Elements o te pūnaha pēke. hanganga pēke

Ko te whanaketanga angitu o te öhanga o te nuinga o nga whenua i roto i te ao tei runga i te tōtika o te pūnaha pēke mahi i roto i te āhua. He aha te mea tona pū? He aha e nga āhuatanga o te hanganga o te pūnaha e hāngai ana?

He aha te mea te pūnaha pēke?

Kia ako tatou i te ngako ki te tīmata whakaaro o nga ngā. I raro i te pūnaha pēke ki matau he fakakātoa 'o pūtahi pūtea - pareparenga me ētahi atu whare nama mahi i roto i te mana o te State. āhuatanga e hāngai ana o te pūnaha pēke ki te whakarōpū ki 3 kāwai matua:

• tahatika motu;
• pūtahi tuku moni arumoni i te taumata e hānga ana;
• pokapū pūtea rohe (tuwhera i roto i te rohe, municipalities).

Kia kï hoki, e i roto i te nuinga o āhua hou, tae atu Russia, whakatūria 1 pēke motu. I roto i to tatou whenua, whakamana te mahi hāngai e te Central Bank o te Russian Federation. I roto i te tahuri, pūtahi tuku moni arumoni i roto i te whenua e taea e tino nui. Ko te aha te mea te uho o ngā momo e rua o pūtahi pūtea, me te te pau o te mahi o enei āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke? Kia tatou ako tenei pātai i roto i te taipitopito atu.

He aha te mea te National Bank?

Kia titiro a ki ko wai te kawenga mō te tahua koura, me te utu ke te whenua o. National Bank ranei te pēke pokapū, - he okana matua o te pūnaha pūtea i roto i te öhanga o te nuinga o nga whenua.

He matua ture ona mahi. Kei te tino nuitia e pā ana ratou:

• ki te take o te moni motu;
• ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here nama;
• ki pūmanawa tātai, tīmataria e hinonga ngā o whanaunga pūtea;
• te whakatinanatanga o te mātakitaki i runga i nga mahi o pokapū nama waho i te käwanatanga;
• ki e mau ana i roto i te refinancing o taurewa whakaaetia;
• ki te tikanga o rāhui utu ke o te kāwanatanga.

Korerotia mahi Central Bank tohu te mahi o te Central Bank. Kia kï hoki, e te pēke Russian matua - te kāwanatanga, engari e āhuatanga e te tohu āhua nui o te mana motuhake i te tahi atu pokapū hānga ana.

pareparenga Central i te nuinga tūmataiti. Ka taea te pēnei taua nama ko whangai pūtea ki ngā rōpū. Capital o te whare i hanga e te takoha i hanga e te tahatika arumoni. A feruri i te pau o tenei momo o pūtahi pūtea i roto i te taipitopito atu.

He aha te mea he Commercial Bank?

Āpiti atu ki te Central Bank o te tahi atu huānga matua o te pūnaha pēke ko te pēke arumoni, ture motuhake i nga mana o te whenua (engari ki te whai wāhitanga o te kāwanatanga kia i riro o te rawa-pēke whare pūtea e hāngai ana). Heoi, kia kia motuhake i roto i ngā o-ngā whakataunga kaupapa mō te whakahaere i whakapaipai te pēke.

Ko te momo e tika ana o te pūtahi whakarato ngā ratonga pūtea. Bank arumoni - he āhuatanga o te pūnaha nama me te pēke, e:

• whakarato pūtea taurewa ki takitahi, ngā rōpū, hanganga pūtea, ētahi wā ki ētahi atu pareparenga;
• refinance loans;
• mauria e te reira i roto i ngā whakawhitinga, pērā i utu o te tahi mau taata, me ētahi atu hinonga ture kua whakarārangitia i roto i te pūnaha pūtea rite takoha me utu;
• āhei te reira no te whakanohonga o putunga;
• whakatairanga haumi i roto i te ngā rawa.

Te pēke pokapū, rite tuhia i runga matou, mahi te mahi e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te mana ki runga i nga mahi o arumoni pūtahi pūtea. Ko te kupu, ko te mahi tuarua makona tino whakaritea. Tikanga, te timatanga o te pēke arumoni he taea anake, ki te te raihana i whakaputaina e te Central Bank me raro ki te otinga angitu o inspections e matua kautaha fakapa'anga o te kāwanatanga.

tūhura i tatou i teie nei i roto i te taipitopito atu he aha e nga āhuatanga o nga āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke, kua whakaaro matou. Tuatahi o te katoa, he reira pai ki te whakarongo ki o ratou mahi i roto i te pā ana ki te ōhanga Russian.

Ko te mahi o nga mea timatanga o te pūnaha pēke i roto i te Federation Russian

He nga āhuatanga katoa taketake o te pūnaha pēke Russia: te pareparenga pokapū, pūtahi tuku moni arumoni te taumata e hānga ana, me te rohe whare pūtea. Ko te whakahaere matua e kua te whānuitanga nui o te mana, ko te Central Bank o te Russian Federation. Ko tōna mahi matua kua tāutuhia matou. I roto i te hunga i te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa here tukunga, utu ke ture o te ōhanga, ngā o whanaunga pūtea, te whakatūnga o tikanga ture me paerewa mahi o pūtahi nama tūmataiti.

Ko te whai ake ngā āhuatanga matua hanganga o te pūnaha pēke Russian - hānga tūmataiti-pareparenga pūtahi pūtea. I roto i te hunga rama nui, pērā i Sberbank, VTB, "Rosselkhozbank". Ratou mahi ko ki te tango i te whakatau matua i roto i te rängai pēke Russian, e pā ana matua ki taurewa me ētahi atu ratonga o te hinonga nui rawa, pūtahi, pūnaha pūtea, kaupapa ao.

kia whai rama motu nui tari ä-rohe e whakahaere ngā mahi i roto i nga rohe Russian me municipalities. I tua atu, kia whai ratou ake whare pūtea nga rohe, e kore kaimahi ki te pokapū e hānga ana. Ēnei rōpū kawe i ngā mahi ā-rohe. pēke rohe, ahakoa i te māngai e hānga ana o te waitohu whakahaere ranei whakapumautia i te taumata o te hinonga municipality ranei, solves te raruraru e pā ana, i roto i te tahuri, moni, me te tukunga hinonga me takitahi e whakahaere i roto i te rohe tēnā.

Kia kï hoki, e i roto i nga rohe o Russia, ka kawe i ngā mahi o te Central Unit. whakatau ratou te nuinga raruraru e pā ana ki te tiaki o ngā whakawhitinga pūtea o pareparenga tūmataiti, ki te aroturuki i te mahi o te rohe pūtahi pūtea.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te mahi o te pūnaha pēke

Ka whakaaro te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke, ka taea e tatou te tūhura i te mau parau tumu o tona mahi. Tohunga tautuhi te rārangi motuhake o ratou. Heoi, i reira e te mau parau tumu o:

• ture;
• pütahitanga;
• taumahinga.

Ka ako matou ratou āhuatanga i roto i te taipitopito.

Ko te mau parau tumu ture o ngā pūnaha pēke

Ko te mau parau tumu o te momo e tika ana ko:

• Waeine o ngā whakawhitinga pūtea;
• whakarite i te muna o putunga me whakawhitinga;
• te tiaki o putunga me utu.

kawea Waeine o ngā mahi i te taha o pareparenga, e hāngai ana i runga i te ture normative o nga mahi o ngā pūtahi pūtea. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko, rite matou e matau kua, te pareparenga motu o te whenua. whakawhanake te reira i paerewa me ngā ture kia rite ki ai te hiahia ki te kawe ngā mahi, e hānga ana, me ngā hanganga tūmataiti rohe i roto i.

Whakarite i te muna o putunga me whakawhitinga pūtea - he parau tumu matua e nei e mahi i te pūtahi pūnaha pūtea. Ko te kiritaki o te institution nama me whai i te tika ki te whakarite i te munatanga o ngā pārongo e pā ana ki a ratou ano, me e pā ana ki o ratou putunga me ētahi atu whakawhitinga, hei tauira, i hanga i roto i te tukanga o te tukunga i te pūkete arowhai rangatōpū.

Ko te parau tumu o te pēke muna whakapumautia te i te taumata o ngā ture ōkawa ture. I roto i tenei take e korero tatou e pā ana ki te puna o te ture, he te kaha ture nui rawa. I roto i Russia, he ture e hānga ana. Ko te kupu, te parau tumu i roto i te pātai, e tohutohu i roto i te tau Federal ture 395-1, tangohia i runga i 02.12.1990 tau. E kore e te mana o tenei ture whakaaro anake nga āhuatanga o ngā pūnaha pēke, engari ano hoki i ētahi atu hinonga whakahaere i roto i te rängai pūtea. Hei tauira, te whakatakoto Insurance Agency, ngā hanganga arotake.

Ko tētahi atu parau tumu ture nui o te pūnaha pēke - te tiaki o putunga me utu ki kiritaki o nama me ngā pūtahi pūtea. Me kia mohio e ka ratou moni i roto i te puka o te moni tāpui utu ranei kia tiakina mai i te whakaurunga Tangata whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te ratonga e patua ana ranei, mo te tauira, tetahi ranei tetahi pēke rohe. Ko te ara i roto i nei e takoto nga pareparenga ki te whakarite tautukunga o tenei paearu, rite faaterehia e te ture e hānga ana.

I tua atu, i te āhua me te pēke pokapū kia puta ture i roto i te tua ki ngā mātāpuna e hānga ana, ki te aroturuki i te mahi o ngā pūtahi nama i roto i ngā o te whakarite i te haumaru o putunga me whakawhitinga. Ko tenei āhuatanga o te mahi o te pēke i roto i te painga whakataetae nui i roto i te mākete. whiriwhiri te kiritaki ki te tono i te reira ki te faanahoraa nama e he taea ki te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā whakawhitinga pūtea.

Ko te tikanga tuatahi o te whakarite i te tiaki o putunga me utu i roto i pareparenga - te tāututanga o kiritaki. He maha ngā tikanga e e kia kawea ai reira. Nā ki te whanaketanga kaha o whakawhitinga ipurangi ki tenei āhuatanga o te whanaungatanga kiritaki me pareparenga taea National Bank o kāwanatanga whakarongo motuhake e rua i roto i ngā o te aroturuki i te mahi o tūmataiti pūtahi pūtea, me i te āhuatanga o te ture o te mahi o nga whakahaere mo.

te mau parau tumu Institutional o ngā pūnaha pēke

Ko te rōpū i muri o ngā pūnaha pēke mahi parau tumu - Institutional. Ki te hunga ngā:

• mana taumata-rua o te nama me te pūnaha pūtea o te kāwanatanga;
• centralizing whakahaere o pūtahi pēke o te whenua.

Ko te parau tumu tuatahi ko, rite etahi tokomaha, e whakarite te mahi o te pūnaha pūtea Russian, i te taumata o te ture e hānga ana. fokotu'u mai e ia he whakarōpū o nga tahatika Russian i runga i te 2 ngā taumata: normative me mahi.

I runga i te whenua te taumata pütahitanga, te pūnaha pūtea ko te pēke pokapū me ona hanganga kaimahi rohe. Tona mahi, i kite ai matou i runga, ko te ki te kawe i te ture normative o ētahi atu whare nama mahi i roto i te whenua. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, e kei i runga i te taumata tuarua. Ratou e, i roto i te mahi, whakatinana i te mahi taketake e he angamaheni mō pareparenga: tuku, me te tiaki i te taupori me hinonga. Mau, Ka taea e tenei āhuatanga mau tatou kōrero i runga ake, e hūanga te ara kia kōmakatia āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke.

E tano ia tapao e whakatau hoki i te Central Bank mahi mahi nui. Heoi, ratou ngako, i roto i te maha ngā take rawa matara atu i te hunga e tohu i te mahi o pūtahi nama i roto i te taumata tuarua. Ko te kupu, e ohaoha ana te Central Bank ki pareparenga tūmataiti ki te refinance ratou, ki te tika, rēhita pareparenga, e hānga ana, rohe, puta ratou he raihana. e kore e ēnei mahi whai wāhi i roto i ngä arumoni. Ko hoki te mātau motuhake o te Central Bank he maha o ngā mahi e kore e pā ana hāngai ki te mahi o te pūnaha pēke. I roto i te hunga: te ture o te pikinga, tukunga, kaupapa here moni. Ēnei pūkenga ngā he te CBR, i roto i te meka, ki te mau parau tumu mahi o te pūnaha pēke. Fakakaukau ki o ratou āhuatanga.

te mau parau tumu Taumahi o ngā pūnaha pēke

I roto i te mau parau tumu matua i roto i te pātai i roto i te pā ana ki te pūnaha pēke o Russia:

• heriheri ki te CBR ki puta moni;
• nama motuhake, me ngā mahi pūtea o te rōpū kaimahi ki te Central Bank.

Ko te kupu, e tika ana ki te meka e kua te mana e pā ana ki te whakarato o ōhanga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te moni anake te Central Bank, whai te whaitake me te pūmautanga o te pūnaha pēke. whai wāhi hoki tenei ki te meka e te pūtahi pēke mahi i roto i Russia, rave anake i roto i ngā mahi i runga i te kōtaha, mahi anake rite ki nga ture e faatere i te ngā mahi pūtea, me te nama. kawea te mahi o pareparenga e i na te whakamahi o ngā rauemi hanganga motuhake. Fakakaukau ki tona pū.

He aha e nga pau o pēke hanganga?

hanganga Banking - he huinga o ngā ture ture, tangohia e nga mana o te kāwanatanga, me te pāpori whare mo te mahi o ngā pūtahi pūtea, me te rauemi hangarau, e tika ana ki nei ngā whakawhitinga pūtea.

Ko te āhuatanga o mua ngā ture ture whakahaere i te mahi o te Central Bank me ngä pütahi pēke tūmataiti, tikanga whakahaere, hangaia i roto i te mana o takitahi pūtahi pūtea, ture rohe, ki te tango motuhake hanganga pūtea i te taumata o ngā tari me tari.

Ka taea te māngai e pūtahi pāpori matua e tautoko i te mahi o te kāwanatanga o te pūnaha pēke:

• mana e te faatere tukanga ōhanga i ngā taumata;
• pūtahi mātauranga me tari kaimahi, e he kawenga mō te faaineineraa o mātanga mātau i roto i ngā mahi pēke;
• whai wāhi rangahau me te tohunga whakahaere i roto i te ako me te arotau ngā tukanga mahi i te taumata o te pūnaha pēke.

kia rauemi hangarau e hanga te hanganga pūtea kia māngai e te whānui o rongoā ngā:

• rorohiko, me te pūmanawa mo te tukatuka o ngā mahi pēke;
• raina kōrero;
• moni tuatahi o te Bank - whare, ngā rauhanga, waka.

Ko te meka e ki te hanganga pēke kia whai hua, ko te moni o nga kaitapere katoa o te āhua o te pūnaha pūtea - i roto i te meka, te mana o te Central Bank, pūtahi moni tūmataiti. Ko te whānuitanga ki te i te mea te reira kainga, mahi, me te hangarau, te nuinga whakatau te taumata o te whanaketanga ōhanga, whakapumautia i waenganui i rerekē hinonga ohaoha hononga tauwhiro. Ko te pūnaha pēke o te faufaa nui mo te kāwanatanga. Kia ako tatou i tenei āhuatanga i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te uara o te pūnaha pēke ki te āhua

Na, ka titiro matou ki te āhuatanga hanganga taketake o te pūnaha pēke o te kāwanatanga, te pau o te hanganga e hāngai ana, me ngā mahi o te kaupapa matua o whanaunga pūtea i ngā taumata. He aha te mea te uara o tenei pūnaha mo te whenua?

Banks māngai i ngā taumata, i te Central Bank ki te pareparenga pūtahi pūtea rohe, te whakarite i te mahi o te nuinga o nga whanaunga ōhanga i roto i te āhua. he maha iti o ngā pūtahi pūtea mana o te pēke kua. Kei te whakaputaina reira anake aua rōpū e whakatau i nga paearu me ngā whakaritenga whakapumautia e te ture. Kei te riro te reira e ka waiho i te whare nama taea ki te hanga loans, farii i putunga me ki te tiaki ratou, kia utu, tīmataria e takitahi me hinonga ture.

Ko te pūnaha pēke i roto i te āhuatanga matua o te ōhanga. Ko te tēpara atu ko reira, ka whakawhanake te angitu atu ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Ko te pāhekoheko o te āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke, whakapumautia e te mana mātau, fokotu'u, reira, te whai wāhitanga o tangata, hinonga, pūtahi pūtea, hinonga ke.

hononga pūtea e hanga i roto i te ōhanga mau tamau. Ko te tangata e te aufauraa i te hoko i roto i te taonga, i te whakamahi o ngā hua o te pūnaha pēke - moni i whakaputaina e te Central Bank, ranei te kāri kirihou, i, tuatahi, tukua he kautaha fakapa'anga tūmataiti, e whakahaerehia ana i roto i runga i te ture, me ngā ture o te Central Bank o te Russian Federation, a tuarua, mā te whakamahi i whiwhi i te hanganga, te whakahaere nei i te pēke kotahi te whakahaere hoa ranei. Kaihoko i i te taonga ki te utu i te tuku o taonga i kaikirimana i roto i te pūkete pēke, me te kawea i roto i na te tahi atu ana utu i roto i te puka o utu, utu pāpori, ngā takoha.

Ko te kupu, tonu kōrero huānga pūnaha pēke hou ki ia atu. whakaritea o ratou mahi i te taumata o nga puna e pā ana o te ture, puna rohe. Elements o ngā pūnaha nama me te pēke mahi i te whakamahi hanga o te hanganga motuhake, fakafofonga'i nei e te whānui o ngā wāhanga whānui. kia hiahia ki qualitatively whakahaeretia tuatahi State. tikanga o tēnei e i roto i te ngākau nuitanga o te mana - ki te whakarite i te whanaketanga angitu o te wae hanganga e tika ana o te pūnaha pūtea. O te akoranga, i roto i tenei take e taea tatou te kōrero e pā ana ki te whai wāhi i roto i tenei tukanga o hinonga tūmataiti.

whakarāpopototanga

Heoi ako matou nga āhuatanga matua o te pūnaha pēke, whakaaro ratou mahi matua, me te te pau o te hanganga, whakahaeretia nei e ratou. Rangatira o nga āhuatanga hāngai i roto i te öhanga o te nuinga o āhua hou - te pēke pokapū. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kei te farii ia ki te whānuitanga whānui o mana ki te puta moni, mana pikinga, ture o ngā mahi o ētahi atu rōpū nui o ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha pēke - te pakihi o ngā pūtahi nama. tākaro hoki te whakamutunga he wāhi tino hira i roto i te ōhanga kāwanatanga, te whakarato e mau ana i roto i o ngā whakawhitinga pūtea ki te whai wāhitanga o tangata, rōpū, me ngā tari kāwanatanga.