Waikura Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie me nesoleobrazuyuschie

Waikura he matū matatini, arā, o rua ngā huānga, tetahi o nei - te hāora i roto i te āhua pitihāoratanga tuarua.

I roto i te tuhinga matū mō waikura nomenclature piri ki te ture e whai ake nei:

1. A, no te te hoatu tonu te tuhi tātai hāora i roto i te wahi tuarua - NO, cao.
2. Ka karangatia hoki waikura, te tīmatanga whakamahi tonu te kupu waikura, i muri i te mea i roto i te ingoa huānga tuarua pūriro: bảo - waikura pārana, K₂O - waikura pāhare pāporo.
3. I roto i te take, ina te tikanga o te huānga ake waikura i muri i tona ingoa i roto i taiapa tohu te āhua pitihāoratanga o te huānga, hei tauira N₂O₅ - waikura nitric (V), Fe₂O₃ - rino waikura (II), Fe₂O₃ - rino waikura (III).
4. Ka karangatia hoki waikura tino noa tika tika whanaunga ngota ia ngā tau rāpoi ngota e whakarite ki hāngai Kariki: N₂O - waikura dinitrogen, NO₂ - hauota hāora, N₂O₅ - pentoxide dinitrogen, NO - hauota monoxide.
5. waikawa pararopi anhydrides he reira e minaminatia ki te karanga i te ara ano rite te waikura (hei tauira, N₂O₅ - waikura nitric (V)).

Ka taea te whiwhi waikura i roto i te maha ngā huarahi rerekē:

1. Te tauhohe i ki te hāora matū ohie. E oxidized matū Simple raro whakawera maha te tuku wera, me te marama. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko tahunga
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Nā ki te hāora o ngā matū matatini whiwhi waikura o huānga e kua ngā i roto i te hanganga o te rauemi tīmata:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. whāwehe o nga pūhau, waihā, pākawa waro:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = cao + CO₂
   Cu (OH) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. Ka rite ki te hua o te piti hāora o te waikura konganuku o te tahi atu āhuatanga. tauhohe rite ko te metallothermy pūtake - ora o konganuku i ratou waikura ki te konganuku hohe atu:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. Na roto i te whāwehe o waikura teitei hāora o te raro ranei:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Whakarōpū hāngai waikura o ratou āhuatanga matū fakahu'unga ratou wehenga ki waikura tote-hanga, me te nesoleobrazuyuschie (tau'a). Tote-hanga waikura, i tahuri, wehea ki waikawa, taketake, me te amphoteric.

Ko te waikura matua hāngai ki te turanga. Hei tauira, Na₂O, cao, MgO - waikura taketake, mai hāngai ratou ki te turanga - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, Mg (OH) ₂. Ētahi waikura (K₂O me cao) ngāwari ariu ki te wai, me te hanga i turanga rātou:

Cao + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Kei te whāpāharehia waikura o Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O ki te wai e kore e tauhohe, engari te waikawa, ai whakaaro faufaa:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

āhuatanga matū Angamaheni o tenei momo waikura - ratou tauhohenga ki te waikawa, rite ki te hua o nei, ka rite ki te tikanga, te wai hua me te tote:

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

huru hoki waikura Basic ki waikura waikawa:

Cao + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

waikura waikawa hāngai waikawa, hei tauira, hāngai waikura N₂O₃ te waikawa hauota HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - waikawa perchloric, HClO₄, SO₃ - H₂SO₄ waikawa pungatara.

Ko te taonga matū matua taua waikura ko to ratou tauhohenga ki turanga i hanga te tote me te wai:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

huru waikura nuinga waikawa ki te wai, hanga i te waikawa hāngai. I te wa ano he tata rewakore i roto i te wai SiO₂ waikura, engari ka e haamou te reira i te turanga, na reira, he mea he waikura waikawa:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (hononga) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

waikura Amphoteric - waikura kei e i runga i ngā āhuatanga rānei whakaatu āhuatanga waikawa me te taketake, i.e., na roto i te tauhohe i ki waikawa tikanga rite waikura taketake, me i te tauhohenga ki te turanga - rite waikawa.

Ehara i waikura amphoteric katoa taunekeneke rite ki nga turanga, me te waikawa. Ētahi i atu korerotia āhuatanga taketake, etahi - waikawa.

Ki te rite tauhohe te waikura konutea chromium ranei ki waikawa me turanga, ka mua roa āhuatanga taketake i te waikura Fe₂O₃.

E whakaahua ana te āhuatanga o amphoteric waikura ZnO i roto i tenei tauira:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

e kore e waikura Nesoleobrazuyuschie hanga rānei waikawa turanga (hei tauira, N₂O, NO) ranei.

I tua atu, e kore e hoatu e ratou tauhohe rite ki te hunga waikura tote-hanga. kia ariu waikura Nesoleobrazuyuschie ki waikawa alkalies ranei, engari e kore e hanga i hua e te hunga angamaheni o waikura tote-hanga, pērā i 150⁰S me tauhohe 1.5 MPa CO ki te konutai waihā ki te hanga i te tote - formate konutai:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

e kore waikura Nesoleobrazuyuschie rasprostranenіy rite whanui rite tahi atu momo o waikura e hanga e, te nuinga e whai wāhi mai nonmetals divalent.