Aldehydes me ketones. Ko te āhuatanga, me te kōtuitui o pūhui carbonyl

Te pūhui organic kei roto i roto i tona hanganga rāpoi he rōpū carbonyl o te puka e whai ake nei:> C = E, - kīia ki rite OXO-pūhui, me kua wehea ki e rua whanui kāwai - aldehydes me ketones. E ai ki te hanganga o Radicals pūwaro, e whakarōpūtia enei matū ki memeka, kakara, me te alicyclic. Kei te āhuatanga e te rōpū carbonyl hono nei te tika ki te mowhiti benzene mekameka taha ranei nga rāpoi tuatahi, me te tuarua. Aldehydes me ketones ki te here rāpoi o te raupapa kakara, i whai he rōpū mahi i roto i te mekameka taha e whakaaro rite pärönaki o pūhui carbonyl tīmeka.

E synthesized aldehydes kakara i roto i te rua ara matua: i te whakauru i te rōpū carbonyl ki te mowhiti benzene i roto i te whakauru electrophilic me te faafariuraa o te substituents kua reira i roto i te hanganga. Aldehydes me ketones ngā Ko te urupare tino ngā pūhui matū waro katoa. Ano, i roto i ngā matū tuarua tuatahi nui atu kaha. Hoki aldehydes He tino angamaheni hāora tauhohe, whakauru, polymerization, tua me te tōhau. Ketones kore ano e tautoko i te tauhohenga polymerization.

Te faaineineraa o aldehydes kakara, rawa benzaldehyde pūhui e piti hāora o te ranunga rangi pūwaro industrially hua. E kawea taua tauhohenga i roto i ngā tipu matū mā te whakamahi i waikura o ngā konganuku, hei tauira, vanadium waikura. I tua atu, hoki te kōtuitui o te hāparo-kakara taea te tono i te tikanga i whakamahia i roto i te faaineineraa o pūhui o raupapa tīmeka.

E te aroaro aldehydes kakara te nuinga rewakore i roto i wai reo wai ki te kakara mangeo i rawe ki o aramona kawa. Ko te mamao atu i te whakakai benzene o te rōpū carbonyl, to ratou, riro te koi ratou kakara. aldehydes kakara āhuatanga matū e he te nuinga o rite, me nga pūhui tīmeka taua e tika ana ki te mana tahi o te whakakai benzene me te rōpū carbonyl, riro etahi āhuatanga matū motuhake me ngā āhuatanga tinana. Hei tauira, e taea te ngāwari oxidized ratou ki te waikawa i aru e whakaiti ki nga waiwaihā hāngai me ngā waiwaro. He propionaldehyde, pai i konatunatua nei te ki he maha momo o whakarewa organic i te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï e tika ana te tahuri ki te waikawa propionic me te hydrogenation - i roto i te waihā pōwaro.

Hoki te ariā o ketones kakara e taea e ispolzony maha tikanga. Hei tauira, te tukanga paparetanga kawakore dihalides geminal, dehydrogenation, hāora o te hāngai tuarua pūhui waipiro monohydric, me ētahi atu. Heoi, ko te tikanga taketake mō te faaineine enei pūhui ko te acylation o pūhui kakara. aldehydes me ketones he he pokapū electrophilic katoa, maitai taunekeneke ki raupapa tauhohenga nucleophilic.

Taua pūhui kakara ki substituents irahiko-foaki ano tomo ngāwari ki tauhohe acylation. Ketones o te hanganga rāpoi he wai ranei totoka ki te kakara Floral ahuareka, rewakore i te wai, e taea ai ratou ki te kia whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te ahumahi kakara.