Witte whakahou pūtea: take, hua

whakahou pūtea Witte, e taahiraa rahi i roto i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o Russia i te mutunga o te 19 - wawe rautau 20. Kua whakakaha te reira i te RUPO, i roto i to tatou whenua e kore e anake, engari puta noa i te ao na roto i te haamauraa i tona utu noa o te koura. Ko te take hoki reira ko te tapepe o te pūnaha moni i roto i Russia i te mutunga o te rau tau. Heoi, i muri i te "ora" o te mana RUPO o te ōhanga motu whakatika nui, ārahi ki te hua i roto i te haumi, me te whiwhinga o te whakapaipai ke.

take

i meinga whakahou pūtea Witte i te hiahia ki te waihanga i tētahi moni eu, e te na e hiahiatia ana i te tahuri o te rau tau puta rōpū heriheri i roto i to tatou whenua. Ko te take i i te wa rauemi i roto i Russia i raro i te mana o nga ngā nui o te ōhanga ao ka anga ki te puta feohi apunga nui, pērā i cartels me ohu. Hoki ngā whakawhitinga moni nui rapua e taua moni, e pai mau tonu te uara o te whakapaipai pūtea.

I te tuatahi tamata te kāwanatanga ki te whakaoti i te raruraru ki te take o pera-ka karanga moni pepa anō, engari kihai i te āwhina i te reira. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau ka reira hiahia mahino ki te whakauru i te moni koura. kawea whakahou pūtea Witte i runga i te tauira Te Hau-ā-uru Pākehā. Ko te take i te paerewa koura i whakaurua kua i roto i te whenua Pākehā tokomaha e tika ana ki te putanga o te mākete kotahi ao. mātātoa Russia whai wāhi i roto i te hokohoko ke, me te, reira, me te ona hoa, ko roto i te hiahia o te pūnaha moni rite.

whāinga

I hiahia ki te whakawhanake i te kāwanatanga tsarist whanaunga ōhanga ke o te whenua. Kei te nui whakawarenga te tūkunga whakamutunga i te meka e te RUPO, ahakoa te meka e reira ko he moni convertible, Heoi kihai i, kaha nui ki te mahi ki te utu ōrite.

He maha kaipakihi Foreign feaa ki te hoko ratou mau faaroo, mai kore i tautokona ai e te koura. hangaia whakahou pūtea Witte i ki hinga tenei tauārai, me te hoatu i te RUPO i runga i te par ki wae moni Pākehā. Ko tenei ki te kukume haumi ke , me haumi i roto i te ōhanga kāinga.

mehua faaineineraa

whakahou pūtea Witte, he rā - 1897, kua rite e ona matua. matau Bunge ko Vyshnegradsky te ngoikore o te pūnaha moni pepa, ka tamata ki te whakakapi i te reira ki te paerewa konganuku. hiahia rua ki te hanga kaha nui te RUPO kāinga hoki a ia ki te noa taui kore anake o hiriwa, engari ano hoki te koura. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga i whakatakotoria e ratou he mahi ki te waihanga i tētahi supply o tenei whakarewa utu nui, whakahaere kaupapa here protectionist, hanga loans ke, me te whāiti kawemai me te whakanui ake i tāwāhi.

Ko te kupu, ara i mua i te taenga mai o Witte ki te pou o Minita o Finance o te auau utu moni motu kua ähuareka. Na roto i te tau o te whakahou, kua tae te rāhui koura o te whenua neke atu i te 800 miriona moni. National Bank i raro i te Minita hou i tapa te moni ke, me te aukati i ngā mahi natulá i roto i te RUPO nama.

"Improvement" o te ōhanga

Ko te whakatinanatanga o whakahounga pūtea ko Witte he hokohoko atu tūturu o te kaupapa here o ona matua, e na ratou mahi i te warea u o te RUPO me te mutunga o te nounou. Ko te kupu, i hanga nga tikanga e tika ana katoa mo te whakataki o te paerewa koura. Ko te take o tenei whakarewa utu nui, he auau whakawhiti eu, he pūtea pai-i hanga, te whanaketanga o te hokohoko kāinga me te ke, mahi motuhake o te Tāhuhu o Finance wāhi ki te "whakaora" o te ōhanga kāinga, me te whai i te manawarū ki te mokowhiti i te whanaketanga ahumahi, i tae Russia i te timatanga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao.

Kaupapahere Treasury

hanga Sergey Yulevich Vitte mō te kotahi tekau nga tau, a puritia te pou i roto i tenei wā, kua nui. Ngā mihi ki tona mau tautooraa i whakatere tereina hanga, hainatia te whakaaetanga hokohoko moni ki Germany, heriheri waina whakaurua, kua meinga nei e te puna nui o ētahi o te pūtea kāwanatanga. No te mea o tona whakahou moni nui haere Gold rerekē haere koi, i hinga te maha o mongamonga o te pepa, e, o te akoranga, whakaarahia te mana o te ōhanga Russian i roto i te mākete ao.

tutuki Sergey Yulevich Vitte "whakapai ake" o te pūnaha motu pūtea e he pono noa te timatanga o te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau i roto i 1914. Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e maha o ona to'utangatá i pouri ki te whakakāhoretanga o te tohanga bimetallic i roto i te whenua, kia rite ki te nuinga o te taupori ka anga ki te wheako i te kaimahi whakapeka o waeine moni e i te pā tōraro i runga i to ratou kaha hoko.

paerewa koura

tikanga o tēnei ariā te mōhio te matua koloa moni koura, me nga uara ōrite anake. Ko te painga o tenei pūnaha ko e kore nei hoki e ngawari ki te pikinga. I roto i te take o te hinga i roto i te mahi ohaoha whakatakotoria tenei whakarewa utu nui i roto i nga ringa o tona to'utangatá, ina kua ähuareka te āhuatanga, i hoatu ano e ia ki te tohanga. whakahou pūtea Witte 1897 i matua painga ki te whanaketanga o te hokohoko ke me te whakahaere i ngā whakawhitinga utu. Ko te kupu whakataki o te paerewa koura i tino pouri ki nga kaipupuri whenua, me te gentry, engari Enterprise riro bourgeoisie kāinga he hiringa hou mō te whanaketanga i roto i te tikanga maha e tika ana ki te kaweake o witi, i nui haere hua.

kaupae tuatahi

whakahou pūtea Witte, nga take o nei i meinga e te tapepe o te pūnaha moni o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19, ka anga ki te ture a te Hiha 1895, i whakaaetia ki te utu mo te hoko o te moni nama ranei tuhipoka motu koura i runga i tona akoranga. Heoi, i tino puhoi i rerekē haere te hāhi moni hou. Na reira, kua whakaritea e te State Bank ki te hoko i te moni koura i te utu pai - 7 moni 40 kopecks.

Ko te mehua whakamutunga i āwhina ki te ū te ōwehenga i waenganui i te pepa me te whakarewa wae moni. I roto i te 1897, ua faaoti te kāwanatanga ki te whakauru i te moni koura i roto i Russia. timata moni o tenei whakarewa ki te kia minted i 1897. Ko te tuatahi o ratou i roto i faaroo o 5 me te 10 moni. hua hoki imperials (15 moni) me poluimperialy, i kiia hoki te hawhe o ratou uara. Heoi, tohu o te meka i meinga tonu te nuinga o te taupori moni pepa, rite he māmā ake ki te pupuri i runga i te ringa ratou.

pānga

i rite whakahou pūtea Witte, nga hua o nei i runga i te katoa rawa pai mō te ahumahi kāinga, i roto i te huna, rite kahore e ona ngā māharahara i roto i te noa ki porowhita counter marae me te gentry u. Ko te take i kua i whakakaha te whakataki o te paerewa koura te tūranga o te bourgeoisie Russian, Heoi, arahina ki te hinga i roto i utu o ngā hua ahuwhenua. I muri i te whakahou o ona tīmata pakeke patua te iwi whānui.

Heoi, i haina Witte te tautoko o te emepera, me te komiti pūtea motuhake, me te kua meinga tona whakaaetanga o te kaupapa. Ka rite ki te hua, kua ähuareka te RUPO, a kua riro mahi kāinga i te hiringa hou ki te whanaketanga. Ko te tūranga o te ōhanga ā-motu i runga i te mākete ao whakakaha, i kawea mai te ahumahi Russian ki te taumata hou. Ko tētahi o nga drawbacks o te whakahou, ko te ki te whakapiki ake i te tarahu a Russia e tika ana ki te attraction o whakapaipai ke, engari kua hinga te utu o te tono.

I tua atu, i roto i te akoranga o te ripeneta ko te hua i roto i te taonga kāwanatanga i roto i te hanganga o te rāhui koura, me te rironga o te mana o te rerewē i roto i te taonga. whai wāhi te reira ki te angitu o te Witte kaupapa here pūtea mohio, kihai nei i pai ki te whakaora moni tūmatanui. Tenei e apurua, whakahē ia te mahi pūtea, te whakatairanga i te whakaurunga o te whakapaipai i roto i te revolution ahumahi. Na, whakahou moni kua whakakaha te ōhanga Russian ka arahina ia ki te taumata ao.