He aha te mea te waro haukura? hanganga rāpoi

te waro haukura, hoki e mohiotia ana te waro haukura, he hanganga rāpoi rawa kaha, he mangere ki te āhuatanga matū me he ruarua wairewa i roto i te wai. Ko tenei pūhui hoki tino paitini ka tukua ki te pūnaha romahā te hono ki te pūtoto toto, me e mutu te whakawhiti hāora ki te kopa, i nga okana.

ingoa matū me te tātai

Kei te hoki te waro haukura mohiotia e ingoa atu, tae atu te waro haukura II. I roto i te ora ia rā, kei te nuinga o huaina reira te waro haukura. Tenei haukino ko te hau paitini, te huitahi me akeake, koreami. Ko tōna tātai matū - CO, me te papatipu o te muingota kotahi ko te 28,01 g / mol.

Pānga i runga i te tinana

herea te waro haukura ki pūtoto ki te hanga i carboxyhemoglobin e kore te hāora e mau ana te āheinga. Inhalation o kohu ai CNS kino (pūnaha pokapū io), me te whakahēmanawatanga. Ko te kore hua o te hāora ai ānini, whanoke, heke auau ngakau, me te auau romahā, ārahi ki te mate aita me muri o te rauropi.

hau paitini

whakaputaina te waro haukura e ngingiha wāhanga o matū kei roto waro, pērā i roto i engines parariraa ā-. Te pūhui 1 ngā covalently herea ki tetahi ngota hāora te ngota waro. Ko tino paitini te waro haukura, a ko reira tetahi o nga take tino noa o te paihana mate te ao. Mārakerake taea arahi ki kino ngakau, me te tahi atu whēkau.

He aha te mea te whakamahi o te waro haukura?

Ahakoa tona tāoke nui, he tino whai hua te waro haukura - whakawhetai ki te hangarau hou o reira ki te hanga i te whānuitanga katoa o ngā hua faufaa. Te waro haukura ahakoa whakaaro tenei ra te he paranga hakari tonu i roto i te natura, engari e kore i roto i te moni pērā i, mo te tauira, te hauhā.

Pohehe ko te hunga e whakapono ana e te mea kahore he hononga o te waro haukura i te natura. CO rewa i roto i te kamaka puia whakarewa i tenge tiketike i roto i koroka o te whenua. Ko te ihirangi o te waikura waro i roto i te hau puia rerekē i iti iho i te 0.01% ki te 2%, i runga i te puia rānei. e kore te mea taea Mai kore te mea tūturu tenei pūhui he uara tamau, ki te ine i tika te tukunga haurehu tūturu.

āhuatanga matū

haukino (CO tātai) pā ana ki te nesoleobrazuyuschim waikura tau'a ranei. Heoi, i te pāmahana o +200 ^o C tauhohe reira ki te konutai waihā. I roto i tenei tukanga matū ko te hanganga o te konutai formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic te tote waikawa).

Āhuatanga o te waro haukura e hāngai ana i runga i tona loto vilitakí. Te waro haukura:

• Ka taea te ähua ki te hāora: 2CO + e ₂ = 2CO _2;
• nehenehe o te tauhohe i ki kōnakonako: CO + Cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• He te taonga ahurei ki te ora konganuku parakore i ratou waikura: Fe ₂ E ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• hanga carbonyls whakarewa: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• tino wairewa i roto i chloroform, waikawameha ahetiki, te waihā, benzene me te haukinia waihā.

Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota

E rua ngā ngota o nei, i roto i te meka, ko te rāpoi ngota o te haukino (CO), hono here, takitoru. E rua o ratou e hanga e na roto i te hanumi p-irahiko o te ngota waro ki te hāora, me te tuatoru - whakawhetai ki te huarahi motuhake e tika ana ki te kore utu 2p waro orbital me te 2p-irahiko o te hāora takirua. whakarato ana tēnei hanganga he rāpoi ngota o te kaha nui.

He hītori iti

Aristotle o Kariki tawhito whakaahuatia te au paitini paitini whakaputaina e tahu waro. i mohiotia te tikanga rawa o te mate. Heoi, ko tetahi o nga tikanga tahito o te whiu maukati pakanga ki te ture i roto i te ruma steam, te wahi i nga ngarahu. Te rata Kariki fokotu'u Galen e i roto i te rangi i reira e etahi huringa e meinga kino, ki te hau.

I roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao, te ranunga hau ki poke o te waro haukura, i whakamahia hei wahie mo te waka i roto i aua wahi o te ao, te wahi i he nui iti o te penehīni me te diesel wahie ki reira. waho (ki etahi okotahi) Kua whakapumautia generators waro te rakau hau ranei, engari he ranunga o te hauota kōhauhau, te waro haukura, me iti o te tahi atu hau tukua ki te whakaranu hau. ko te rakau hau pera-ka karanga tenei.

Ko te hāora o te waro haukura

haukino whakaputaina i roto i te piti hāora wāhanga o pūhui carbonaceous. i hanga CO te ka ki te iti hāora hua hauhā (CO _2), mo te tauira, i roto i te mahi o te oumu pūkaha ngingiha ā ranei i roto i te wāhi kopakia ana. Ki te he reira, me te etahi atu kukū kōhauhau o ngiha waro hāoratahi, anaana marama puru, hanga te hauhā, e mohiotia ana ko te hauhā hāora.

Kei te whakamahia whānuitia te hauhā noa te 1960 o te rau tau whakamutunga mō te whakaurunga rama roto, tunu me te whakawera, i ia ki te wahi o te wahie rite te wae matua. Ētahi tukanga i roto i ngā hangarau hou, pērā i tango, rino hua tonu haukino rite te byproduct. oxidized te CO hononga ano te ki CO ₂ i te pāmahana rūma.

He reira he CO i roto i te āhua?

Ahakoa i reira he waro haukura i te taiao? Ko tētahi o ana puna take tūturu e tauhohe ahomatū i roto i te kōhauhuri. E riro ēnei tukanga ki te e taea ki te whakaputa āhua 5 × 10 ¹² kg o taonga e; oday. I roto i ētahi atu puna, rite whakahuatia i runga ake, he puia, ahi ngahere me ētahi atu momo o te parariraa.

āhuatanga rāpoi

Te waro haukura he papatipu titiwha o 28,0, e hanga ana e ia paku iti mātotoru ake i te hau. te roa here i waenganui i rua ngota - 112,8 micrometers. Ko reira tata nui ki te whakarato i tetahi o nga here matū kaha. Rua ngā āhuatanga i roto i te taha ki a CO i pā ana ki 10 irahiko i roto i te anga honohono, o tetahi.

Ka rite ki te tikanga, te carbonyl organic pūhui reira ko te here rua. He āhuatanga āhuatanga o te rāpoi ngota CO ko te mea puta i waenganui i ngā ngota here, takitoru irahiko kaha ngā ki 6 3 e hāngai ana orbitals rāpoi. Mai wha o nga irahiko ngā mai i te ngota hāora, me te 2 anake i te waro, kotahi nohoia e rua e pā ana irahiko orbital o e _2, hanga he dipole here dative ranei. ai tenei C ← e te vahiraa o ngā rāpoi ngota ki te tiaki iti "-" i runga i te waro me te tiaki iti "+" i runga i te hāora.

nohoia te rua orbitals hāngai toe e te korakora i ako o te waro me te kotahi hāora. He hangarite te muingota: hāora kua he kiato irahiko nui ake i te waro me te hoki paku pai whakatupato, whakaritea ki te waro kino.

fariiraa

I roto i te ahumahi, whiwhi te waro haukura CO e kawea reira i te taha o te para i te hāorarua waro, kahore uru o te rangi kohu wai ranei ki waro:

CO ₂ + C = 2CO;

H ₂ E + C = CO + H _2.

Kei te hoki i huaina te whakamutunga te ranunga hua ko steam hau kōtuitanga ranei. I raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga, te waro haukura II i ngohengohe kukū te waikawa organic waikawa pungatara, e mahi rite te kaihoko dehydrating:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ E;

H ₂ C ₂ E ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Ko te tohu matua me te awhina ki te CO paihana

E te waro haukura paihana? Ae, a te tino kaha. Te waro haukura paihana ko te āhuatanga tino noa katoa i runga i te ao. Ko te tohu tino noa e:

• he mana'o o te ngoikore;
• whakapairuaki;
• whanoke;
• rohirohi;
• kārangirangi;
• hiahia rawakore;
• ānini;
• disorientation;
• atarua;
• ruaki;
• kaihapai;
• haehae.

Mārakerake ki tenei hau paitini e taea meinga kino nui, e taea maha arahi ki wā roa-tikanga pathological ma'i. Ko te ahei o te meinga kino nui ki te kukune o te wahine hapu te waro haukura. Victims, hei tauira, i muri i te ahi, kia whakarato te tauturu tonu. he hiahia akiaki ki te karanga i te waka tūroro, hoatu uru ki te rangi hou, kakahu ma te At manawa, hivá, mahana. Kei te nuinga o te wā ka atawhai poisoning nui anake i raro i te mātakitaki o ngā tākuta i te fare ma'i.

tono

Te waro haukura ko, rite kua whakahuatia, he paitini, me te mōrearea, engari ko reira tetahi o nga pūhui taketake e kua whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi hou mō te kōtuitanga organic. whakamahia CO te ki te whakaputa i konganuku parakore, carbonyls, phosgene, waro pūngāwhā, methyl waipiro, formamide, kakara aldehydes, formic waikawa. Kei te whakamahia hoki tenei taonga rite wahie. Ahakoa tona tāoke me te tāoke, Kei te maha whakamahia reira rite he rauemi raw mō te whakaputa ngā matū i roto i te ahumahi matū.

Te waro haukura me te hauhā: he aha te mea te rerekētanga?

Monoxide me te hauhā e hape mo ia atu maha (CO me CO _2). He koreami, te huitahi haurehu rua, me e rua whai he pānga tōraro i runga i te pūnaha Cardiovascular. kia tomo hau rua te tinana i roto i inhalation, kiri, me te kanohi. Ēnei pūhui ka whai wāhi ki kaiao ora faaite te maha o ngā tohu - pāhoahoa, whanoke, haehae me moemoea. Te nuinga o te iwi whakauaua hanga te rerekētanga, me te kore e ite i taua whakapau motokā au paitini tukuna rite CO, a CO _2. Roto te hua i roto i te kukū o enei haurehu e taea e mōrearea ki te hauora tangata me te haumaru, i raro ki to ratou mana. He aha te mea te rerekētanga?

I nohanga tiketike o e rua e taea e mate. Ko te rerekētanga takoto i roto i taua i te CO ₂ ko te hau tūturu noa, e tika ana mō te tipu me te kararehe katoa ora. e kore te mea matarohia CO. Tenei hāora-free parariraa i-hua. Ko te rerekētanga matū tino te e CO ₂ kua kotahi ngota waro me rua ngota hāora, te mea CO anake ratou tetahi i tetahi. he kore-pūkākā te hauhā, i te mea kei pea atu ki te hopu ahi monoxide.

Kei te kitea noatia te hauhā i te huru, te tangata me te kararehe manawa hāora me te hauhā whakangā, i.e. taata taea e tu te reira i te nui iti. Kei te hiahiatia hoki tenei hau mo te ahotakakame i ngā tipu. Heoi, e kore e te waro haukura puta noatia i roto i te huru, a kia meinga raruraru hauora noa i nohanga iti. Ko rerekē hoki e rua kiato hau. he taimaha a ake mātotoru ake i te hau hauhā, i te mea kei te iti māmā te waro haukura. tangohia ana tēnei taa e ki pūkete i roto i te haamauraa i te pūoko tika i roto i te mau utuafare.