Geology Wā. wā Neogene. wā Triassic. Jurassic

E ai ki ngā ariā hou o pūtaiao, te hītori arowhenua o to tatou paraneta ko 4,5-5 piriona tau. I roto i te tukanga o tona whanaketanga ko reira watea ki te tautuhi i te wā arowhenua o te whenua.

mōhiohio whānui

Earth wā arowhenua (Ripanga i raro) whakaatu i tētahi raupapa o ngā e puta i roto i te whanaketanga o te ao mai i te hanganga ki runga o te kirinuku. Ki te wahi o te wā i runga i te mata i reira he tukanga ngā pērā i hanga, me te whakangaromanga ngā takotoranga whenua ngā wāhi whenua rumaki i raro i te wai, me te whakatairanga i ratou, te huka, me te te ahua, me te ngaro o ngā momo o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe, me pera i runga i. D. whanau te ao tohu mārama ratou mātauranga. titau Scientists e taea ki te whakatika i to ratou pū pāngarau i roto i nga papa ngā o te kamaka ratou.

Ko te rōpū matua o ngā putunga

Tohunga pūtaiao, e ngana ana ki te waihanga anō i te hītori o te ao, ako nga paparanga o kamaka. Kei te wehea putunga tali raraunga ki ngā rōpū matua e rima, miramira i te wā arowhenua e whai ake nei o te whenua: he onamata (Archean), wawe (Proterozoic), te onamata (Paleozoic), toharite (Mesozoic) me te hou (Cenozoic). Kei te whakapono te reira e puritia te rohe i waenganui i a ratou e te nui rawa ari whanaketanga puta i runga i to tatou paraneta. Ko te toru wā whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ki ngā wā, pera i roto i enei waipara te tino mārama tiaki toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. āhuatanga ia wāhanga e nga takahanga i i te mana i runga i te mahere whenua nei o te whenua.

Ko te atamira tuatahi

era Archean o he tukanga puia kaua ririhau, i nei hua i roto i te mata o te ao toka ofa'i ngiha te whenua - te pūtake mo te hanganga o te mau papaa parau continental. I taua wa i reira vai te microorganisms anake e taea e ora, kahore te hāora. Kei te riro te reira e te putunga cover whakangungu rakau Archean tata te rohe motuhake katoa o nga fenua, to ratou he rota o rino, hiriwa, konukawata, koura, me te tahi atu tokahuke.

atamira wawe

era Proterozoic hoki angamaheni mahi puia teitei. I roto i tenei wā i hanga e nga maunga pera-ka karanga kotuituitanga Baikal. Ki tenei ra ratou kihai tata i ora, i teie nei tohu anake etahi whakatutuki iti i roto i nga mania. I roto i tenei wā, nohoia te whenua hātare me pükohu puru-matomato, te multicellular tuatahi. Proterozoic whenei toka taonga i roto i ngā kohuke: Mika, tokahuke kore-ferrous me tokahuke rino.

atamira tawhito

I tohua te wā tuatahi o te wā Paleozoic i te hanganga o pae o te Hanganga Maunga Caledonia maunga. Kua arahina tenei ki te whakaiti nui i roto i peihana moana, me te te putanga o ngā wāhi nui o te whenua. Kua ora matou i te tupuke takitahi o te wā: i roto i te Urals, i Arapia, Tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti China ko Central Europe. Kei te "tawhitotia atu" enei maunga katoa me iti. Kei te āhuatanga hoki te hawhe tuarua o te tukanga orogenic Paleozoic. Here tupuke i hanga kotuituitanga Hercynian. Ko atu kaha tenei era, i reira nga maunga nui i roto i nga Urals me Western Siberia, Manchuria ko Mongolia, Central Europe, me te Ahitereiria me Amerika Te Tai Tokerau. I teie mahana, e fakafofonga'i ratou e tino iti huānga blocky. Animals era Paleozoic - reira o ngokingoki, me amphibians, nga moana, me ngā moana e nohoia e te ika. I roto i te ao tipu i te nuinga e pükohu. Palaeozoic (wā Carboniferous) te āhuatanga e putunga nui o waro me te hinu, e kua puta ake i roto i tenei tau.

atamira waenganui

Tīmata Mesozoic āhuatanga e te wā o te whakangaromanga ata, me te āta whanaunga o ngā pūnaha keri whakawhanakehia mua ruku wāhi flat (wāhanga Western Siberia),. Ko te hawhe tuarua o tenei wā, tohua e te hanganga o tupuke Mesozoic kotuituitanga. He ko rawa whānui whenua maunga, e whai ara tenei ra te taua hanga. Ka rite ki te tauira, te maunga o Eastern Siberia, te Cordillera, etahi wahi o Indo-China ko Tibet. I Tuitui hipokina te whenua ki te otaota timera, i āta mate me te pirau. Nā ki te āhuarangi wera me te takawai, ko te hanganga kaha o repo me repo. Ko te wā o mokomoko nui - te mokoweri. Kua horahia e te tangata o te wā Mesozoic (herbivores me kaikiko) puta noa i te ao. I te wa ano puta reira me te whāngote tuatahi.

he atamira hou

Cenozoic Era, i whakakapi i te atamira waenganui, tonu ki tenei ra. I tohua te timatanga o tenei wā e te hua i roto i te mahi o nga ope ā-o te ao, kua arahina nei ki te kohi whānui o ngā wāhi nui o te whenua. āhuatanga tēnei taitahi e te ahua o te maunga awhe Alpine kotuituitanga i roto i te whitiki Alpine-Himalayan. I roto i tenei wā, riro reira fokotu'utu'u hou o te fenua Eurasian. I tua atu, i reira ko tetahi faaapîraa i nui o te massifs tahito o nga Urals, Tien Shan ko Altai maunga o Appalachia. Tino ke te āhuarangi i runga i te whenua, ka timata te wā o te glaciation kaha. Movement o papatipu tio ke te mahere whenua o nga fenua o te rawhaki o te Tokerau. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga e ratou mania pukepuke ki te rota o ngā roto. Animals era Cenozoic - he whāngote, ngokingoki, me amphibians, he tokomaha o te wā tuatahi, ka tae ki te ra hakari, ētahi atu i ka ngaro (mammoths, rhinoceroses woolly, Tigers saber-whai niho, pea ana, me ētahi atu) mo tetahi take ranei tetahi.

He aha te mea te wā arowhenua?

wāhanga arowhenua rite te kōwae o te tauine wā arowhenua taea te wehea o to tatou paraneta ki wā. Kia kite a te mea mea kei pā ana ki tenei wā i roto i te mātāpunenga. Wā (tātai) - ko reira he wā nui o te wā arowhenua i ai nga kamaka i hanga e. I roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ai ki ngā waeine iti, e te hunga kua huaina taima.

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi (Archean me Proterozoic) e tika ana ki te ngaro oti ranei te maha iti o ratou i roto i te ngako kararehe me te āhua huawhenua wehea ki atu pae tārewa. Palaeozoic ngā Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky me Perm wā. āhuatanga tēnei wā e te maha nui o iti-wā, i iti nga ētahi atu ki te toru anake. era Mesozoic ngā Triassic, Jurassic me te kotakota wāhanga. era Cainozoic te wahi tino ako wā, māngai Paleogene, Neogene me subintervals quaternary. Kia whakaaro tatou etahi o ratou.

Triassic

wā Triassic - ko te tuatahi iti-wā o te wā Mesozoic tenei. Ko e pā ana ki te 50 miriona tau (wawe - 251-199 miriona tau ki muri) Ko tōna roanga. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te whakahōu i te moana, me te kararehe whenua. I te wa ano tonu ki te tīariari i te torutoru māngai o te Paleozoic, pērā i spiriferid, whakaripa, etahi elasmobranch me etahi atu. I roto i te hātaretare e maha a Amona, i hoatu e te rota o puka hou, nui hoki stratigraphy. I roto i te wheo e ono-rayed mua roa puka o Brachiopod - terebratulidy me rinhonelidy, echinoderms rōpū - kina moana. Kei te nuinga māngai e ngārara vertebrates - Saurischia tuauri nui. thecodonts whānui - whenua ngarara nohopuku-neke. I tua atu, puta nga rauropi rōwai nui tuatahi i roto i te wā Triassic - ichthyosaurs me plesiosaurs, engari tona tiketike tae ratou anake i roto i te wā Jurassic. Ano hoki i tenei wa ka puta mai nga kararehe tuatahi, i te aroaro nei ki puka iti.

Flora i roto i te wā Triassic (arowhenua) ngaro āhuatanga Paleozoic me whiwhi hanganga tino Mesozoic. Kei te nuinga te reira e aruhe tipu momo, sagovoobraznye, conifers me Ginkgo. Kei te āhuatanga ngā takiwā makariri i te mahana nui. arata'i tenei ki te whakamaroke ake o tokomaha o nga moana uta, a i roto i te toe taumata salinity nui nui haere. I roto i te tua, he wāhi rawa iti o tinana uta wai, hua i roto i te whakawhanake whenua koraha. Hei tauira, i roto i tenei wā ngā Tauride hanganga o te kūrae Crimean.

Jurassic

ka wā Jurassic tona ingoa i te maunga Jura i te uru Europe. Ko ia te wahi waenganui o te Mesozoic me te tino Inia whakaata te āhuatanga matua o te whanaketanga o waro tenei wā. I roto i te tahuri, ka taea te wehea te reira ki ngā wāhanga e toru: te raro, waenganui, me te runga.

Ko nga kararehe o tenei wā kanohi e hātaretare whānui tohaina - cephalopods (Amona, faahoho'ahia e maha momo me te puninga). He tino rerekē i te māngai o te Triassic ratou whakairo, me te āhua anga. I tua atu, i roto i te wā Jurassic te koa tonu i tetahi atu rōpū o kaiwhao - belemnite. I tenei wa, tae whanaketanga tino he rupi ono-ākau-hanga, kāri moana, rengarenga me te kina moana, me te maha elasmobranch. Ko tino ngaro momo brachiopod Paleozoic. Marine momo kararehe whai tuaiwi rerekē tino i te Triassic, tae te reira i te momo nui. I roto i te wā Jurassic ika whānui me ngā ngārara kautāhoe - ichthyosaurs me plesiosaurs. I tenei wa i reira ko te whakawhiti i te whenua, me te Te taunga ki te taiao moana, ihuroa me kukupa. He momo nui o ngā momo rerekē o te taea o vertebrates whenua - ngokingoki. I roto ia ratou ki to ratou puawai mai tuauri, tei faahoho'ahia i herbivores, konihi, me te tahi atu mau huru. Ko te nuinga o ratou ki runga ki te 23 mita i roto i te roa, pēnei i Diplodocus. Ko te putunga o tenei wā kitea he momo hou o ngokingoki - nga mokomoko e rere, e te hunga kua huaina "pterodactyls". I te wa ano i reira, me nga manu tuatahi. tipu Jurassic tae tupu wana a: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye me, o Kiwa akoranga, te kaponga, horsetails, me karapu.

Neogene

wā Neogene - te wā tuarua o te wā Cenozoic. timata te reira i 25 miriona tau ki muri, ka mutu 1.8 miriona tau ki muri. I tenei wa, i reira kua nui ngā whakarerekētanga i roto i te kararehe. He he he momo nui o gastropods me Anga, rupi, foraminifera me coccolithophorids. Whānui whakawhanakehia amphibians, honu me ika a Ihakara. I roto i te wā Neogene, i whai ahua ai te whānui o te taea, me te whenua vertebrates momo. Hei tauira, i reira i tere momo hipparion ahu whakamua: hipparions, hoiho, rhinoceroses, anaterope, kamera, Hobotova, hata, hippos, giraffes, kiore, Tigers saber-whai niho, wuruhi, a te tahi atu makimaki nui.

I raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga ngā i tenei wa tere tipu ao organic: i reira he ngahere-steppe, taiga, maunga, me te steppe mania. I roto i te rohe pārūrū - te savannah me tikitu. E tata ki hou tikanga makariri.

Geology rite te pūtaiao

wā arowhenua o rangahau pūtaiao whenua - te arowhenua. puta te reira i ngā tata - i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. Heoi, ahakoa tona tamarikitanga, he mea marama wharau kāpia i runga i maha ngā take totohe i runga i te hanganga o to tatou paraneta, rite pai rite te takenga o te mea e noho i te reira. I roto i tenei whakapae pūtaiao iti, e whakamahia nga hua anake o ngā kitenga me ngā meka te nuinga. He tika rongoa e te i roto i te papa o te whenua tohu o te ao i roto i tetahi take, ka hoatu he pikitia tika atu o te mua, i te tetahi pukapuka papa'i. Heoi, ki te taea ki te pānui i enei meka me matau ratou kahore e tika i homai ki te katoa, na ara i roto i tenei pūtaiao tangohia, i te wa wa ki reira kia kia tikanga hape o etahi ngā. Hea i reira he tohu o te ahi, e taea te kī i te reira ki te tino e ko te ahi; a te wahi i reira he tohu o te wai, me taea te tohe i te taua whakawhirinaki e ko te wai, a na i runga i. Otiia puta hoki hapa. E kore e ki kia kiko, kia whakaaro tatou tetahi tauira penei.

"Frosting"

I roto i 1973 te moheni "Knowledge - kaha" whakaputaina he tuhinga e te kaikoiora rongonui AA Lyubimtseva "tauira hukapapa i runga i te karaihe." Ko te kaituhi e kumea aro te kaipānui 'ki te faitatau a Tūrongo o ngā tauira tio ki whakato hanganga. Ka rite ki te whakamātau, whakaahuatia ana e ia te tauira i runga i te karaihe, a whakakitea te whakaahua ki toku hoa i te huaota. A e whakaroa i waho mohio i roto i te pikitia mātātoka tapuwae tataramoa. Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū o enei tauira puta tika ana ki te te whātioatanga o wāhanga hau kohu wai. Heoi, te tahi mea rite tupu i roto i te faaineineraa o te graphite pyrolytic i pyrolysis o te mewaro diluted ki hauwai. Ko te kupu, i kitea ai e motu ke i tenei rere hanga puka dendritic e he tino rite ki te whakato toenga. faataa tenei e te meka e reira he ture whānui e te kaiwhakahaere o te hanganga o ngā momo pararopi o mea, me te āhua.

I roto i tohunga pūtaiao i tuhia o te wā wā roa ia papawhenua, e hāngai ana i runga i ngā tohu o te tipu me te kararehe puka kitea i roto i putunga waro. A he torutoru anake nga tau ki muri, i reira nga kerēme e te tahi mau aivanaa e he hē tenei tikanga, me te e nga anga pōhatu katoa - te mea ke atu, rite te byproduct o te hanganga o ngā papa o te whenua. He tika, e kore e taea ki te ine i te taua katoa, engari kia waiho atu tupato huarahi ki te take teití.

A ahakoa glaciation ao?

A feruri i te tahi atu tauākī categorical o pūtaiao, a kahore ki tohunga pūtaiao anake. Katoa o tatou, i te kura, faauruhia te glaciation Ao e hipoki to tatou paraneta, meinga maha ngā momo o te kararehe hei ngaro: mammoths, etahi kararehe woolly me te tini ke atu. Na kawea ake te whakatupuranga hou teina i runga i Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Scientists kotahi te reo i roto i te mea e te tātai - he pūtaiao tangohia, e kore e tuku i te ariā, me te whakamahi anake kï meka. Heoi, e kore e pera. Here, pera i roto i maha ngā wāhi o te pūtaiao (hītori, whaipara, me ētahi atu), ka taea e tetahi mau te rigidity o nga ariā me u o te mana. Hei tauira, mai i te mutunga o te rautau tekau ma iwa i runga i nga hiti o Pūtaiao whakahaere he tautohetohe wera e pā ana ki mēnā e kore ranei te huka. I roto i te rau tau waenganui-rua tekau, i whakaputaina i te rongonui pūtaiao-kaitātai IG Pidoplichko mahi wha-rōrahi "I te tio tau." I roto i tenei pepa, te kaituhi āta whakamatautau putanga kaihautanga o glaciation ao. e kore e whakawhirinaki ia ki runga ki nga mahi o era atu kau mataotao, a ia fakafo'ituitui whakahaere karikari arowhenua (etahi o i pau ia kia rite ki te hoia o te Army Whero, whai wāhi i roto i te whawhai ki nga whakaeke Tiamana) puta noa i te rohe o te Soviet Union ko Western Europe. tohe ia e kore i taea e te kōpaka hipokina te fenua katoa, a ka kakahu anake te huru rohe, a e kore i meinga e ia te ngaro o maha ngā momo kararehe, me ngā āhuatanga rawa rerekē - me nga ngā catastrophic i arahina ki te displacement o nga amo ( "hītori Maere o te whenua" A . Skliarov); me te mahi ohaoha o te tangata.

e kore e mysticism, ranei he aha pūtaiao kite i te kitea

Ahakoa te taunakitanga rahi Pidoplichko aroaro, he aivanaa i roto i kore hohoro ki te whakarere i te putanga tangohia o te glaciation. A ka ara ake ngā. i whakaputaina mahi o kaituhi i roto i te tīmatanga o nga 50s, engari ki te mate o Stalin, i mawehe atu wā katoa o te buka e wha i whare pukapuka, me ngä whare wänanga o te whenua, ka ora taua anake i roto i te ruma o te whare pukapuka, me te whiwhi ia ratou i roto i o reira rawa e kore e ngāwari. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, katoa te tango i tenei pukapuka i roto i te whare pukapuka i tangohia i runga i te pūkete o te ratonga motuhake. Na ara tenei ra i reira e te tahi mau raruraru i roto i te fariiraa i tenei whakaputanga. Heoi, te whakawhetai ki te Ipurangi, e taea te whiwhi katoa maheni ki nga mahi o te kaituhi, i tirohia i roto i te taipitopito te wā o te hītori geologic o te ao, whakamārama te takenga o etahi ara.

Geology - he pūtaiao tangohia?

Kei te whakapono te reira i taua tātai - he pūtaiao pono whakamātau, mutu nei te anake i te mea e kite ana ia. Ki te he pāhekeheke te take, e kore ai e mea tetahi, i ua ai, i taea te kōrero, ka postpones he whakatau whakamutunga tae noa ki taua wa ra ano i riro koe kitea unambiguous. Heoi, ka rite ki whakaaturanga mahi, nga pūtaiao, rawa, hanga hape (hei tauira, ahupūngao pāngarau ranei). Otiia, e kore e nga hapa te kino, ki te tango ratou wa, me te tika. Ko ratou maha ao i roto i te natura, a ka whai i te uara rohe, koe Me anake ki te whai i te itoito no te farii i te mārama, te utu i te whakatau tika, me te neke i runga i ki te whakatau ngā āhuatanga hou. Kua whakaaturia kaipūtaiao Modern whanonga radically ritenga, no te mea riro te nuinga o te marama o pūtaiao i roto i tona wa taitara, tohu me te āhukahuka mo ratou mahi, a inaianei e kore ratou e hiahia ki te wehewehea ki a ratou. A i kite taua whanonga i roto i te arowhenua kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te tahi atu ao o te mahi. e kore te iwi kaha anake e wehi ki te whakaae ratou blunders, pārekareka ki ratou i te whai wāhitanga ki te whakawhanake atu, no te mea te rapunga o ngā hapa - ehara i te mea he kino, engari he faingamālie hou.