He aha te mea koiora? Ko te ahunga matua, me ngā whakatutukitanga

E mohio ana koe he aha te mea koiora? He pono koe te tahi mea e pā ana ki rongo reira. Ko te wāhanga nui o te koiora hou tenei. riro ia, rite te ahupūngao, tetahi o nga kaupapa matua matua i roto i te ōhanga o te ao, me te pūtaiao i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 20. Hawhe te rau tau ki muri, i matau kahore tetahi aha hangarau koiora. Heoi, whakatakotoria ana ki nga turanga o te kaiputaiao, e noho i roto i te rau tau 19. Kua riro Biotechnology he hiringa kaha ki te whanaketanga i roto i te mahi o kairangahau i France Lui Pastera (tau o te ora - 1822-1895). Ko ia te kaiwhakarewa o immunology hou, me te koiora.

I roto i te rau tau 20, tere whakawhanakehia te iranga, me te koiora rāpoi ki mua i roto i te te ahupūngao me te matū. I tenei wa, ko te rohe tino nui te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga e ai ki te ngaki i te tipu, me te kararehe pūtau.

rangahau pōrutu

I 1980 i reira ko he puhake i roto i te rangahau hangarau. E tenei wa i whakapumautia nga huarahi raupapa, me huarahi hou e whakarite te whakawhitinga ki te whakamahi o te hangarau koiora i roto i te pūtaiao, me te mahi. Na ka taea e koe te ako i tenei nui pānga ōhanga. Kei te matapae reira e i hua hangarau ki te hanga i te timatanga o te rau tau hou, he hauwhā o te hanga ao.

kawea mahi i roto i to tatou whenua

ka mau te whanaketanga hangarau koiora Active wahi i tenei wa i roto i to tatou whenua. I tutuki hoki te Russian roha nui o te mahi i roto i tenei rohe, me te whakataki o ratou hua i roto i te 1980. I roto i to tatou whenua i roto i tenei wā kua whakawhanakehia, kua ka whakatinanahia te hōtaka tuatahi i runga i te hangarau koiora i runga i te tauine motu. pokapū interdepartmental Motuhake, kua hanga tohunga whakangungua biotechnologists, tari e hāngai ana me te taiwhanga i hanga i roto i ngā whare wānanga me ngā pūtahi rangahau.

hangarau koiora i tenei ra

I teie mahana, e tatou kia waia ki tenei ara, ui torutoru rawa iwi ratou: "He aha te mea koiora?" I roto i te takiwa, te tiki ki te mohio i te reira i roto i te taipitopito e kore e e hira. hāngai ana ngā tukanga Modern i roto i tenei mara e i runga i te whakamahi o ngā tikanga recombinant DNA me whākōkī ta'e ngāue, organelles ranei pūtau. hangarau koiora Modern Ko te pūtaiao o hangarau engineering pūtau me te ira, me ngā tikanga o te hanga me te tono o ngā koiora ira puta i roto i te tikanga ki te tūkino i te hanga te whanaketanga o momo hou o ngā hua ranei. E toru ngā wāhi matua i runga i nei tatou whakaahua i teie nei.

hangarau koiora ahumahi

Ka taea te tāutuhia tēnei aronga rite te momo o te hangarau koiora whero (rongoā). Kei te whakaaro te reira i te wāhi tino nui o te hangarau-koiora. Piki tūranga nui tākaro ratou i roto i te whanaketanga o te raau taero (i roto i ngā, mo te maimoatanga o te mate pukupuku). faufaa rahi o te hangarau koiora he i roto i te tātaritanga. E whakamahia ratou, mo te tauira, ka hanga e koe biosensors, tītipi DNA. I roto i Austria, te hangarau koiora whero tenei ra pai āhukahuka pai-tika ana. Ia whakaaro ara te pūkaha o te whanaketanga o ētahi atu manga.

Puta ki te momo i muri o te hangarau koiora ahumahi. Tenei hangarau koiora matomato. Kei te whakamahia te reira i ka hanga te tīpakonga te. Biotechnology inaianei tuku tenei tikanga motuhake e nei e te whakawhanakehia taputapu ki te haukoti i ki waipatutaru, huaketo, harore, me ngā ngārara. Ko te tino nui ano hoki tenei katoa, e kite koe.

Hoki te mara o te hangarau koiora matomato ko o faufaa ngā, engineering ira. Ki te te hanga ai mō te whakawhiti ira i tetahi momo tipu ki te atu, a ko te kupu e taea pūtaiao whakaawe i te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga ātete me ngā āhuatanga.

Kei te whakamahia hangarau koiora hina mō te tiaki i te taiao. Ko tōna tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te purenga o parakaingaki, remediation oneone, horoi whakapau rangi, mo te tukurua.

Otiia e kore e katoa te e. He he hangarau koiora ma, e hipokina te rohe o te whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi matū. tikanga koiora i roto i tenei take e whakamahia mo te haumaru i te wāhi taiao o te tirohanga, me te hanga pai o whākōkī, paturopi, waikawa amino, huaora, me te waipiro.

Na rawa, nga momo whakamutunga. hāngai hangarau koiora Blue te i runga i te tono hangarau o kaiao rerekē me ngā tukanga o te koiora moana. I roto i tenei take, i te pokapū o te rangahau - kaiao koiora e noho moana a te ao.

Haere ki te aronga muri - Engineering Cell.

Engineering pūkoro

Kei te mahi te reira i roto i te hanga o hybridomas, cloning, ako o tikanga pūtau, "kākano" pūtau, te whakahiato mahere ira. Tīmata no reira ki te 1960 nga tau ka reira ko te tikanga o te hybridization o ngā pūtau somatic. Kua pai ake te reira i te taha o te wa o tikanga kai, me tetahi tikanga o te kopa tipu. hybridization Somatic, i roto i nei hanga hybrids e waho te whai wāhitanga o te tukanga fakasekisualé, kawea i tenei ra i roto i na roto i te faatupuraa i ngā rārangi pūtau o te momo kotahi, mā te whakamahi i rerekē momo o ngā pūtau ranei.

Hybridomas me ratou tikanga

Hybridomas, hybrids arā i waenganui i lymphocytes (pūtau noa o te pūnaha ārai mate) me te puku, kua āhuatanga o ngā rārangi pūtau mātua. Ko ratou e taea, ano he pukupuku, faaite ake i runga i pāpāho tāwhaiwhai matūkai (arā, he "tahuti"), a kia hoki, kia rite ki te lymphocytes ki te whakaputa i ōrite (monoclonal) paturopi he pū tautuhi. E whakamahia ana ēnei paturopi i roto i ngā take tātaritanga, me te whakaora, kia rite ki tauhohenga i roto i te taonga organic tairongo me ētahi atu.

Ko tētahi atu wāhi o te engineering pūtau ko te whawhe o ngā pūtau ngaro karihi ki te karihi free me ētahi atu whatiwhatinga. E heke ēnei whawhe ki whakakotahi wāhanga o te pūtau. kawea ngā ki tae microinjection ranei rite ki te pūira pūtau i roto i ki te whakatau me pehea pānga te cytoplasm me karihi tahi e te tahi, he aha ngā āhuatanga whakahaere i te mahi o ngā ira, a pera atu.

Mā te whakamahi i te pūhui i roto i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o rerekē embryos pūtau tupu e na huaina kararehe mosaic. Kore, e karangatia ratou chimeras. ngā ratou o 2 momo o ngā pūtau ki ngā tohuira rerekē. Na roto i te rapu atu enei ngā, e rua i roto i te whanaketanga o te kaiao puta pārōnaki o te kopa me ngā pūtau.

pūruatanga

he hohore kahore cloning hangarau koiora hou. Ngā pā ana ki te whakawhiti o rerekē karihi pūtau somatic ki enucleated kararehe (i.e. kowaiwai karihi) hua ki māra atu i roto i te rauropi pakeke hua kukune kua whakahaere hoki tekau tau. Heoi, Ua rawa pai mohiotia e ratou mai te mutunga te rautau 20. I teie mahana, karanga tatou taua ngā cloning kararehe.

e kore e mōhio ki a Dolly te hipi torutoru iwi i tenei ra. I roto i te 1996, e tata ana Edinburgh (Scotland) i roto i te Roslin Institute mōu kua te kararehe tuatahi, i te kitenga o i te pūtau o te kaiao pakeke kua kawea i roto i. Ko Dolly ko te hipi te ki tou taua tuatahi.

engineering ira

Rāwaho i roto i te tīmatanga o te 1970, engineering ira hanga i tenei ra kua tino ahunga whakamua. Ona tikanga o whakaahua pūtau kararehe, rewena, huakita i roto i enei "wheketere" mo te hanga o tetahi pūmua. whakarato te paetae taua o te pūtaiao i te whai wāhi ki te ako i roto i te taipitopito nga mahi, me te hanganga o pūmua mō te whakamahi rite taero.

Fundamentals o koiora e inaianei whakamahia whānuitia. E. coli, hei tauira, kua riro i roto i to tatou kaiwhakarato wa o nui taiki hormones me taiāki. whāinga tīpakongia engineering ira ki te hanga rāpoi DNA recombinant. Ki te whakataki o te taputapu ira motuhake, ka taea e hoatu e ratou te tinana painga ki ngā āhuatanga tangata. Hei tauira, ka taea e koe riro i te "bioreactor", arā, kararehe, tipu me microorganisms e kua whakaputaina he taonga pharmacologically nui mō te tangata. Kua arahina mua hangarau koiora ki te taea o te hua ahu kararehe me te tipu momo ki āhuatanga tino mō te iwi. Mā te tikanga engineering ira ko reira taea ki te kawe i roto i tohu ira hanga he kano DNA ki te tātari tini o nga mate ira me ētahi atu.

mutunga

Na, kua whakahoki matou te pātai: "? He aha te mea hangarau koiora" O te akoranga, kei tenei tuhinga kōrero taketake anake e pā ana ki reira, tohutohu whakarārangitia poto. Ko tenei mōhiohio hoki homai anake arata'iraa he whakaaro whānui o te mea e te hangarau koiora hou me pehea ratou e whakamahia.