Whatunga me te hangarau whatunga. hangarau mōhiohio Whatunga

I teie mahana, whatunga me hangarau whatunga ki te hono iwi katoa i runga i te ao, me te whakarato ratou ki te uru ki te papai nui i roto i te ao - te kōrero te tangata. Iwi kahore raweketia kōrerorero me te tākaro ki o koutou hoa e te hunga i roto i te tahi atu wahi o te ao.

E mohiotia nga ngā katoa i runga i te ao i roto i hēkona. taea e ki te hono atu ki te Internet me te hoatu i tona wahi o te mōhiohio kotahi he.

hangarau mōhiohio Whatunga: te pakiaka o ratou take

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te ao tangata whakamutunga rau tau i hanga e te reira e rua o ona ahumahi pūtaiao, me te hangarau tino nui - rorohiko me hangarau aratuku. Mō te hauwhā o te rau tau kua tipu enei ahumahi e rua takitahi, a roto ratou, aua, kua hanga whatunga rorohiko me te torotoro waea. Heoi, i roto i te hauwhā whakamutunga o te rau tau rua tekau rite ki te hua o te kukuwhatanga me interpenetration o enei manga e rua o te matauranga tangata, me reira ko te mea tatou e karanga i te wā "hangarau whatunga" Ko te huinga o te ariā atu whānui o "hangarau mōhiohio".

Ka rite ki te hua o to ratou ahua i reira ko te revolution hangarau hou i roto i te ao. Just rite te tekau tau torutoru i mua i tona mata whenua hipoki e te kupenga o ara, i te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, whenua katoa, pa me nga kainga, hinonga, me ngā rōpū rite te pai kia rite ki kāinga takitahi i pā ana "ngā mōhiohio superhighway." Heoi, riro ratou katoa āhuatanga o rerekē whatunga tuku raraunga i waenga i rorohiko, i roto i nei kua etahi hangarau mōhiohio tuku kua mohio.

Technology Whatunga: ariā me te ihirangi

Ko rawaka hoki te hanganga o te hangarau Whatunga whatunga raraunga-tukatuka mārama whakaturia o ture ritenga, he tuku o ngā mōhiohio, whakatinana rite he pera-ka karanga "tikanga paerewa", me te taputapu me ngā pūmanawa, tae atu ki ngā whāurutau whatunga ki taraiwa, taura, me te muka whatu, rerekē tūhono ( tūhono).

"Kati" tikanga e te matatini ko tona whakaiti o, i te tiaki i te pea o hanga te whatunga taea. kia whai te reira i te pūmanawa o te whakapai ake, hei tauira, mā te waihanga i te reira ngā ipurangiroto, tono i te whakamahi o ngā kawa i ngā taumata, me te spetskommunikatorov, kōrero nuitia ki rite "pouara". Ki te riro i te whakapai ake o te whatunga tere me te ake pono, engari i te utu o te toro superstructures mo te wāhanga hangarau whatunga e whāriki ana o tona pūtake.

Ko te wā "hangarau whatunga" Kei te tino maha whakamahia i roto i te tikanga kuiti runga ake, engari maha te rawa āhua tikanga reira rite tetahi huinga o tikanga me te hanganga o etahi momo o whatunga, pērā i "hangarau whatunga rorohiko rohe."

He tauira o te hangarau whatunga

Ko te tauira tuatahi o te whatunga rorohiko, engari e kore e ano te whatunga ake, ka anga i roto i te 60-80s. te rau tau whakamutunga, pūnaha maha-kāpeka. Te whakaatu i te huinga o te aroturuki me te papapātuhi, e kua kei i tawhiti nui i te rorohiko matua, a hono ki a ratou mā pouwhanga waea ranei rārangi riihitia, terminals i o nga whare o ITC ka marara puta noa i te whare.

I te wa ano, ki te kahore hoki te operator rorohiko ki te ITC, kua hoatu kaiwhakamahi katoa te whai wāhi ki te tomo i te terminals papapātuhi ratou mahi, me te aroturuki i to ratou mahi i runga i te aroturuki, me te te raveraa i te tahi mau whakahaere ngā mahi mahi. Enei pūnaha e whakatinana e rua wa hātepe wehenga me te tukatuka puranga, ka karanga pūnaha tomokanga mahi mamao.

WANs

I muri i te pūnaha maha-kāpeka i te mutunga o nga 60raa. rau tau rua tekau. I hanga te reira i me te momo tuatahi o te whatunga - te whatunga rorohiko ao (GCS). herea ratou ake nga supercomputers i vai na i roto i ngā tārua kotahi, me te rokiroki raraunga ahurei, me te pūmanawa ki rorohiko nui, whakaturia ratou i tawhiti ki runga ki nga mano o kiromita, mā whatunga waea me ngā pouwhanga. I whakamatauria mua tenei hangarau whatunga i roto i te pūnaha maha-kāpeka.

Ko te SSC tuatahi i roto i 1969 ka te ARPANET, e mahi i roto i te Tari US o Paruru me whakauru rorohiko heterogeneous ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere rerekē. i rite rawa ratou ki dopmoduley mo te whakatutukitanga o te kōrero kawa whatunga, noa ki te mau melo katoa o te whatunga o rorohiko. Ko te i runga i ona taketake o hangarau whatunga whakamahia i roto i te whakawhanakehia tēnei wā.

Ko te tauira tuatahi o te pūtahitanga o whatunga rorohiko me te aratuku

riro hono i te whatunga pakeke me ao GCS - .. Waea, arā, ki te takoto rārangi hou o te tawhiti roa i te reira tino utu. Na reira, hoki nga tau maha whakamahia ratou tairitenga takere reo mō te tuku i te wa i homai kotahi anake whakahaere. whakawhiti raraunga Digital te i runga i te tere rawa iti (tekau o kbit / s), me te kaha ki te whakawhāiti i te tuku o ngā kōnae raraunga me te ī-mēra.

Heoi, riro aho waea, SCS i kore e tangohia a ratou hangarau matua, e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te ara iahiko whakawhitinga, ka tu ia rua o kaiohauru ki te wa katoa wātū hongere i te tere aumou. whakamahia te GCS hangarau whatunga rorohiko hou, e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te pākete whakawhitinga, i roto i nei raraunga i roto i te puka o wahi iti o pākete i te tere aumou e hoatu i roto i te whatunga unswitched me riro e ngā kaiwhiwhi i roto i o ratou waehere wāhitau whatunga tāmau i roto i te pane pākete.

matua Ngā LAN i

Ko te putanga i roto i te 70 te mutunga. rau tau rua tekau. Kua arahina LSI ki te hanga o te paku-rorohiko ki te utu iti, me te taonga taumahinga. ka anga ratou ki te whakataetae tino ki te rorohiko nui.

Kua riro ratou tino paingia paku-rorohiko PDP-11 utuafare. i tāutatia ratou i te katoa, ara i te wae production iti rawa ki te whakahaere i te tukanga hangarau, me te takitahi wae tukanga, me te rite i roto i ngā kamupene whakahaere tari ki te mahi i ngā mahi tari.

He ko he ariā o ngā rauemi rorohiko distributed hinonga-whānui, ahakoa i tonu mahi minicomputers autonomously.

Ko te haerenga mai o LAN-kōtuitui

E nga waenganui-80. rau tau rua tekau. i whakaurua matou hangarau whakakotahi paku-rorohiko i te whatunga, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakawhitinga o pākete raraunga, pera i roto i GCS.

tahuri ratou te hanga o te kupenga o kamupene, ka karanga te rohe (LAN - LAN), i roto i te mahi tata mama. Hoki tona hanganga, Me anake ki te hoko i te whāurutau whatunga mo te hangarau LAN-tīpakohia, mo te tauira, Itarangi, he pūnaha taura paerewa, tāuta i runga i ona tūhono taura (terminals) me te hono i te whāurutau ki te paku-rorohiko, me te ki tetahi ki tetahi i roto i ēnei taura. Next, tāuta he tūmau rorohiko i tetahi o te pūnaha whakahaere hangaia mō te whakahaere LAN - whatunga. I muri i taua, tīmata ia ki te mahi, me te rironga o muri o ia minicomputers hou kihai i meinga tetahi raruraru.

Ko te tūturu o te putanga o te Ipurangi

Ki te whakaaetia te putanga o minicomputers ki tohatoha rauemi rorohiko whakanoho iho ki runga i te rohe o hinonga, te putanga i roto i te tīmatanga o te 90. arahina PC ki to ratou putanga äta tuatahi i roto i ia wāhi mahi katoa kaimahi mohio, a ka i roto i te nohoanga tangata takitahi.

Ko te whanaunga utu iti me te tika tiketike o te PC hoatu tuatahi te whakanui kaha ki te LAN-whatunga, a ka arahina ki te putanga o te whatunga rorohiko ao - Internet, heitia i te ao i teie mahana.

Rahi o Internet e tipu e 7-10% i ia marama. Ko te ruruku matua ngā whatunga rohe, me te ao o te hinonga me pūtahi huri noa te ao ki ia atu.

Ki te te wā tuatahi i roto i te Internet matua tuku kōnae raraunga me ngā karere ī-mēra, engari i tenei ra te reira whakarato te nuinga uru mamao ki te Rauemi Information tohaina me ngā pūranga hiko, ki informsluzhbam whenua maha arumoni me te kore-arumoni. Kei roto tona pūranga uru free mōhiohio i runga i ngā katoa ngā wāhanga o te matauranga me te mahi a te tangata - i ahunga hou i roto i te pūtaiao ki matapae huarere.

Basic Whatunga LAN-whatunga hangarau

I roto ia ratou Ko nga hangarau matua i runga i nei te pūtake o tetahi whatunga ngā taea te hanga. Ka rite ki te tauira, taua hangarau pai-mohiotia rite te LAN-Itarangi (1980), maimai Ring (1985) me FDDI (80s mutunga.).

I roto i te mutunga o 90-doma. he rangatira LAN-Itarangi whatunga puta hangarau hangarau whakakotahi kē puāwaitanga o reira ki te auau tuku raraunga ki runga ki te 10 Mbit / s, me Itarangi nohopuku (ki runga, ki te 100 Mbit / c) ko Gigabit Itarangi (1000 Mbit / c). Itarangi-hangarau katoa i te mau parau tumu rite o mahi, whakangāwari ratou mahi, me te whakakotahi i LAN-whatunga e hāngai ana ki runga ki a ratou.

I roto i te wā kotahi, ka anga te matua o tata katoa whakahaere rorohiko ngā pūnaha ki te hanga i ō rātou mahi whatunga ki te whakatinana i te hangarau mōhiohio e hāngai ana web-runga ake-whakahuatia. He i ara OS kōrero motuhake rite iOS Cisco Systems kamupene.

Kia pehea te kua te hangarau GCS

hangarau GCS i runga i takere waea tairitenga tika ki te taumata tiketike o te distortion i roto i enei rerekē hātepe mana matatini me te whakaora raraunga. He tauira o enei ko ko te whanaketanga o te hangarau X.25 tonu te timatanga o te 70. rau tau rua tekau. Ētahi atu hangarau kōtuitui matatau - he tānga anga, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - he acronym tikanga "whatunga mamati ki ngā ratonga ngātahi", ka taea e mau ana i roto i hui ataata mamao. whakaratohia uru mamao e tāuta i te whāurutau PC ISDN rere maha nga wa tere atu i tetahi pouwhanga. He he ano hoki te pūmanawa motuhake e taea ai pūtirotiro rongonui me ngā pūnaha whakahaere mahi ki ISDN. Ko te utu nui o te taputapu, me te hiahia ki te takoto hono motuhake e aukati te whanaketanga o tenei hangarau.

whakamua hangarau wan ki te kupenga waea. I muri kua te taeraa mai o te waea mamati Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital Aroākapa Kua whakawhanakehia (PDH), e tautoko ana tere ake ki te 140 Mbit / s, ka whakamahia ki te hanga i ngā pakihi o ratou ake whatunga.

hangarau New Tukutahinga Digital Aroākapa (SDH) i roto i te mutunga o nga 80. rau tau rua tekau. hōkaiipurangi whänui mamati takere waea ki te 10 GB / c, he mātotoru Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) hangarau - ki rau GB / c, me te tae noa ki runga ki te te maha terabits / c.

hangarau Ipurangi

hangarau whatunga Ipurangi i runga i te whakamahi o te Kuputuhiitua reo (ranei HTML-reo) - spetsyazyka tohu tuhinga hiko, kei roto i te huinga whakahau o huanga (tūtohu), whakaurua mua ngā tukutuku i roto i ia o ratou whārangi. O te akoranga, i roto i tenei take e kore matou e korero e pā ana ki te kuputuhi tuhinga whakairoiro (whakaahua, pikitia) e kua kua oti "tīkina" i te kaiwhakamahi Ipurangi, i mahara o tona PC, me te tirohia i roto i te kuputuhi ranei ranei ētita whakairoiro. Ko te whārangi Tukutuku pera-ka karanga tirohia i roto i te hōtaka pūtirotiro tenei.

Ngā o ngā pae Tukutuku hanga ratou i runga i te HTML-reo (hanga tēnei wā maha taputapu me hangarau e mahi, ngātahitia i huaina "tahora pae") i roto i te puka o whārangi tukutuku tahi, me rangatira pae e whakanohoia i roto i ngā tūmau Ipurangi raro te riihi i nga rangatira o tūmau rokiroki (pera-ka karanga "ope"). Kei te mahi ratou a tawhio noa te karaka i runga i te Internet, te taviniraa i te mau hinaaro o ona kaiwhakamahi ki tiro Kua whārangi tukutuku tāpiri ki a ratou.

PC kaiwhakamahi Pūtirotiro, riro e te tūmau o koutou kaiwhakarato ratonga Ipurangi ki te uru i te tūmau ngā, te wāhitau o i roto i roto i te ingoa o te pae tukutuku tonoa, uru ki tenei pae. I tua atu, te tātari i te HTML-tūtohu o ia whārangi e tiro ana koe, pūtirotiro hanga i tona whakapakoko i runga i te mata i roto i te puka i roto i nei i hapu ai i te kaiwhakawhanake o te pae - ki te kupu matua, tae katoa me momotuhi, ngā fakahū i te puka o whakaahua, hoahoa, ngā pikitia, me pera i runga i. .