka mau wahi i roto i te hui o te Physiocrats French. Ka kua faauruhia e ratou whakaaro, e tūtohu ana ki Catherine II ki te tonoa tauira Pierre Quesnay de la Riviera fakaafe ki te haere ki Russia. Tae i roto i te whenua, i hanga Riviere he mutunga matekiri e serfdom tika ke ki te "tikanga tūturu", te faaite he hē tona whakaaro, me te, pae hopea, i muri i te 8 marama, i hoki tonoa ki France.

Golitsyn, i roto i te tahuri, hoatu mua te whakaaro ki te tukua kaimahi te haere noa o te tangata, me te hoatu ki a ratou i te tika ki te ake taonga whaiaro. I whakaekea te whenua ki te waiho i te taonga o te kaipupuri whenua, e taea e te rīhi i te reira ki kaimahi.

Mai 70-doma. tino ke XVIII rautau Catherine II tona whakaaro e pā ana ki te Physiocrats. Na tīmata ia ki te amuamu e kua whangai ratou ake me ia ake obsessions me tohutohu i karanga faingamālie katoa ratou "ranters" ranei "whakapohehe ana a tawhio noa."

Huakore o te mau haapiiraa o te Physiocrats

Na nga mercantilists me physiocrats maha kua whakahē hoki ona whakaaro. I roto i nga tōnounou nui o nga Physiocrats kura e whai ake kia tuhia:

1. Ko te drawback matua o te ariā i whakanuia e nga physiocrats, e pā ana matua ki te whakapono hape e te ahuwhenua, ko te anake te rāngai ki te hanga taonga.
2. kua oti te whakarite anake utu Reipa i roto i te ahuwhenua.
3. Tohe Physiocrats e hurihia anake te ahua o te hua toenga te reti.
4. horahia e ratou he pōhēhē e pā ana ki te mea te mea hoki he par ki te utu o te mahi te puna o te whenua.
5. rahua ratou ki te whakahaere i te tātari tino, me te whānui o te tukanga o te uri, mai kore i kite i production ahumahi e ratou kia rite ki te puna o te uara.

Kaha o nga mau haapiiraa o te Physiocrats

I roto i te āhuatanga pai o te ariā o te Physiocrats kia whakanui i te whai ake:

1. Ko tētahi o nga hua matua o nga Physiocrats ko e whakahaere ratou ki te whakawhiti rangahau i roto i te ao o te production. aru ratou hi'oraa i te taha o te ōhanga tōrangapū puāwaitanga katoa.
2. momo Bourgeois o production Physiocrats whakaaro rite whaiaroaro, arā tūturu me motuhake o te tangata e te hanganga tōrangapū o te pāpori ranei. ko te timatanga o te parau haapiiraa o te objectivity o ture ōhanga tenei.
3. Awhina te tirohanga e taonga ko te whakamahi-uara, a kahore te moni.
4. Ko nga pūtaiao tuatahi nei whakaekea te wehe hua i mahi huakore.
5. hoatu ratou te whakamāramatanga o "whakapaipai."
6. Whakatikaia te wehenga o te hapori ki ngā akomanga matua e toru.
7. F. Quesnay i roto i tona "tepu ōhanga" hanga he ngana ki te kawe i roto i te tātaritanga whānui o te tukanga o te uri.
8. Te kato ake te kaupapa o te utu ōrite, mahi te Physiocrats he patu taimaha ki te ako o nga mercantilists, a whakamatauria e kore ko te utu ano i te puna o te taonga.

Mai no Physiocrats ki te whakaaro o te hanga taonga anake i roto i te ahuwhenua, ui ratou e whakakore i te kāwanatanga takoha katoa i roto i te rängai ahumahi. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira nga tikanga mo te whanaketanga noa o te moni.