Graphene me tona tono. Ko te kitea o te Graphene. Nanotechnology i roto i te ao hou

Ngā tata i roto i Pūtaiao me te Hangarau ko te wāhi hou, i huaina nanotechnology. e kore he nui noa opuaraa mo tenei ako. He hao ratou. Te matūriki, tuku ki rite "mitanano" Ko te uara rite ki tetahi milia o te hautanga o tetahi uara. taea anake te whakaritea ēnei rahi ki te rahi o ngā ngota me ngā rāpoi ngota. Hei tauira, i huaina te nanometer ko te-milia tetahi o te mita.

Ko te aronga matua o te mara hou o te pūtaiao

huaina Nanotechnology te hunga e raweke i te mea i runga i te taumata o ngā rāpoi ngota me ngota. Na reira, kei te karanga a hoki tenei wāhi o te pūtaiao hangarau rāpoi. He aha ko te hiringa mo tona whanaketanga? Kua puta Nanotechnology i roto i te ao hou te whakawhetai ki te kauwhau Richarda Feynmana. I roto i te reira, kua whakamatauria te pūtaiao e reira e kore tutukitanga ki te hanga o nga mea tika i te ngota.

Te tikanga mo te whawhe whai hua o matūriki iti i huaina assembler. Tenei nanomachine rāpoi, e taea te whakamahi ki te hanga i tetahi hanganga. Hei tauira, ka taea te huaina te assembler ribosome tūturu synthesizing he pūmua i roto i ngā kaiao ora.

Nanotechnology i roto i te ao hou e kore e tika i te wāhi kotahi o te tohungatanga. tohu ratou he whānui o te rangahau e pā ana tika ki maha pūtaiao taketake hōkai. I roto ia ratou he ahupūngao, matū me te koiora. E ai ki pūtaiao, ka whai i enei pūtaiao te hiringa kaha tino ki te whanaketanga ki te puipuitua o te revolution nanotech haere mai.

poi o tono

A tabula i te ao katoa o te mahi a te tangata, whakamahia nanotechnology te wahi i tenei ra, e kore e taea te mea o te rārangi rawa mīharo. Na, kua hua ki te awhina o tenei mara o te pūtaiao:

- whakaaro mō te tuhi superdense tetahi mōhiohio;
- ngā taputapu;
- sensors, pūtau solar, transistors Semiconductor;
- ngā mōhiohio, rorohiko me te hangarau mōhiohio;
- nanoimprint me nanolithography;
- whakaaro mō te rokiroki pūngao, me ngā pūtau wahie;
- ārai, wāhi me te rererangi tono;
- bioinstrumentary.

I runga i tenei mara pūtaiao o te nanotechnology i Russia, USA, Japan, me te maha o ngā whenua Pākehā ki atu pūtea tohaina te i ia tau. Ko e tika ana ki te opuaraa nui mo te whanaketanga o tenei poi o rangahau tenei.

Kei te whakawhanake Nanotechnology i roto i Russia rite ki te hōtaka ūnga Federal, e whakarato ana utu nui e kore e anake pūtea, engari e mau ana ano hoki i te nui nui o te hoahoa me te rangahau mahi. Hei whakatutuki i te whāinga e haere ana ki te whakakotahi i te mau tautooraa o ngā pūnaha pūtaiao, me te hangarau i te taumata o corporations motu, me te rauiwi.

rauemi hou

Nanotechnology kua whakahohea kaipūtaiao ki te whakaputa i te paraharaha waro maro atu i taimana nei matotoru, ko te kotahi anake ngota. Kei a ia ko Graphene. Ko te reira i te rauemi thinnest me kaha i roto i te ao, e whakawhiti hiko nui, pai atu i tītipi silicon rorohiko.

Ko te kitea o te Graphene ko te hui pāhoro tūturu, e ka tukua nui huringa i roto i to tatou oraraa. Ko tēnei rauemi Ko ngā āhuatanga kia ahurei tinana e faufaa taui te huru o te taata o mea me matū.

History o whakahura

Graphene Ko te karaihe e rua-ahu. Ko tōna hanganga Ko te wini whakakahokaho hexagonal arā, o ngā ngota waro. tīmata rangahau ariā o te Graphene roa i mua i te whiwhi ona whakaaro tūturu, mai tenei rauemi, ko te pūtake mō te hanga i te karaihe graphite toru-ahu.

Ahakoa i roto i te 1947 G. P. Volles kua ia etahi āhuatanga o Graphene, ana tona hanganga ko konganuku rite, me etahi āhuatanga rite ki te hunga o te matūriki ultra-relativistic, neutrinos me pūaho massless. Heoi, ko te rauemi hou i reira e etahi nui ngā rerekētanga e hanga ahurei reira i roto i tona āhua. Ko whiwhi te haamauraa o enei kitenga i anake i roto i te 2004, ka Konstantin Novoselov me Andrey Geim i tuatahi whiwhi e te waro i roto i te āhua noa. huaina ana tēnei taonga hou te Graphene, a ko te pūtaiao kitea nui. Kimihia tenei tūemi e taea e i roto i te pene. hanga Ko tōna graphite tokotoko te ake o ngā papa maha o Graphene. Nahea te he pene rau te tohu i runga i te pepa? Ko te meka ko e, ahakoa te kaha o nga wae matua o te papa, i reira he he hononga rawa ngoikore i waenganui ia ratou. He tino ngāwari ki te hinga i roto i te whakapā atu ki te pepa ratou, mahue he ara i roto i te tuhituhi.

Mā te whakamahi i te rauemi hou

E ai ki kaipūtaiao, nga pūoko e kua hāngai i runga i Graphene, kia taea ki te tātari i te kaha me te huru o te rererangi, me te ki te matapae ru. Otira anake ka e waiho te rauemi ki taua āhuatanga hei taiwhanga pakitara auheke mārama ka whakawhanake tono mahi i roto i te ahunga o te taonga. I te reira ra, Utaina, he hiahia i roto i te kaha ahurei o te Graphene kē physicists me Engineers hiko. I muri i taea te hipoki he torutoru noa karamu o te taonga rohe; rite ki te mara whutupaoro.

Graphene me tona tono pea whakaaro i roto i te whakaputa āmiorangi Kōmāmā me te waka rererangi. I roto i tenei rohe, ka taea e te rauemi hou whakakapi i te weu waro i roto i te rauemi hiato. Ka taea te whakamahi Nanomaterials hei utu o transistors silicon me tona whakatinanatanga i roto i kirihou hoatu reira kawe ia hiko.

Graphene me tona whakamahinga e whakaaro i roto i te take pūoko hanga. Ēnei whakaaro e hanga e runga i te kaupapa o te rauemi hou ka taea ki te kitea te rāpoi ngota tino mōrearea. Otiia ki te whakamahi o Nano-puehu i roto i te hanga o ngā pākahiko hiko i nga wa ake i to ratou whai huatanga.

E kōrero Graphene me tona tono i roto i optoelectronics. O te rauemi hou ka tahuri i roto i te kirihou rawa Kōmāmā me roa i ai e tukua nga ipu mo te wiki ruarua ki te pupuri i hou kai.

tika ana te whakamahi o te Graphene me te ki te hanga motupaika i te paninga conductive mārama e hiahiatia ana mō te aro turuki i, awhi solar me te kaha, me te ake ātete ki pānga pūkaha o kapohau hau.

ka whai taputapu hākinakina i te pai, implants hauora me supercapacitors nanomaterial I.

Ano, Graphene me tona tono e hāngai ana ki:

- tiketike-auau mana-tiketike pūrere hiko;
- membrane horihori wehe rua wai i roto i te tank;
- te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga kawe ia o ngā rauemi;
- te hanga i te whakaatu i runga i te marama organic emitting ngōhiko;
- whakatere whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hou o te DNA whakaraupapa;
- whakapai ake o ngā whakaaturanga karaihe wai;
- transistors ballistic.

Te whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi automotive

E ai ki kairangahau, whakatata te pūngao motuhake te Graphene 65 kWh / kg. Ko 47 nga wa ki runga ake i te kotahi e te hunga pera noa i enei pākahiko lithium-katote tenei ahua. Tenei meka, kua whakamahia kaipūtaiao ki te waihanga i tētahi whakatupuranga hou o peihana pūhiko.

pūhiko polymer Graphene - te pūrere e tikanga o nei te mana hiko mōrahi pai puritia. I tēnei wā, kawea te mahi ki runga ki taua mea i roto i te taha o ngā kairangahau i roto i te whenua maha. Tino ahu whakamua tutuki pūtaiao Spanish i roto i tenei mea. Graphene-waerau pūhiko, hanga ratou he kohi pūngao, nui atu i te ahua rite mō pākahiko ngā rau o ngā wā. whakamahi rātou i te reira ki te pīkau i waka hiko. Te mīhini, tāutatia nei te Graphene pūhiko, ka taea e haere kahore hoki e mutu mano o kiromita. Hei recharge te puna pūngao hiko, ka e hiahia kore ake te rohirohi i te 8 meneti.

touchscreens

tonu Scientists ki te tūhura Graphene, te hanga i tētahi mea hou, me te faito ore. Ko te kupu, kua kitea te nanomaterial waro tona tono i roto i te hanga e hua mata pa ki whānui mata. kia puta te wā, me te whakaaro ngāwari o tenei momo.

ka Scientists he tapawhā i roto i te āhua i te whārangi Graphene a tahuri ana e ia ki te kawehiko mārama. Kua whai wāhi hoki ia i roto i te mahi o te mata pa, nui te whakaiti i te mauroa, mārama, ngāwari, fakakaume'a taiao, me te utu iti.

whiwhi Graphene

Mai 2004, i te mea kua whakatuwheratia ai te nanomaterials hōu, kua taukei kaipūtaiao he maha o ngā tikanga mo tona faaineineraa. Heoi, ko te taketake tino o enei ara e whakaaro:

- exfoliation aunoa;
- tupu epitaxial i korehau;
- te meangiti perofaznogo matū (CVD-tukanga).

Ko te tuatahi o enei tikanga e toru ko te kuware tino. Graphene production ki exfoliation aunoa i te tono motuhake o graphite ki te mata piripiri o piripiri rīpene ko. I muri i tenei turanga, rite te whārangi o te pepa, tīmata ki te whakapiko me te unbend, wehe i te rauemi e hiahiatia ana. A, no te tono i tēnei Graphene tikanga whiwhi te kounga teitei. Heoi, e kore e tika mo te hanga papatipu o nanomaterials taua mahi.

A, no te te whakamahi i te tikanga o te tupu epitaxial o angiangi silicon angiangi e whakamahia, te apa mata i te mea silicon carbide. I tua atu, kua oti te tahu tenei rauemi i te pāmahana tiketike rawa (1000 K). Ka rite ki wehea te hua o tauhohe matū i te ngota silicon o ngā ngota waro, te tuatahi o e vaporize. Ka rite ki te hua, e noho te record Graphene parakore. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tenei tikanga ko te akiaki ia o te whakamahi i pāmahana tiketike rawa, e taea puta i roto i ngingiha o ngota waro.

Ko te tikanga tino pono, me te ohie whakamahia mō te hanga papatipu o Graphene, he CVD-tukanga. Ko te tikanga i roto i nei te tauhohenga matū i waenganui i te whakakōkī me pūwaro hau maitai-pani.

E hua Graphene?

Ki te rā, te kamupene nui rawa, hua Kei te nanomaterial hou i roto i China. Ko te ingoa o te kaiwhakanao - Ningbo Morsh Technology. tīmata Graphene production ratou i roto i 2012.

Ko te kiritaki matua o te nanomaterial ko te kamupene Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene whakamahi i te reira mo te hanga o kiriata mārama conductive, e kua whakaurua ki roto ki te whakaatu touchscreen.

Āhua tata, kua tukuna he kamupene pai-mohiotia Nokia te ārai i runga i te pūoko image. Hei wāhanga o tenei nui-hiahiatia ko te torutoru paparanga o Graphene huānga taputapu whatu. he rauemi taua whakamahia i roto i te pūoko o kāmera nui faarahi ratou tūtohutanga (ki runga, ki te 1000 ngā wā). I te wa ano kitea whakaiti i roto i te kohi hiko. Ka Kei roto hoki kāmera pai mo te atamai Graphene.

Te faaineineraa o te taiao kāinga,

He reira taea ki te whakaputa i Graphene i te kāinga? Huri i te reira i roto i, ae ra! Me tika koe ki te tango i te kaha Pūhanumi kīhini o kahore iti iho i te 400 W, a whai i te tikanga whakawhanakehia e te physicists Irish.

Kia pehea te i hua Graphene i te kāinga? Hoki tenei whakaaro ringihia te kapu Pūhanumi i 500 ml o te wai mā te tāpiri 10-25 ml o tetahi hopiwē wai, me te 20-50 karamu o te ūkui mongamonga. I tua atu kia rere te pūrere i te 10 meneti ki te hawhe haora, tae noa ki te ahua o te slurry o tawerewere Graphene. Ka whai i te rauemi hua i te kawe ia tiketike e e tukua tona whakamahi i roto i te electrodes o ngā pūtau solar. Graphene taea te whakapai ake hoki i te āhuatanga o te kirihou whakaputaina i roto i te taiao motu.

nanomaterial waikura

mātātoa rangahau pūtaiao, me te hanganga i taua e roto ranei i runga i nga taha o te mata waro Graphene te piri ranei rōpū mahi hāora-kei roto (s) o te rāpoi ngota. Tenei totoka Nano-waikura o e ko te pikitia e rua-ahu tuatahi, e kua tae te wā o te production arumoni. Mai i te mitanano me microparticles o tenei hanganga pūtaiao henemita tauira hua.

Ko te kupu, te waikura Graphene i roto i ngā ki waro diofilizirovannym i tata whiwhi e te pūtaiao Hainamana. Ko te kupiki hēnimeta rauemi rawa Kōmāmā tū nei i runga i nga puawai o te puawai iti tenei. Ko tenei taonga hou, i roto i nei te waikura Graphene ko tetahi o te totoka tino i roto i te ao.

tono biomedical

waikura Graphene he taonga ahurei o te selectivity. Tenei ka tukua te taonga ki te kitea i te tono biomedical. Na, te whakawhetai ki te mahi o pūtaiao i taea ki te whakamahi i Graphene waikura mo te tātaritanga o te mate pukupuku. Rapu mate pukupuku i te wā wawe o tona whanaketanga tukua āhuatanga whatu me te hiko ahurei o te nanomaterial.

Hoki waikura Graphene taea te tuku hāngai o taero me tātaritanga. I runga i te pūtake o tenei rauemi he biosensors sorption, tuhu ki te rāpoi ngota pītauira.

tono ahumahi

kia tono ngā sorbents i runga i te waikura Graphene ki nga taonga tūturu me tangata-i hanga dezaktsivatsii pangia. He tarai o te nanomaterial kaha e taea tukatuka manawa whenua me te wai mata, te oneone, me te whakawātea ia ratou i te radionuclide.

Tātari i Graphene waikura e taea whakarato whare superchistotoy, e hua wāhanga hiko mō tono motuhake. Ka tomo nga āhuatanga ahurei o tenei rauemi ki te hangarau ao matū pai. I roto i ngā, kia tangohanga o konganuku marara, me te onge ira tenei. Ko te kupu, ko te whakamahi o te Graphene waikura taea ki te tango koura i tokahuke iti-kōeke.