Whakarōpū o kaupapa. Whakamarama me te whakarōpū o kaupapa

whakahere tatou he whakarōpū taipitopito o kaupapa i runga i te papa whenua rerekē. E matau ana koe, he aha e ratou tirohanga o te āhua o rerekē ratou i ia atu. Tuatahi o te katoa, hoatu tatou te faaotiraa e tika ana ki te whai i te whakaaro o te mea i haere i runga i.

Ko te kaupapa - he tukanga pūnaha matatini, e whai ana ki te huri i te wāhi ngā o te ora tangata. I roto i te whenua whakawhanakehia me i whenua o te mua Soviet Union rerekē tino tenei ariā me te whakarōpū o kaupapa ētahi wā he ona ake āhuatanga (kite. Wāhanga "Kaupapa Investment").

I roto i te tikanga tuku iho o te kupu e pā ana ki te kaupapa:

1) Ko te whakaaro o te whakaaro, te ariā.

2) Ko te whakamārama, whakaaturanga, image o te ahanoa (sino whäwhä ranei) i runga i te pepa i ētahi atu pāpāho ranei.

He aha ngā te i roto i te kaupapa?

Ko whānui atu tangohia te mea i tatou i te ariā o te reira i roto i nga whenua whakawhanakehia o te Te Hau-ā-uru. Hei tauira, te Institute o te whakahaere kaupapa American faataa te reira rite te raruraru etahi ki te raraunga taketake rite te pai kia rite ki te whāinga e hiahiatia ana (hua) e meinga te tikanga o whakaoti i te reira. Here, Heoi, kua mea i te reira e pā ana ki te mea e wātea ana ngā rauemi mō te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa. I tua atu, i whakaritea te tikanga o whakaoti i te raruraru e kore tonu me kore anake nga whāinga (ngā putanga) o tona whakatau. Reira e nehenehe tatou e te mea e ngā te kaupapa:

- te mahere (mahi, raruraru);

- he tikanga o te whakaoti (whakatinanatanga);

- ngā whāinga (hua).

hua kaupapa

Ko te kaupapa i roto i te tikanga whānui - he te tahi mea e taea te huri i tetahi mea i roto i te ao, te ora. Ko te hua o tona ki te mata rite o te tirohanga e taea e rua motuhake (whakahaere, ngā hanganga, whare, hua, me te pera i runga i. D.) A waitara (wheako, te matauranga, tikanga, mahere, me pera i runga i. D.). Ki te whakaaro tatou i te reira rite te pūnaha hihiri, e taea te tāutuhia:

- nāianei (hangarau, tuhinga, aha ...);

- mutunga (pai, hua, etc ...).

E mea pinepine e te aroaro te kaupapa, me ona hua i roto i te puka o te whāinga o te pūnaha, e te tikanga e te kaupapa ko te pūnaha. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te huinga o ngā huānga rerekē, me te puta hononga ki waenganui ia ratou, e tutuki etahi take.

Ko te whenua i runga i te mea e taea ki te whakarōpū kaupapa

Ka taea te kawea Whakarōpū o kaupapa i roto i runga i ngā o te whakatinanatanga, te tauine, te kounga o ratou hoahoa me te whakatinanatanga, te whakatinanatanga pae, te rahi o te rauemi e whakamahia ana. Ko te kanorau o ngā momo, ko te tino tiketike pono. He te take e whai ake nei Whakarōpū o kaupapa:

- te hanganga, te hanganga o te kaupapa, me te wāhi kaupapa, whakatau tona piha haapiiraa;

- poi o mahi, te wahi e kawea ai i roto i, e whakatau tona momo;

- te rahi o te kaupapa, te maha o ngā kaiuru me te whānuitanga o tona mana ki runga ki te ao, tautuhi tona whānuitanga;

- te roanga o te whakatinanatanga i whakatau tona roanga;

- te tohu o hangarau, pūtea, whakahaere, hangarau, me te tahi atu mau fifi.

kaupapa whakahaere

Momo o ngä kaupapa e whai ake nei: whakahaere, pāpori, ōhanga, hangarau me te whakauru. Kei te nuinga o te wā kaupapa whakahaere e pā ana ki te whakahou o pakihi ngā me te hanga o te hinonga hou, whakahaere, hinonga pakihi, etahi o nga mahi (hui, awheawhe, Huinga, hui, me ētahi atu). āhuatanga tino o te whai ake:

- Kei te tautuhia whāinga o te kaupapa, engari uaua ki te ine i te ine nui, mai e whakahaua ratou ki reira ki te whakapai ake i te pūnaha;

- Kei te whakaturia te roanga o te wā mahi me te i roto i te mua;

- tae noa ki taea rauemi tohaina;

- Ko nga utu mo te kaupapa taua raro ki te mana rawa pakari i te hi'oraa o te tōtika o ratou whakatinanatanga maha hiahia tīmata kē te ako.

Āhuatanga o kaupapa ōhanga

hoki ngā te whakarōpū o ngā momo o ngā kaupapa i te ōhanga. E hāngai ana ratou i hinonga hanganga, hokotanga, faaapīraa, whakapai ake o ngā ture ritenga, ngā pūnaha tāke me ētahi atu āhuatanga e ratou e whai ake .:

- whakaraupapahia nga whāinga mua-whakamutunga matua e taea te whakaritea i roto i te akoranga o te whakatinanatanga;

- te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa rite taea, me te te wāhanga takitahi o reira e maha whakaritea;

- āhua whakaritea e utu, engari e tata me te tonu aroturuki ratou.

Āhuatanga o kaupapa pāpori

kaupapa pāpori e hāngai ana hei whakaoti rapanga pāpori motuhake. Hei tauira, ko te whakapai ake o te ture penihana, haumaru pāpori, te whakakorenga o nga hopearaa o nekehanga pāpori me ari tūturu. He atu tauira. He he he whakarōpū motuhake o kaupapa pāpori, engari i te āhuatanga noa e whai ake katoa o ratou:

- ngā whāinga i tuhia i roto i te whānui, engari e papaki ratou, aromatawai kounga me te ine i roto i tenei take ko reira maha uaua rite te whanaketanga, te whakatutuki etahi hua takawaenga;

- e kore e taea te mārama te katoa roanga me te wā, na to ratou he āhua probabilistic;

- rite tika ana ki te tohatoha rauemi ki te kaupapa, Heoi, ki taea te whānuitanga.

Te papû ore rahi i rite tenei momo o kaupapa.

kaupapa pūkaha

E pā ana ratou ki te whanaketanga o te hua hou (momo, atawhai, hanga). Āhuatanga o te whai ake:

- mārama whāinga hopea tuatahi, ahakoa takitahi whakatinanatanga iti rite kia tohua ai;

E āta tāutuhia roanga, kati otinga i roto i te mua, me e whakaaro tae noa ki taea, engari e kore e te te whakatikatika waho -;

- mārama whakaritea Utu;

- whāititanga i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa, me tona whakamahere e pā ana, te nuinga, ki te rohe o te hanga raukaha.

Ki Pālesi, whakautu maha, me mega-kaupapa

Ka taea hoki e Whakarōpū o kaupapa wehewehe nga momo e whai ake nei o ratou: he-kaupapa mega, maha-kaupapa, me te monoproekty.

Monoproekty tohu he tauira kotahi o te rahi ngā, momo, me te momo. Multiproject - matatini, ngā reira i roto i tona mema i te monoproekty torutoru. I te pae hopea, Ko te mega-kaupapa i tētahi hōtaka ūnga mo te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi, me rohe. Kei a ia ko te maha ki Pālesi me multiprojects.

whānuitanga o te kaupapa

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, rawa he kaupapa nui "Whakarōpū o kaupapa, me o ratou whakaaro." Tonu whākinga, puta ki te whakarōpū i muri o te turanga. Ka taea e koe te tīpako i te megaproject me iti (paku-kaupapa). kawea Whakarōpū i roto i tenei take i roto i runga i te tauine. he iti rōrahi Small, i te hanganga ohie, kua he maha iti o ngā kaiuru. whakaaetia te reira, no te hoahoa me te whakatinana i te maha o fakafaingofua'i:

- te mauria atu mahi ruruku kotahi tangata;

He whakawhiti mema o te rōpū Whakahaere rite ki te kaupapa -;

- te rārangi whakatinanatanga tino ohie;

- mohio mema ia o te rōpū tona hōkai o te mahi me te mahi;

- te kaupapa whakatinana te taua maka (kapa), e timata te mahi i runga i rave i te reira i roto i te whanaketanga, te whakamahere, me te ka te hoahoa.

āhuatanga megaprojects

tohu Megaprojects hōtaka ūnga. ngā ratou o te plurality o te hunga iti, e, e toaati ka ngā he whāinga noa o te wā, me ngā rauemi. kia hōtaka ngā taua ā-rohe, rohe, ā-rängai, rängai, motu, me te ao. Tae rau o mirioni o tara o ratou pūtea, me ētahi wā atu. Ruruku ka hanga e te hōtaka taua i te taumata te äpiti me motu. 5-7 tau, a ētahi wā atu taea e te roanga o ratou whakatinanatanga. Ehara i na roto i te tupono noa e kua tāutuhia matou ratou, te heheu mai i te kaupapa pēnei i te whakarōpū o kaupapa. Ko te tino matatini tenei ahua o te whakahaere kaupapa, no te mea e titau te reira i te whakaaro o ngā āhuatanga maha.

He tūturu i roto i a ratou i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

- te aroaro o maha toi rerekē e faaaravihi i rerekē momo o te mahi, e te tikanga e reira ko te hiahia ki te ruruku ratou mahi;

- rēhitatanga mātua o ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te ōhanga mō te iteraa o tenei kaupapa i roto i te wahi tino i te wa ngā;

- tohatoha i roto i te wāhanga motuhake o tona ariā whanaketanga;

- whakahou i runga i nga wāhanga ngā o te whakatinanatanga o te mahere kaupapa taketake;

- pupuri tona pū ahurei, me te;

- te hiahia ki te whakawhanake i rerekē mahere mo tona whakatinanatanga - e rua whakahaere me te rautaki;

- rēhitatanga herea o te āhua probabilistic o te ngā tohu, me te mōrea;

- aroturuki tamau o te kaupapa, me te te whakahou o ona āhuatanga.

Whakarōpū i te roanga

Whakaaro i te kaupapa "Whakarōpū o kaupapa, me o ratou whakaaro", kia tuhia te reira e taea te wehea te roanga ratou ki poto, reo, me te wā roa.

wā poto-(ki runga, ki te 2 tau), āhuatanga e te meka e he hiahia i roto i te otinga tere o tenei kaupapa te kiritaki, na ko ia pai ki te whakapiki ake i tona utu tūturu. Maximally iti i pūrongo, te maha iti o kaikirimana whai wāhi i roto i te mahi, mā te whakamahi i te whakatinanatanga tino ohie o whakairoiro i runga i te tangata kotahi te kawenga, a ka he iti nga huringa i roto i te whakatinanatanga. Kaupapa ähua tata a kahore e wā roa-i enei āhuatanga.

āhuatanga o te kaupapa

Ki te mau huru e rave rahi e pā ana te matatini o te kaupapa. I roto ia ratou - te hiahia mo te kounga tiketike o tona mahi, ko te iti momo o ngā rauemi (wa, mahi, me te pūtea), me ētahi atu ka taea e wehewehe i te huānga e whai ake nei :.

- te tuhinga hoahoa;

- whakaurunga production;

- whakaurunga production;

- te mahi hangarau me te hanga;

- taputapu hangarau;

- ratonga, hua mahi, e hua.

I runga anō i nei huru kua he kaupapa, i reira he wehenga atu me te ake āmiki runga ake.

Whakarato ngā āhuatanga o te kaupapa ko: pūtea, rauemi raw, rauemi tangata (kaimahi), ruma me te rohe wāhi, kirimana, whakaaetanga, kirimana, me ētahi atu āhuatanga e whai wāhi ki tona whakatinanatanga me te whanaketanga.

kaupapa Investment

Investment e tata katoa kaupapa, mai rapu haumi moni, haumi arā te nuinga o ratou nui. I roto i te tuhinga i runga i te tātari kaupapa me te whakamahere haumi, te auraa te matatini o hinonga tuitui, e kua hāngai i te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga motuhake mō te iti wā o te wā. Ka taea te kawea i roto i Whakarōpū o kaupapa haumi i runga i ngā whenua: i runga i te tauine o te haumi, whāinga, taumata o mōrea, te tohu o te interconnectivity, ngā. I roto i ngā, tohaina haumi tauine iti, tuku iho, nui, me te mega-.

I roto i te US me Western Europe e auraa mo aua kaupapa iti nei uara he iti iho i te 300 mano. Tara. Toharite (te kore i huaina tuku iho) i te uara o 300 mano. Whakatika ki $ 2 miriona .. kaupapa nui - te hunga e whai he rautaki me te utu neke atu i te 2 miriona tāra. I te pae hopea, te mega-kaupapa - ngā hōtaka ūnga ao motu ranei e ngā he maha o ngā kaupapa haumi e whai he whakaaro noa. awhe ratou utu i te 1 piriona tāra.

I roto i te mahi Russian kua whakawhanakehia e rave rahi whakarōpū rerekē o kaupapa haumi. Hei tauira, ka i runga i te pūtake whakataetae e tohaina ngā rauemi haumi centralized, kaupapa utu e whakaaro ki runga 50 miriona tāra nui.

Whakarōpū o kaupapa mātauranga

Ka taea e waiho ratou whaiaro, me te rōpū. Ko te kupu, He painga mâro-ia o ratou. He he ano hoki te motuhake tikanga kaupapa, aroaro nei te i raro whakarōpū. Tenei pūnaha o te mātauranga, mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga e e riro i roto i te tukanga o te whaiaro whakamahere-a whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa e ngā ākonga - mahi mahi, āta piki haere whīwhiwhi.

Pea kaupapa mātauranga whakarōpūtanga:

- whānuitanga o ngā mahi;

- ngā wāhi kaupapa;

- te maha o ngā;

- te wā o te whakatinanatanga;

- te faufaa o te hua.

Katoa o ratou, ahakoa o momo, ahurei, me te inimitable, e hāngai ana ki te whakatutuki whāinga motuhake, e rapu kua iti te ruruku o ngā mahi e pā ana-ā i roto i te wā.

Kaupapa i runga i te matatini e taea e ā-kaupapa, me te monoproekty. kawea Tata i roto i roto i te kotahi anake rohe ranei kotahi kaupapa mātauranga. whakamana whitinga te i raro i te mātakitaki o ngā tohunga i mara ngā o te matauranga i waho haora kura.

Na roto i te āhua o ratou hoapā taea te wehea ki te ao, rohe, me kōtuitui-vnutriklassnye. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kua hanga te rua tuatahi mō ngā kaupapa torotoro waea, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga o te hangarau hou, me te Internet.

Ki te tangohia e tatou rite te pūtake te mahi ukiuki i o nga ākonga, ka taea e te momo e whai ake nei kia he nunui:

- he mahi-hāngai hukihuki;

- Rangahau;

- mōhiohio;

- auahatanga;

- tūranga.

Ki te whakaaro ki te roanga, Ka taea e te tāutuhia:

- paku-kaupapa e uru ki tetahi haapiiraa ranei he wahi o taua;

- wā-poto, hangaia hoki 4-6 akomanga;

- kaupapa wiki, e rapua e 30-40 haora, me te whai wāhi i te huinga o te akomanga, me te anō-marautanga momo o te mahi, me te he ruku hohonu ki a ratou, e hanga a ratou te ahua tino pai o te whakahaere o te mahi i runga i te kaupapa;

--wā roa (-tau kotahi), e rua rōpū, me te takitahi (rite te tikanga, kua kawea ratou i roto i waho haora mahi noa).

He momo o kaupapa

Whakarōpū o kaupapa, te whakahaere kaupapa, rite kite koe, e kawea atu e kore anake e ngā kaiwhakahaere me pūtaiao. E rave rahi o tatou e fehangahangai ki a ratou i roto i o ratou mahi ngaio, i roto i ngā kaiako. Ngā ākonga, i te ara, kei te hoki maha hoatu te mahi ki te mahi "i runga i te kaupapa o te kaupapa ...". Te reira e tauturu ia ratou i roto i o ratou mahi ngaio heke mai. Kaupapa i runga i te kaupapa e whakaarohia ana e te kaiako ranei whiriwhiri e koe, kei te maha i titiro rite te pepa rere whakamātautau ranei.