Gastrulation - reira ... te hanganga o te kukune maha-paparanga

Blastula hoki, ka karanga mirumiru Germinal, ko reira te hua whakamutunga o te kuru hua. taahiraa i muri i muri ia ia, noho he tūranga takawaenga i waenganui i te huri, me te organogenesis, embryogenesis he gastrulation. Ko tōna tikanga taketake ko te hanganga o nga paparanga iroriki e toru: kiriroto, ectoderm me te kiriwai. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te reira gastrulation haamata ki te morphogenesis embryonic me pārōnaki o te rauropi.

Ko te whakamāramatanga o "gastrulation"

Ahakoa kua hoki i roto i 1901 gastrulation kua whakaahuatia rite te ara i roto i nei te ira i roto i hinga kiriwai, kiriroto me ectoderm ngā pūtau. Tenei whakamāramatanga uhinga te oraraa o ngā wāhi blastula organoobrazuyuschih motuhake. Ite i te reira te whakaahuatanga tino ohie, e mea ohie ki te neke ki te matatini ake, te tikanga hou o te wā. Gastrulation - Ko te raupapa o nekehanga morphogenetic e hua i te kaupapa o nga mea timatanga o te papanga i roto i te wahi i whakaritea e ki a ratou i roto i runga i te "mahere" o te whakahaere o te tinana. E haere tahi tukanga huringa matatini i te tupu me te whakaputa uri, kaupapa Anga me te kimi pārōnaki o ngā pūtau.

Whakaaro gastrulation i roto i te tikanga atu whānui, e taea te whakaritea reira hei taahiraa takawaenga, no ki te tukanga hihiri kotahi, i roto i nei blastula nga wāhanga whakatikatika, e tino whakahaere te whakawhitinga tukanga ki organogenesis.

Moving pūtau

Ki te homai e koe he whakamārama whānui o te tukanga i raro i whakaaro, ka taea e tatou te mea i taua gastrulation - Embolism reira me epiboly. whakaata ngā rua nga nekehanga morphogenetic o ngā pūtau, e puta tino i ngā wāhanga katoa o te whanaketanga ontogenetic o te rauropi. Heoi, kei te tino korerotia e ratou, no reira gastrulation. Epiboly i huaina tukanga o neke i runga i te mata o te karihi pūtau, me Embolism - ratou kaupapa i roto i te reira.

I roto i Embryology wehewehe i te momo matua e whai ake nei o te gastrulation kaupapa pūtau ranei: intussusception, manene, involution, delamination me epiboly. Mō ētahi atu pārongo e pā ana ki a ratou - i muri mai i roto i te tuhinga.

Moving paparanga pūtau

Whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga o te gastrulation taea kore anake wehe (heke noa) ngā pūtau, engari ano hoki nga pepa pūtau katoa. Ko te aronga ko te takoto me te tamau taunekeneke tawhiti. whakatuwheratia nga ope tuatahi P. Weiss i te 20 o te rau tau whakamutunga, me te puta te take ki te kia i embryogenesis, te tuarua - puta he morphogenesis onge me motuhake, i roto i noa ki tūponotanga iti.

A, no te puta wāwāhi gastrulation pūtau. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia i runga ake, ka tīmata te kaupapa, me te tini pūtau rite ki te hua o te hanganga o rua-apa embryonic i huaina gastrula. Hoko mārama kiriroto kitea me ectoderm. rauropi katoa multicellular (anake coelenterates anake) gastrulation whakarara ki muri i ranei tonu te mea i hanga Germinal toru rau i huaina kiriwai. Ko reira he kohinga o ngā pūtau kei waenganui i te kiriroto me ectoderm. Ka rite ki te hua, riro te kukune i te toru-apa.

Methods o gastrulation ko tika ti'aturi i runga i te momo o te blastula.

gastrula invaginated

korero ingoa tikanga hoki ano. Intussusception - he invagination taiepa kotahi-apa o te blastula (balstodermy) i roto blastocoel. Ko te i tahito tino me te tauira tino kitea ko te pōro rapa. Mā te pāwhiri i runga i te rauemi e aki reira roto. Ka taea te kawea Invagination ki te taiepa pito kia iti te reira ranei. Ko te hua ko te huringa o te blastula me whiwhi gastrula te rite te archenteron putea apa rua. Ko tōna taiepa i roto ko te kiriroto tuatahi, me te waho - ectoderm tuatahi. Ko te hua ai archenteron (whēkau tuatahi) paraparau ki te waho i te tikanga o nga rua, i huaina blastopore. Tona ingoa tuarua - te mangai tuatahi. Ko tōna whanaketanga atu tei runga i te momo o te kaiao. I roto i te kararehe maha faifai tahuri te blastopore ki mangai ení. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka karanga ratou protostomes (kaiwhao, kutukutu, angawaho). I deuterostome tahuri blastopore ki tau mahani neuro-intestinal tikanga i roto i te wahi muri o te kukune (i roto i chordates) nono ranei.

gastrula manene

gastrulation Immigration - he tikanga o te hanga i te kahu rua o te ira, te āhuatanga tino o coelenterates. i hanga Gastrula e te wahi i roto i kaha ki blastocoel o te pūtau blastula. he unipolar i roto i te natura tenei manene. neke ngā pūtau anake ki te pou vegetal. I muri i whai ahua ai ratou kiriroto, t. E. Te paparanga roto. Ko te ara gastrulation e wahi i te kakaru hydroids.

pūtau blastoderm ki te blastocoel taea tomo ranei i roto i tetahi rohe kotahi, engari i runga i te mata kukune katoa. huaina tenei manene i multipolar, engari kitea reira tino onge.

He tokomaha coelenterates, i te mea moku, ki te manene puta ara te gastrulation kaha rawa "te panatanga i" o ngā pūtau blastula me gastrula, i hanga kia rite ki te hua, ngaro blastocoel. I roto i tenei take, te āhuatanga mo te tikanga o mua invaginated blastopore tuimotu.

Delaminatsionnaya gastrula

I whakaahuatia tenei momo onge tuatahi gastrula Mechnikovym I. I., a he mea angamaheni mo te coelenterates. He tino rawe ki tahi tukanga gastrulation, engari kua mohio a ratou māmā ka whakaaro i te take angamaheni. Hei tauira, nga hua o etahi stsifomeduz whai wahi concentric me pai motuhake o te cytoplasm: mātotoru me te grainy (ectoplasm) me pūtau (endoplasma). E āhuatanga ratou e te wehenga ngā kākahu, me te tukutahinga: 2, 4, 8, 16. I te pae hopea kei iroriki 32 blastomere. I tua atu, whakamana wehenga te whakarara ki te mata o te ira. He paparanga waho i hanga blastomeres arā, o te ectoplasm me ā-- o te wahi o te ectoplasm me kiriuwhi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te tukanga nucleation multilayer ko e wāwāhi i te paparanga kotahi ki ngā pūtau e rua. Na, nga blastomeres ā-anake mongamonga a ano faitatau ki te mata o te ira, i te mea he hua o te ahua taua o gastrulation riro te āhua porohita. Kei reira o te flat 64 hanga pūtau ectoderm 32 me te ohu nei, e hanga i te kiriroto pūtake.

Epibolicheskaya gastrula

I roto i te kararehe ki te hanganga telolecithal korerotia o hua (toene wāhikē ki te pou vegetal), puta epibolicheskomu ahua gastrulation. Macromers he blastomeres nui e wehe rawa āta me i roto i te nui nui o te toene. E ratou kahore kaha ki te neke, i roto i tenei whakaaro, ratou mooni "ngōki" micromeres kaha atu kei runga i te mata pūtau. Ki te taua gastrulation blastopore ngaro, me te kore archenteron i hanga. Anake i muri, ka ano heke te macromers i roto i te rahi, e haamata te reira ki te hanga i te kōhao, te iroriki o te whēkau tuatahi.

involution

gastrulation Involutional - he tukanga e ngā i roto i te "tuu ia" o te pūtau waho roto kukune hanganga. Kei te piki haere ia i roto i te rahi, atu me te mata i roto. He āhuatanga o te kararehe gastrulation mezoletsitalnymi ki hua tenei tikanga - Amphibia (amphibians). Nuku te rohe mata ārahi o te pūtau rire inhibits te archenteron whanaketanga. I roto i a ratou e takoto i te ope peia o involution.

aratau Mixed o gastrulation

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, embryogenesis - ko te wā tuatahi o te whanaketanga o ia kaiao takitahi i haputanga ki whanautanga. Gastrulation Ko tetahi o ona wāhanga, te hītori tuarua i muri i kuru. E kia rerekē e taea e ratou whakaritea ki te tohu nui o te conditionality ona ara. Ia o enei titau te ako āmiki me te tātari. Heoi, i reira he tonu he aho etahi o pūtahitanga i waenganui te rua. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te ahua o te ahua e taea te whakaaro tukanga invagination epiboly me delamination he ōritenga ki manene.

Kia mahara e roto i nga kararehe maha gastrulation ko te ara ngā. I roto i ngā take pēnei i puta wā kotahi epiboly me intussusception, me ētahi atu tukanga morphogenetic. I roto i ngā, he reira na puta gastrulation i roto i amphibians. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he tokomaha kaituhi tautuhi tikanga whakauru.

gastrula

whakamaoritia mo'oni Latin wā "gastrula" ko rite "puku, te kopu". tohu te reira i te wāhanga motuhake o te whanaketanga embryonic o kaiao multicellular. He āhuatanga motuhake o te gastrula - ko te aroaro o paparanga iroriki e rua ranei e toru. Ko te tukanga o tona hanganga - he wāhanga o te gastrulation.

tirohia te pūrere māmā te i te māngai o coelenterates kararehe. E āhuatanga ratou āhua ellipsoidal gastrula ki te paparanga rauropi pūtau waho (ectoderm) me te haaputuputuraa ā o ngā pūtau (kiriroto), me te "punuatuna tuatahi". Angamaheni urchin gastrula moana āta whakaaro, i hanga nei e invagination. Ko te gastrulation tangata e wahi i 8-9 th ra o te whanaketanga. Gastrula Ko te hanganga kōpae-rite papatahi i hanga i te papatipu pūtau roto.

Ka rite ki te tikanga, te nuinga o kararehe i roto i te kukune gastrula atamira kore e taea ora noa me ko i te kopu, nga kiriuhi hua manu ranei. Heoi, i reira he okotahi. Ko te kupu, coelenterates ngā torongū planuly tohu noa-gastrula.