He aha te mea te tukanga matū? tukanga matū: ko te ngako me te tūranga i roto i te āhua

faafariuraa Mutualé o pūhui kitea i roto i te natura, a puta rite taea te kite i te hua o te mahi a te tangata kia rite ki tukanga matū. Ka taea e te matū hohe hei i roto i a ratou rite e rua ranei, ake o matū i roto i te kotahi ranei i roto i āhua rerekē o te whakawhāititanga. hanga anō i runga i tenei i puta ke te i waenganui i ngā pūnaha ōrite heterogeneous ranei. o nga tikanga, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te tūranga o ngā tukanga matū i roto i te natura e kōrero i roto i tenei pepa.

He aha te auraa e te tauhohenga matū

Ki te riro nei ki raro i te hua o te pāhekoheko o te rauemi tīmata ki te huri i ngā wāhanga o te rāpoi ngota, me utu ngota karihi ko te taua, mea e pā ana ki te tauhohe matū tukanga ranei. Products i hanga kia rite ki te hua o to ratou akoranga, te tangata e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi, ahuwhenua me whare. He maha nui o ngā taunekeneke ki waenganui i te matū puta, rite i roto i ora me te nonliving i roto i te natura. tukanga matū he rerekētanga taketake i ari tinana me ngā āhuatanga o te ira. I roto i enei matū hou i hanga rāpoi ngota, te mea kahore tukanga tinana e whakaputa ke i te hanganga o ngā pūhui, me tauhohe karihi puta ngota huānga matū hou.

Here o te matū tukanga

kia waiho ratou rerekē, me te whakawhirinaki matua i runga i te āhua o te tauhohenga tāuru pūngao tika i waho, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te āhua o te whakawhāititanga (totoka, rongoā, hau) i roto i nei puta te tukanga. kia kawea ai te tikanga matū o te pāhekoheko i waenganui i te rua, neke atu rānei pūhui i raro i te mahi o kaiwhakakökï (hei tauira, te waikawa hauota), te pāmahana (hanga o te haukini), pūngao marama (ahotakakame). Ki te te āwhina o whākōkī i roto i te āhua ora o te tauhohenga matū tukanga FERMENTATION whānui (waipiro, waikawa lactic, waikawa butyric) whakamahia i roto i te kai, me te ahumahi microbiological. Hoki ngā hua i roto i te ahumahi kōtuitanga organic, tetahi o nga tikanga nui ko te aroaro o te tikanga noa-tuwhena o te tukanga matū. e kia He tauira te faaineineraa o te mewaro chlorinated (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, waro tetrachloride hua i roto i te tupu o ngā tauhohe mekameka.

catalysis ōrite

Ko ratou momo motuhake o te whakapā i waenganui i rua, neke atu rānei matū. Ko te ngako o te tukanga matū e puta ana i roto i te wāhanga ōrite (hei tauira, hau - hau) e whai wāhi mai accelerators tauhohe, he ki te whakahaere i te tauhohenga i roto i te ranunga rōrahi katoa. Ki te ko te whakakōkī i roto i te āhua tapeke taua, a e nga matū hohe, hanga reira complexes ki te turanga pūhui tīmatanga takawaenga.

catalysis ōrite - kua whakahaeretia he tukanga matū taketake, mo te tauira, i roto i te hinu para, te hanga o te penehīni, naphtha, te hinu hau, me ētahi atu kora. Kei te whakamahia te reira i hangarau pēnei i ripeneta, isomerization, papatanga catalytic.

catalysis heterogeneous

I roto i te take o te catalysis heterogeneous, puta tino maha te whakapā o te matū hohe i runga i te mata mārō o te whakakōkī. hanga e te reira i te pae hohe pera-ka karanga. rohe te reira i roto i nei te pāhekoheko o matū hohe ko te tino tere, i.e. ko te auau tauhohe tiketike. Ko ratou momo-motuhake, me te tākaro hoki i te wāhi nui i roto i te kaupapa e te tukanga matū tango wahi i roto i ngā pūtau ora. Na ka kōrero e pā ana ki pākia - pūkoro tauhohe. Tauira o te catalysis heterogeneous ko te faaineineraa ahumahi o te pūkawa ngāwha waikawa. He wera, me te haere i roto i te whata kuiti ki tonu i te korakora puehu o vanadium waikura, pūkawa vanadyl VOSO ₄ ranei te contactor ranunga haurehu waihā o te pūngāwhā hāora rua, me te _hāora. Ko te hua hua - te ka whanariki trioxide whenumi e te waikawa pungatara kukū. wai i hanga, i huaina oleum. Ka taea te diluted te reira ki te wai ki te whiwhi i te kukū e hiahiatia ana o ngāwhā waikawa.

Āhuatanga tauhohe matūrewarau

Ko o faufaa mahi wehe absorption o pūngao ranei i te puka o te wera. Kati te reira ki te haamana'o i te wahie ngingiha tauhohe: hau māori, waro, Peat. tohu ratou tukanga tinana, me te matū, te āhuatanga nui ko te wera o te parariraa. He whānui i roto i te ao organic, a i roto i te natura popohe tauhohe waiariki. Hei tauira, i roto i nakunaku wāhinga o te pūmua, lipids me warowaihā i raro i te mana o ngā matū hohe biologically - whākōkī.

Kei te rongoa te pūngao tukua i roto i te puka o here pūngao-taonga o ngā rāpoi ngota ATP. tauhohe dissimilation tahi e tuku o te pūngao, wahi o nei he toreretanga ki te rite te wera. Ka rite ki te hua o te nakunaku, ia karamu o te pūmua whakarato 17 kJ 2 māngaro - 17, 2 kJ ngako - 38,9 kJ. E huaina tukanga matū e puta ki te tuku o te pūngao putawera, a me ona absorption - pauwera. I roto i te ahumahi, kōtuitanga organic me ētahi atu hangarau tātai pānga waiariki tauhohe matūrewarau. Ko tenei nui, hei tauira, ki te tātai tika i te nui o te pūngao i whakamahia mō te whakawera i te reactors ariā me tīwae, i roto i nei tauhohe tango wahi tahi e te absorption o te wera.

Kinetics me tona tūranga i roto i te ariā o ngā tukanga matū

Ko te tere tātaitanga o te matūriki te tauhohe i (rāpoi ngota, katote) - te raruraru nui kei mua i te ahumahi. Tona otinga whakarato hua ōhanga, me te moni o huringa hangarau i roto i te ahumahi matū. Hei whakanui i te tere o te tauhohenga taua pērā i he haukini kōtuitanga āhuatanga whakatakotoria te rerekētanga pēhanga i roto i te ranunga hau o te hauota, me te hauwai ki te 30 MPa, me te ārai i te hua koi i roto i te pāmahana (tino arotau pāmahana ko 450- 550 ° C).

tukanga matū e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā waikawa sulphated, ara tahunga pyrite, hāora o te pūngāwhā hāora rua, whanariki trioxide, kawea oleum absorption te roto i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ki te mahi i tenei, te whakamahi i te pyrite oumu me contactors. tango ratou ki pūkete nga nohanga o matū hohe, pāmahana me te pēhanga. E ia faatanohia enei āhuatanga katoa ki te ariu ki te tere rahi, e faarahi te ngāwhā waikawa ki te tukua 96-98%.

Tohanga o matū, e rua ngā tukanga tinana, me te matū i roto i te āhua

parau mohiotia "Movement - he ora" e taea te tono ki ngā āhuatanga matū tomo ki nga momo ngā o ngā (tauhohe pūhui, whakauru, whāwehe, whakawhiti). Rāpoi me ngota o ngā āhuatanga matū tae i roto i te nekehanga tonu. Ka rite ki nga pūtaiao, katoa o te runga ake momo o te tauhohe matū taea te haere tahi i te ari tinana: tuku wera absorption o pūaho o hihi marama ranei, te huri i te āhua o te whakawhāititanga. Ēnei tukanga tupu i roto i ia anga o te whenua: lithosphere, ōnuku, me te kōhauhau, te ao koiora. Ko te tino nuinga o enei ko nga huringa o ngā matū pēnei i te hāora, te hauhā me te hauota. I roto i te whai whakaaro tatou te taitara rite hauota tohanga puta i roto i te huru, te oneone, me kaiao ora.

Interconversion Nitrogen me ona pūhui

Kei te mohiotia te pai te reira e hauota ko ha konga mahu'inga o te pūmua, me te kupu whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o tetahi me momo katoa o te ora i runga i te whenua. whenumi hauota e tipu me ngā kararehe i roto i te puka o katote: haukinia, pākawa me te nitrite katote. Plants hua i te puka ahotakakame kore kūhuka anake, engari ano hoki waikawa amino, nonireka, waikawa ngakongako. Ko nga hua o ngā tauhohenga i roto i te huringa Calvin katoa o te pūhui matū i runga ake. Ko te pūtaiao tino Russian K. Timiryazev, korero o te tūranga rangi o otaota matomato, e mau ana i roto i te hinengaro, i roto i ngā, me o ratou kaha ki te synthesize pūmua.

Herbivores he peptides i ngā kai tipu, me kaikiko - kai o te patunga. I te wa i raro i te mana o huakita oneone saprotrophic pirau toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe i reira he tukanga koiora, me te matū matatini. Ka rite ki te hua o to ratou hauota i ngā pūhui matū waro puta ki puka pararopi (haukini i hanga, hauota free, pūhau me nitrites). E hoki ki te huru me te oneone, whenumi ano enei matū katoa i tipu. Nitrogen tomo te kiri i roto i te stomata o rau, me ngā rongoā o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa Sinks me tai e riro ona i nga makawe pakiaka o nga pakiaka tipu. katia huringa hauota faafariuraa te ki faahiti ano. Ko te ngako o te tukanga matū tango wahi ki pūhui hauota i roto i te natura i ako kua i roto i te taipitopito i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 i te pūtaiao Russian DN Pryanishnikov.

metallurgy paura

Kei te hanga tukanga matū Modern me hangarau he wāhi nui ki te hanga o ngā rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū ahurei. Ko te tino nui tenei, rawa hoki ngā pūrere me ngā taputapu o refineries hinu, hinonga whakaputa pararopi waikawa, waikano, peita, kirihou. I roto i to ratou hanga e whakamahia exchangers wera, taputapu whakapā, ariā tīwae, pipelines. he taputapu mata i roto i te whakapā ki te riri pāpāho i raro i te pēhanga teitei. Ano, kei te whakahaere tukanga production tata matū katoa i raro i pāmahana teitei. Kei te whiwhi Topical rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga ātete waiariki, me te waikawa tiketike, anti-waikura.

Paura metallurgy ngā tukanga mo te hanga o puehu whakarewa, a sintering te introduction o nga alloys hou whakamahia i roto i tauhohe ki matū matū pukuriri.

Composites me ratou auraa

I roto i ngā hangarau hou, i te tukanga matū tino nui ko te hanga tauhohe o ngā rauemi hiato. Ko ētahi o ēnei pahuka i, cermets norpapalsty. Ka rite ki te kopu whakamahia mo te hanga o te konganuku me alloys, uku, kirihou. Ka rite ki excipients whakamahia konupūmā magnesium, te uku ma, Ferriday strontium me pārana. Katoa o nga matū i runga hoatu rauemi hiato pānga resistance, wera, me te kakahu resistance.

He aha te mea he hangarau matū

Ahumahi, pūtaiao e pā ana ki te ako o nga tikanga, me ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tauhohe o raw rauemi tukatuka: te hinu, kapuni, waro, kohuke, ka karanga hangarau matū. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te pūtaiao o ngā tukanga matū tupu rite ki te hua o te mahi a te tangata. Katoa o tona turanga ariā ake pāngarau, cybernetics, matū tinana, ohaoha ahumahi. No mea he aha te tukanga matū whai wāhi i roto i te hangarau (te fariiraa i waikawa pākawa whāwehe o pākeho, te ariā o kirihou phenol-formaldehyde) - i raro i ngā āhuatanga o nāianei, ko te reira e taea kahore pūnaha mana aunoa ki te whakahaere mahi a te tangata, hāunga te parahanga me te whakarite i te tonu, me te ururua-kore hangarau o te hanga matū.

I roto i tenei ako, uiuia maua nga tauira o ngā tukanga matū, e rua i roto i te āhua (ahotakakame, dissimilation, te huringa hauota) me i roto i te ahumahi.