Ohanga American Paora Samuelson: whakaaro taketake, ariā ōhanga me te haurongo

Paora Samuelson, te Nobel i i whakawhiwhia i roto i te 1970 e kore he i roto i te maumau whakaaro ki te waiho i te ohanga o te wa katoa,. He wahi nui i roto i ana whakatutukitanga kėia tohu o nga ariā taketake me te mau parau tumu o tata wāhanga katoa o te ōhanga: te ariā o te hanga, hokohoko ao, tātari pūtea, whakapaipai ariā me te tupu ōhanga, te hītori o te whakaaro ohaoha, macroeconomics. whakahere matou ki a koutou kia maheni ki taua kau mataotao tairanga rite Paora Samuelson. Ka Ngaahi Fakakaukau, whakaahua poto ona whakatutukitanga matua kia te aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga. Ana pūkenga tuhituhi ki te pānui i me te lau noa nei.

Ko te tuhinga tuatahi Samuelson

ariā Economic o Paora Samuelson kī i ona pukapuka me ngā tuhinga. tuhituhi te tuhinga tuatahi o te pūtaiao i te tau o 23 tau, i te tau 1938. E kīia ana "Notes i runga i te ariā parakore o whanonga kiritaki." I roto i te hanganga o te tuhinga ako Samuelson i te kura puta. whakakitea e ia e te ānau tono, mohiotia tātaritanga taputapu, e taea te ahu i te manakohanga, e i "kitea" whakawhetai ki taua wahi o te hoko, hoki i reira ko te whai wāhi ki te mau i te mākete, i kore paitanga ki te ānau te tau'a ranei ki te ariā whaipainga haurokuroku .

tuhinga matua

I roto i te 1939, tuhinga a Samuelson "Ngā pāhekoheko o te whakanui me te whakatere," reira kua whakaaturia e te mea tāpiri koe i roto i te faaotiraa moni ariā (Keynesian) tauira o whakatere haumi, te tiki i te whakamārama ohie engari oti o he aha te wawetia ite i te ōhanga huringa pakihi. I te tau 1948 whakaputaina e ia he tuhinga "hokohoko International ... ', e whakaatu ana taunakitanga e mutu te tautohetohe o kaitautoko o hokohoko free, i raro i etahi tikanga ki te whai pānga. Economists i roto i te ara ano kitea maha matahiti i ma'iri a'e e te hanga o etahi hua i roto i te whakamahi o te huarahi mākete he koretake, rite nga hua kawea mai e ratou, e wātea ana ki te katoa, pera kahore tetahi he hiahia i roto i te aufauraa i hoki ratou. Heoi, Samuelson anake i roto i te tuhinga ui ko e "ariā Pure o te whakapaunga tūmatanui" whakaratohia he whakamāramatanga pūtaiao pakari o te āhuatanga, me ngā āhuatanga o ēnei taonga tūmatanui.

Ko te tuhinga he

awhina Samuelson i 1941 i Harvard University, he tuhinga whakapae täkutatanga ngingila. Heoi, kihai i whakaputaina i te mahi tae noa ki 1947. Kei te karanga a te reira "putake o Economic Analysis". Ko tetahi atu taahiraa i mua i roto i te māramatanga o te ōhanga e taea te fruitfully tūhura tetahi whanonga ōhanga tenei. Hoki tenei te mea e tika ana ki te whakatata whakaaro ona rite i te raruraru maximization, faatiti'aifarohia nei e te tikanga o wāhi, me te pārōnaki tuanaki. whakatakoto Samuelson te parau tumu reta pera-ka karanga. E ai ki a ia, te tātaritanga tauanga o equilibria kore e taea te hoatu hua pai, ki te mea kahore he tohu o te taumata hāngai o te pūmautanga. te tikanga whakamutunga ine inessential i ngā uara taurite o ngā taurangi e whaiaro fakatonutonu-. Kua timata tenei waihanga te moni o nāianei o pūtaiao ki te akiaki ōhanga, me te ki te ako o ngā utu, e kua kitea i roto i ngā āhuatanga taurite-kore.

pukapuka Main Samuelson

Ko te tino mīharo katoa o te runga ake, engari e kore te whakatutuki i te reira katoa te pūtaiao American. whakatakotoria i roto i te 1948 pukapuka "Economics" i (Paora Samuelson, William Nordhaus) mo te taumata omuaraa. I tuku te reira ki te tenenga Samuelson "45-tohu Keynesian Cross", e homai i te whakamāramatanga o te moni motu. Kua takaro tenei tenenga he tūranga matua i roto i te whakahörapatanga o taua wāhi rite Keynesianism, i roto i nga tau i muri i te Pakanga II o te Ao. I roto i te 1958, kua hanga Samuelson he pukapuka e tika ana "hōtaka Linear me mahi ohaoha." i tahi-te tuhituhi ki a Robert Solow ko Robert Dorfman. takaro tenei pukapuka he wāhi tino nui i roto i te whakahörapatanga o tikanga o arotautanga pāngarau, whakawhanakehia i roto i te whawhai. Ko te whanaketanga o te arotautanga pāngarau puta i roto i te taha ki te ohaoha Keynesian. kihai i tenei pukapuka he pukapuka tika mai whakahaere ona kaituhi ki te whakakotahi i te kotahi ariā katoa o tupu ōhanga, hōtaka rārangi me te ariā o utu, arā ngā nga take ki a ratou i roto i te noho motuhake.

Paora Samuelson: biography

whanau te pūtaiao i mua nei i roto i Indiana (Gary City) i roto i te tau 1915. I te tau o ono tomo ia te University o Chicago. riro Samuelson tohu o te ariki i University Harvard, ka kore i ano ia e rua tekau. A i 26, ko ia kua he tākuta o rapunga whakaaro. riro tuhinga Samuelson te Rawiri A. Wells, e whakaratohia ana e University Harvard. Katahi ka anga ia ki te mahi kia rite ki te pükenga i te Institute o Technology Massachusetts. I muri i 6 tau, kua riro Samuelson te orometua tonu. I roto i tenei'inisititiutí, mahi ia katoa tona ora, noa tona whakatānga, puritia i roto i te 1986.

I muri i te fariiraa i te Nobel Samuelson tonu ana tānga maha ki te puta i roto i tā. pa ratou i runga i te momo o ngā kaupapa, tae atu ki te pūnaha ikeiketanga o te haumaru pāpori me te ariā mahi o te mahi mai tei faaitehia i roto i te mahi o nga Marxists. Mai te waenganui-1970, me te muri, mārama whakaatu tuhinga a Samuelson e pā ana ki te "aifaitoraa o utu tauwehe," whakatapua ki te hokohoko ao e hokohoko noa i waenganui i nga whenua rerekē kia tauturu i ki te whakaiti i te rerekētanga i waenganui i moni i te whakapaipai me te o te mahi i roto i aua whenua.

Ki te whakaaro ki te ora whaiaro, kua 4 tama me 2 tamahine i tana wahine tuatahi Samuelson. marenatia ia mo te wa tuarua i roto i te 1981. Ahakoa tona tau, te pūtaiao i muri i tona faaipoiporaa tonu whakaako i Harvard, me te tohutohu i te Federal Reserve me te kāwanatanga US.

mate Samuelson Hakihea 13, 2009 i muri i te mate poto. Ko te kupu, i ora ia ki 94 tau. Tona matenga tūmatanui o te mahi press o te Institute o Technology.

Taonga me tohu

Paora Samuelson Ko te kaiwhiwhi o tohu maha, me te te rangatira o te maha o taitara hōnore. I te tau 1947 ka whakawhiwhia ia ki te John. B. Clark, i ko te tuatahi i roto i tenei raupapa. Kei te whakawhiwhia ana tēnei taonga ki pūtaiao taitamariki (ki runga, ki te 40 tau) mo ana whakatutukitanga i roto i te mara o te ohaoha. I roto i te 1953, ka Samuelson peresideni o te Econometric Society, a ka, i te 1961, me te American Economic Association. I roto i te wā i 1965 ahu ano po1968 tau Paora Samuelson te International Economic Association. Ko te pūtaiao ko Albert Einstein Medal i roto i te 1970. Na ka riro ia te Nobel. Samuelson ko tona takoha ki te ōhanga.

mahi State

Samuelson i te kaitohutohu ki ngā tari kāwanatanga, i roto ia ratou -. Ko te Treasury, te Tari mo te ahumahi hōia, te Rahui Federal, Bureau o Budget, etc. I tua atu, ko ia he kaitohutohu ki te US te peresideni John F. Kennedy. tuhituhi Pol Entoni Samuelson te pūrongo o te noa rōpū, i ngā ki te peresideni. Hoki nga tau maha tenei mataotao rite M. Friedman, ko he kaitakoha auau ki te hautaka Newsweek. I te 5 rōrahi matotoru i kohia e ona oko tīpakohia. i huaina mahi i "Runanga o te mahi pūtaiao" a ka whakaputaina i roto i te 1966.

kāhua Literary Samuelson

Kia mōhio e te āhuatanga te kāhua tuhituhi o te kaipūtaiao e ngau korokë me riri mo te tangata. I te wa ano kua reira he hehema tūturu ki me te whakapuaki tangohia o whakaaro noa ki ngā kaiako whanau katoa. Ka rite tetahi o nga economists tino āna o te wā katoa (i roto i 45 tau, i hanga te pūtaiao i te toharite o tetahi tuhinga i ia marama), ka e ia tetahi o nga kaituhi angitu tino i roto i te pā ana ki te whakaputanga o ratou mahi. Ko te pukapuka matua, i hanga te Paora Anthony Samuelson ( "Economy"), mo te tauira, ora hoki tānga tatini atu atu i te rua. I whakawhitia e ia i te iti rawa 12 reo. Kua tēnei mahi, kua hokona i roto i ngā āhua i te nui o neke atu i te 4 miriona kape.

He hui pono ahurei tuatahi i roto i te hītori o te ohaoha! Ahakoa i roto i to tatou whenua i tukua ai, o te akoranga, whakatikatika kāore me motu wä.

He aha te te "ōhanga" riro kua pera rongonui?

Kua tukua e te economists mō maha nga tau, no te o te kore o kōrero i waenganui i nga macroeconomics hou (Keynesian) me Microeconomics tawhito (neoclassical). Heoi, kua hanga Samuelson pukapuka ia kerēme ki "kōtuitanga neoclassical." Raruraru ki te mahi, kia rite ki a ia, e rapu wawaotanga i roto i te ariā neoclassical o Keynesianism. Ko te tuatahi, ka taea e hoatu e koe ki muri i te whatumanawa o te kaha i muri i tae te mahi tonu i te.

Tenei aronga Ko te kī ki he mahara ki te angitu tere o te pukapuka, i hanga nei e Paora Samuelson ( "Economy"). Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga tino ngā o reira (i te ara, he tauira nui o toi o tā, me te te pukapuka tuatahi i runga i te ariā ohaoha, hanga mā te whakamahi i ngā kauwhata tae) ko te mehua kotahi i whakahaere putanga angitu ki te whakaata i te moni ōhanga o te iwi whānui, huringa mo te wā. kihai i ahau ano i te wā ki te whakanui i te mutunga o te take wā hou, pera i kitea tonu te reira i roto i te putanga i muri o "Economics."

Ko te mea ngaro o te mana nui Samuelson

Paora Samuelson, te rongonui "ohaoha" tirohanga (i roto i te tikanga o te kupu American), ngana ki te pupuri i te toharite koura i roto i nga mea tino nui, pērā i te taero o te mākete ranei, ahakoa tūmatanui tūmataiti ranei, monetarism me Keynesianism. e kore ia ka ake i roto i tona mahi ki te tūranga wä tino. Ko te kupu, a Paora Samuelson ko te tauira pai, kaiputaiao iti te nei piri ki pokapū kaupapa here ngāwari. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga take mo te mana nui whaiaro o te ohanga.

Hoariri me faahinaaro

I roto i te Samuelson kihai i he rota o hoariri. Na te hunga e i huaina e ona equilibrists ohaoha, me te hinengaro Paganini. Ko maha pā o tenei pūtaiao whakaaro ia te kaiwhakarewa o nga ahunga matua o te pūtaiao ōhanga i roto i to tatou wa. e kore e kaiponuhia e ratou ki te karanga "Samuelson era" wā pou-pakanga i roto i te whanaketanga o tenei pūtaiao.