He aha te pāhare pāporo whirihoranga irahiko

Nahea te whirihoranga hiko o te pāhare pāporo? I roto i te tikanga ki te whakahoki tenei pātai, whakaaro te hanganga o te ngota me te ture irahiko tohatoha i runga i ngā taumata me taumata iti.

rehe aronui

whirihoranga pāhare pāporo Electronic whakaahuatia Schrödinger whārite. hono te reira i te pūngao moe o ngā taunekeneke o te nucleus me nga irahiko me te nui o te repulsion i waenganui i korakora he te tiaki ano. rehe aronui whakamahi marôraa tenei whārite whakamārama i te aroaro o ia o te taumata pūngao i te rahui pūngao.

ngota maha-irahiko

whirihoranga pāhare pāporo Electronic te tuhituhi ki te whakarerenga parau tumu Pauli. Homai nga āhuatanga o te āhua poipoi o ngā irahiko, e riro te reira e ia matūriki kino kei te i runga i te "orbital", i.e. kua reira he tetahi oraraa mokowā. Ki te whakaaro ki te ngota maha-irahiko, e ngā pāhare pāporo, i runga i ia orbital kore e taea e tū ake atu i te rua irahiko. Ka rite ki te hua i reira kua tohaina wha tau aronui characterizing te āhua o te irahiko i roto i te wā wa whakaaro.

parau tumu Aufbau

hanga whirihoranga pāhare pāporo hiko kei runga i te pūtake o te ture ahu Klechkovskaya. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i te reira i roto i te kōrero atu. I runga anō i te mea e whakaritea irahiko orbital, to ratou he tetahi rahui o te pūngao. Tuatahi i reira ko te tohatoha o matūriki he supply mana iti.

Ka rite ki te āhuatanga pūngao irahiko tuatahi hoki tavini te tau aronui tino, e ōrite ana ki te tau wā.

puta te ngota attraction maha-irahiko e kore anake ki te irahiko matua, engari ano hoki he repulsion i waenganui ia ratou. Na roto i te whakanui ake i te katoa matūriki whatu heke te pūngao o te anga irahiko, faarahi te maha o ngā irahiko he te taua takotoranga o ratou ake kaupapa taime. ka karanga taua ti'aturiraa i roto i te matū aronui te tikanga o Hund.

I runga i te pūtake o enei ture e rua haaputuhia whirihoranga hiko, me te konurehu ngota. Tūāwhiorangi Atomic hanga reira taea ki te whakatau i te āhua whenua o nga irahiko, e ko, ki te tautuhi i te hunga matūriki e whai rāhui pūngao iti.

Ko te ngako o te hanga ture hiko mō te ngota maha-irahiko o te konurehu ko tino ohie: he pūnaha hiko me whai i te pūngao iti hāngai ki te whakarerenga parau tumu Pauli.

Tauira o te tohatoha irahiko o te taumata pūngao

I mua i whakaaro he aha te whirihoranga irahiko o te konurehu katote ko te tauira ohie. Ko te ngota hauwai o te matua ngā kotahi iraoho pai. Huri noa te matua koané e kotahi āmionga irahiko. Ko te āhua whenua o te tātai hauwai ko e whai ake: 1s. A feruri i te āhuatanga o te takotoranga o te whatu o tenei irahiko. E ai ture o Hund, he reira codirectional ki te miro karihi.

Hoki haumāmā he tau raupapa tuarua i roto i ngā huānga o te tepu i runga i te rua irahiko orbitals ororongo. Ia o ratou kua he ½ whatu, te mea he aronga rerekē o te hurihanga.

I roto i ngā āhuatanga o te taumata pūngao tuarua puta rua anga, ia he ona ake pūngao penapena.

Pāhare pāporo Ko te āhuatanga o te wha o nga wā, ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha, na kua reira wha taumata hiko, ia o nei kei roto rerekē momo o taumata iti.

I roto i te āhua tonu o te ngota whakarewa alkali kua te whirihoranga e whai ake nei: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1.

Ko rerekē i te ngota Electronic whirihoranga konurehu katote. I te taumata pūngao waho o te whakarewa he kotahi irahiko honohono,. Mai whakaaturanga pāhare pāporo whakaiti āhuatanga, i te taunekeneke ki ētahi atu ngota, ka tukua ia e tahuri te irahiko honohono, ki te katote oho (te māraa) he te whirihoranga hiko e whai ake nei: 1s22s22p63s23p64s0.

mutunga

Hoki ia huānga matū, kei te i roto i te ripanga pūmotu taea te waihanga whirihoranga hiko, ture patu a Hund, te whakarerenga parau tumu Pauli, me kerēme Klechkovskii. I tua atu ki whirihoranga hiko o te ngota i roto i te matū pararopi, me te riro tīhiko tātai me ng ngota hua i taunekeneke matū.