Auaha hua: hangarau, me te whakarōpū

I roto i ngā āhuatanga hou hei tikanga faufaa mō te whakanui ake i te tōtika o hinonga i manakohia o te auahatanga. āhuatanga waho āhuatanga e te papu ore, me te auaretanga, me te whanaketanga o te kamupene o te tahi tonu i te mōrea tiketike. Na, kia hua te makanga o te auaha i roto i te mau hopearaa kino rawa nui.

Ko te hāngaitanga o te pātai

corporations nui rawa o te Ao i roto i tona mahi ki te arotahi motuhake ki runga i ngā hua auaha me hangarau. Heoi, kei te hāngai ratou i runga i te meka e auaha - he āhuatanga te mooni. ratou whakahaere ko te kī ki hono tauhi ma'u he taumata tiketike o te whai huatanga. Ngoikore ki te tono i te hua tukanga auaha whakaata ngoikore te kamupene o ki te urutau ki āhuatanga o waho, me te maha arata'i ki kaihau.

Ko te pau o te ahumahi

Te hanga i tētahi hua auaha ko te huinga o ngā mahi e pā ana ki te mau mai i te hoahoa pūtaiao, me te hangarau ki te hua, e tika ana mō te whakamahi i roto i te mahi. Tenei mahi ngā te hoahoa me te engineering ngā mahi, te rangahau, ngā tukanga whakamātautau, te whanaketanga. Ko te atamira whakamutunga ko te whakataki o nga hua o te mahi i runga i ngā hua auaha hokohoko.

mōhiohio hītori

Pūtaiao, i roto i te anga o nei te ako o te pānga o auahatanga i runga i te mahi o te hapori, me te whanaketanga o te ōhanga, puta i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. mahi Ko te tuatahi i runga i enei take kua whakaputaina Kondratiev me Schumpeter. Kua riro hua me ngā ratonga auaha te nuinga i roto i te tono i roto i te 40-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga. Ahakoa i reira ko he hiahia ki te whakamārama i te āhuatanga o te tupu o te öhanga tere o te tahi mau whenua, kahore nui moni o te whakapaipai me te mahi. I roto i te ako i whakapumautia te whakaaro e te tonu tahi whanaketanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau, me te hanga o innovations i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga motu.

pū mana

Take e pā ana ki te whakatairanga o ngā hua e whakaoti te whakahaere auaha. Ko reira he huinga o te mau parau tumu, puka me ngā tikanga whakahaere mahi i roto i tenei umanga rängai me ratou tokotoko. Kei te whakawhānui tonu te whakahaere pā. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te tipu te hiahia mō ngā hua auaha e, i roto i te tahuri, whakaongaonga mahi i runga i to ratou hanga.

āhuatanga

Hua auaha taea te whakamahi i roto i te wāhi ngā, ao ranei. kia hoki kia hangaia te reira mo te whakamahi ā-(i roto i te whakahaere) ranei ki te mahi rite ahanoa trafficking. kite auaha Hua te matua rite ki te hua o te mahi auaha. Kei te whakahuatia te reira i roto i te kaupapa ngā, hangarau, tikanga, me te pera atu. Kei te tuku ano hoki te auaha ki te tukanga o te whakauru ngā huānga, ngā wāhanga, te mau parau tumu, tikanga, huarahi ki te whakakapi hunga ngā.

āhuatanga matua

puta tetahi hua auaha hei ahanoa. Hoki ia, whakatakotoria ratou ake uara whakamahi, whakaritea i runga i te pūtake o ngā whakatutukitanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau. Ko te whanaketanga o te hua auaha e hāngai ana te whakatutuki ngā hiahia pāpori ki te taumata tiketike o te painga. Ko Tenei te āhuatanga matua e kore nga āhuatanga hangarau me te kiritaki. hua hou auaha - ko nga hua o te mahi hinengaro tangata enei. Fakatatau ki ai, faaite ratou ko feunga nui wähanga hinengaro. I roto i te mahi, i reira he maha he raruraru o aromatawai te hiranga o te hua o te mahi hinengaro, me te tiaki i te reira i ngā kaiwhakamahi nanakia.

mita

Ko te hua auaha ki te kia kitea i te tenenga. mahi hoki i te whakamutunga rite ki te hua o te mahi auaha, me te hinengaro. Heoi, i roto i te maha ngā take, kia noho ai i mana'ohia. Ka te tenenga kia kitea hei hua auaha anake ka e ui i te reira e te kiritaki. kia kawea Hua o te mahi hinengaro pānga tūturu painga. arotahi ngā auaha ki runga i te whiwhi painga i roto i etahi huringa hua, hangarau, pāpori-ōhanga ranei huarahi whakahaere.

whakarōpū

I roto i te mahi, i te tohunga ko nga rōpū e whai ake nei o te auaha:

1. Hangarau. tohu ratou hua hou me ngā tikanga whakaputa.
2. Whakahaere me te whakahaere. Ēnei ngā huarahi hou ki te whakahaere, me te whakahaere.
3. Social. He momo o poapoa, whakangungu, mahi mātauranga ratou.

Ko te hangarau he he huinga o taputapu, ngā mahi, ngā tikanga, i nei tahuri te huānga production taumai anga. hipokina te reira i taputapu, mīhini, taputapu, mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga.

taumata

Ko te minamina ana o te hua ko te huinga o ngā āhuatanga e whakaatu te huringa tuwhena i roto i te ahanoa. Ka taea e te tīariari te reira i te taumata o:

1. Enterprise.
2. Whai mākete.
3. I runga i te tauine ao.

Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te kaiwhakanao, e rere ke te auahatanga hua he tetahi tohu o te minamina ana, kitea nei i roto i te kamupene rite mo tona tuku. Ka taea te faaite i tēnei taumata i roto i te whakaiti o utu, te whakamahi o ētahi atu rawa, taputapu, ara o te whakahaere production me hoko. paearu mahi i te taua wa kia kia nui ake hua, nui haere hoko rōrahi mata i roto i te hokohoko. Mai i te tirohanga o te kaihoko mai / kaiwhakamahi, faaite te tohu o te minamina ana, me te whai huatanga o te whakamahi o te hua auaha i roto i te whai wāhi ki te whakatutuki i ngā matea hou nga hiahia o te koroheke i roto i te ara hou ranei. No te kiritaki, e kore ai te hua e te tahi mau rongoā hangarau mua unknown. Heoi, ka waiho i te reira hou.

whakatika

Tohu o te auahatanga he hononga hāngai ki te taumata o te mōrea me te whakahaere papanga take e taea te whakatika ki te whakatinanatanga o te matatini o mehua i hanga o ngā hua auaha. Kua tāutuhia ngā pūkenga nga āhuatanga e whai ake e whakaawe ai:

1. Taketake o ngā whakaaro, me te nui o te tohatoha hoki R & D.
2. utu Marketing.
3. Ko te tau whakarea o whakahōunga OS.
4. Auau o hoki.
5. Ko te rōrahi o hoko.

Pānga i runga i te whanonga kiritaki

e kore e taea e hua auaha te whakatau anake hiahia ngā engari te waihanga hoki ngā hiahia hou. Te pānga whakapōrearea iti rawa i runga i whakapumautia tauira o whanonga i ta hua. Ko ratou he tauira whakarerekētia o te hua i mua-tīariari. I roto i te tahi mau whakarōpū o taua taonga tautuhia te rite auaha tonu. kawea ratou rawa i te pai pai, mai kore e rapua e te reira utu nui, me te kaha ki te whakamārama kiritaki āhuatanga whai hua. He hoki auaha hihiri tonu. Ka rite ki te tikanga, e kore ratou e huri i whakapumautia tauira o te whanonga o te iwi e hoko me te whakamahi ia ratou. Heoi, ka taea e waiho ratou ripeneta rerekē i ngā hua ngā.

E hoki Funds auaha ka motu - tūemi waitohu-hou, faufaa te huri tauira ngā o whanonga. E whakaaro ana ratou kia rite ki te taketake, hangarau taketake. Ko te hua o to ratou tono ko te hanganga o ngā ahumahi hou, whakatupuranga mahi. kairangahau American Mensch, i kitea ai e nga hangarau e whai he taua pānga nui i runga i te pāpori, puta i roto i te wā o te whārua ōhanga. whakapumautia tënei tuhituhinga e te putanga o innovations nui i roto i nga tau 1935-1945, me te rite i roto i te 1970

I roto i te wāhanga fakalotofo'í o nga tikanga oranga me ngā hiahia o te hanganga i raro ki tino huringa. I roto i tenei wā o te hangarau mua e huakore. Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, taruke te rapu mō rongoā hou. I roto i te wāhanga fakalotofo'í o te whakatinanatanga o te auaha taketake riro anake te whai wāhi ki te hanga haumi pai, me te ki te hinga i te ōhanga.

Paearu mō te High-Tech

hāngai hapori Modern te i runga i te rima i te poipoi. ka tona turanga i te whakatutukitanga hou i roto i te mara o te torotoro waea me Informatics. hangarau High he production hē, huru te ao, he nui te matauranga-kaha. I tua atu, he ratou:

1. I runga i hanga matua me ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao.
2. Whakaititia te mate o te hanga i roto i te wāhanga takawaenga o te huringa hangarau.
3. A ani i te wāhanga arotau mōrahi.
4. Takirua ki hangarau e pā ana.
5. Rapu utu i te taumata iti o ngā rauemi, rauemi, mahi me te pūngao.
6. Rerekē fakakaume'a taiao.

E arotahi te nuinga hangarau hou i runga i te utu o ngā hiahia whaiaro. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ko te aronga i runga i te āhuatanga pāpori me te ōhanga o ngā hua auaha.

mutunga

hua auaha, te tika tapaea ki nei hei wāhanga o te mākete whakawhiti he āhuatanga noa o te utu kiritaki, angamaheni mo ngā hua tuku iho. Te taha ki tenei, te mea he rerekētanga nui i ngā rōpū hua o mua, me te ngā. I roto i te wahi tuatahi puta ratou i roto i te tetahi tohu o te minamina ana. Ko tōna aroaro ka taea te kaiwhakamahi ki te tango atu painga i te whakamahi. Tawhitotia mākete kotahi mō taonga e taea te neke i runga i ki atu hokohoko, me te noho hou mo te tetahi wā o te wā.

I teie mahana, i reira he corporations, e hāngai ana te mahi matua ko i te whanaketanga o hangarau mua unknown me tikanga production. tahi ratou mahi e te tātaritanga tupato o te mākete kiritaki, forecasting o tono.