Herbert Spencer: haurongo me whakaaro taketake. philosopho Ingarihi me te sociologist o te rau tau mutunga o XIX,

Herbert Spencer (tau o te ora - 1820-1903) - he tangata tohe o Ingarangi, ka kia tohaina whānuitia te māngai matua i roto i te hawhe 2 o te evolutionism rautau 19. auraa ia e te kaupapa katoa, mōhiotanga kākahu e hāngai ana i runga i tikanga motuhake, me te kua tae i roto i tona whanaketanga o te hapori ao. E ko, i roto i tona whakaaro, ko te taumata teitei o te matauranga, te uhi i te ao katoa o te ture. E ai ki a Spencer, he evolutionism ia, e ko te whanaketanga. mahi nui e tenei kaituhi: "Psychology" (1855), "Pūnaha o Philosophy waihanga" (1862-1896), "Social Tatauranga" (1848).

te ora wawe Spencer

whanau Herbert Spencer i roto i 1820, 27 April, i Derby. Matua keke, papa me tona koroua he kaiako. Na i te hauora rawakore Herbert e kua ara ona matua ngaro he wa torutoru i roto i te tumanako e ka ora te tamaiti. Ka rite ki te tamaiti, kihai i whakaatu ia i tetahi aravihi tina, ako ahau ki te pānui i roto i nga tau 8 anake, ahakoa, e kore te mea te tino hiahia i roto i reira te pukapuka. Herbert Spencer i te kura i te mangere, ka marara ki te taua pakeke, me te tutu. whai wāhi tona whakatipu i roto i te whare papa, ko wai i hiahia riro tana tama whakaaro faahiahia, me te motuhake. Herbert roto i mahi ki te whakapai ake i to ratou hauora.

Mātauranga Herbert Spencer

I tonoa e ia ki 13 tau, kia rite ki te ritenga Ingarihi, ki tona matua keke i roto i te tiaki whāngai. Tamati, matua keke o Spencer, ko te tohunga i roto i te Patehepa. Ko "te tangata whare wānanga." Herbert i tona onoono, tonu mātauranga i University Cambridge. Heoi, i muri i te akoranga faaineineraa-tau e toru ka haere au i te fare. faaoti ia ki tonu ratou mātauranga i runga i to ratou ake.

puta ke Kaua rawa e Herbert Spencer e kore te whiwhi mātauranga mātauranga. Ko ia he kura pai o te ora, e muri i āwhina ki te hinga tokomaha o nga uauatanga tūpono i roto i te whakaoti i ngā rapanga.

Spencer - kaipūkaha

hiahia papa o Spencer tana tama ki te riro i te kaiako, whai koe ki te whai i roto i tona tapuwae. Te fariiraa i te mātauranga tuarua, tino awhinatia ana e ia mo te marama torutoru i te kura, te wahi ako ia ia kotahi, kotahi kaiako. I Spencer whakakitea taranata rite te kaiako. Otiia ko ia hiahia ake i roto i te pūtaiao me te pāngarau i te philology me te hītori. Na ka i roto i te hanga o te pereoo auahi whakawāteatia te kaipūkaha, whakaae ia te tuku te feaa-ore, Herbert Spencer. tohua tona haurongo i tenei wa e te meka e te raveraa i ia tona mahi, tuhia e ia mahere, unuhia ana mahere. E tatou hiahia i roto i te whakaaro noa whakaaro he taputapu motuhake ( "velocimeter"), hangaia ki te ine i te tere o ngā tereina.

Āhuatanga Spencer rite te tangata tohe

Ko te nuinga o te tupuna philosopho Herbert Spencer, tona haurongo e whakaahuatia i roto i tenei tuhinga, rerekē mahi tahuri o te ngakau. Ka puta mai ia ki te Comte, kaiwhakarewa o positivism, ko Renouvier, Neo-e, rawa, i kore whakaoti i te akoranga o te momo i te whare wānanga. Kua tēnei āhuatanga, kua mauihaa i roto i te hanganga o te taketake outlook taumauri Spencer. Otira i reira i roto i taua mea, me ona drawbacks. Hei tauira, ia, rite Comte, i kore mohio i te waitohu o te reo Tiamana, na te mahi o mau philosopho e kua tuhituhia ki runga taua mea, e kore ahei te korero i roto i te taketake. I tua atu, i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19 i roto i Ingarangi noho whakaaro German unknown (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, me ētahi atu.). mai anake te mutunga o nga 1820, kei te tīmata te Ingarangi ki te kia maheni ki ngā kaituhi i Germany. Ko te whakamāoritanga tuatahi i te wa ano i te kounga rawa rawakore.

Whaiaro-mātauranga, nga karaipiture taumauri tuatahi

I roto i nga ringa o Spencer i te 1839 taka ki te "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o Geology" Lyell. tutaki ia i runga i tenei hanganga ki te ariā o te kukuwhatanga o te ora. Spencer tonu kaupapa engineering hiahia, engari kua riro mārama nei e te kaha tūnga pūtea e kore e kī reira tenei tikanga ko. Herbert i 1841, ka hoki ia ki tona whare, a kua hoki e rua nga tau i roto i te mātauranga-whaiaro. tangata mohio ia ki nga mahi o Talafungani o rapunga whakaaro, ka whakaputaina i te wa taua mahi tona tuatahi - tuhinga tuhituhia hoki "-conformists kore", oti rawa ki nga take o nga rohe pono o te mahi kāwanatanga.

Herbert ano i roto i te 1843-1846 tau mahi hei kaipūkaha, ārahi te tari. he hiahia i roto i atu take tōrangapū ia. faaitehia te mana nui i runga taua mea i roto i te matua keke parae Tamati, he tohunga e piri, i roto i te rerekē ki te tahi atu te mau melo o te utuafare Spencer, whakaaro momo, whai wāhi i roto i te kaupapa manapori, nga Chartists, me te whakahau mo te whakakāhoretanga o te Ture witi.

"Social Tatauranga"

ka Spencer i roto i tau 1846 i te etita kaiāwhina o "Te Economist" (wiki). whiwhi ia pai, lī'oa 'tona wa e manawapa ake mahi. tuhi Herbert, "tatauranga pāpori", i roto i nei te whanaketanga o te ora i titiro rite faaohiparaa i whakaaro āta hanahana. Ia kitea muri tenei ariā teologichnym rawa. Heoi, i roto i tenei mahi, tono Spencer ki te ora pāpori o te ariā o te kukuwhatanga.

kihai i haere te reira hia tenei tohunga tuhinga roa. Herea ki te aroha Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Ano hoki, i tenei mahi roaa ia faahinaaro me hoa pērā i Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Mill. Anake ki te hononga Carlyle kihai i te tīariari. kihai i taea e whakaaro, me te hauhautanga Spencer tango tona taia au.

"Psychology"

Philosopho faauruhia te angitu o tona mahi tuatahi. kaikauwhau i ia i roto i te wā i 1848 ki te 1858 i te maha o te tahi atu take me te whakaaro i te mahere, e hiahia ana te whakatinanatanga o nei ki te horo'ai te ora. whakamahi Spencer i roto i "Psychology" (te pepa tuarua, whakaputaina i roto i te 1855) i roto i te pā ana ki te hinengaro o te whakapae o te take mai tūturu o momo, me te tohu e taea te pēnei te wheako whānui te takitahi haa. Na reira, whakapono Darwin e te tangata tohe rite tetahi o ona matua.

"Philosophy waihanga"

Āta, tīmata Spencer ki te whakawhanake i tona pūnaha ake. I awe reira e te empiricism o tona matua, te nuinga Mill ko Hume, fakaanga a Kant, refracted roto i te poro o Kirikiriroa (māngai o te kura o pera-ka karanga "tikanga noa"), kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te positivism o Comte me kaupapa tūturu o Schelling. Heoi, ko te whakaaro matua o tona pūnaha taumauri te whakaaro o te whanaketanga.

"Philosophy waihanga", tona mahi matua, kua oti rawa 36 tau o tona ora Herbert. Tenei mahi he whakakororia Spencer, i kauwhautia te tangata tohe tino ngingila o ora i taua wa.

Herbert Spencer i 1858, ua faaoti ki te kauwhau i te whakaputanga o nga mahi o te ohaurunga. Ko te take tuatahi i whakaputaina e ia i roto i 1860. I roto i te wā i te tau 1860 ki te 1863 ka haere mai "mau parau tumu papa". Heoi, e tika ana ki fifi pūtea whakauaua ahu whakamua putanga.

fifi pūtea

i tukua e Spencer mamae me te mate, kei runga i te mimiha o te rawakore. ti'a ia tatou tāpiri ki tenei mahi i te ārai te rohirohi io. I te tau 1865, e ai ta te tangata tohe kawa kaipānui i takoha ki te whakatarewa putanga o te raupapa. E rua tau i muri mai, i muri i mate papa o Herbert, i riro ia he kainga tupu iti, ahua te nei ake tona āhuatanga pūtea.

Taunga ki Youmans, whakaputaina i roto i te US

Herbert Spencer i te wa ka tutaki ki Youmans, he American, e whakaputaina ana mahi i roto i te United States. I roto i tenei whenua, riro mua atu i roto i Ingarangi tino paingia Herbert. tautoko Material whai ia Youmans me pā American, e taea te tangata tohe ki anō tānga o ana pukapuka. 27 tau o te auhoaraa tonu Youmans ko Spencer, ki te mate o te tuatahi. Ingoa Herbert tau ana mohiotia āta. Ko te hiahia mo ana pukapuka. hipokina te reira i roto i 1875, parekura pūtea, hua.

hanga Spencer i roto i te tau ki te 2 haerenga ki te tonga o Uropi me i Amerika, e noho ana i roto i te nuinga i roto i London. I roto i te 1886, i akina atu te tangata tohe no te mea o te hauora rawakore i ki faataime ana tau 4 o te mahi. whakaputaina te rōrahi whakamutunga i roto i 1896, i roto i te ngahuru.

Herbert Spencer: Ideas Basic

Ko te mahi nui o tona ( "Philosophy waihanga") Kei o 10 buka. Kei roto te reira i te "mau parau tumu papa", "Tikanga o hinengaro", "putake o Biology", "putake o Sociology". Ko te philosopho whakapono e te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te ao katoa, ano tae atu ngā hapori, ko te ture whanaketanga. Mahu'inga o "homogeneity incoherent" tomo "heterogeneity mārama", rerekëtanga e te. Ko te ao tenei ture, e ai ta Herbert Spencer. Whakaahuatanga poto waihotia reira onäianei katoa, engari he nui hoki te mohio tuatahi ki te kaupapa o tenei. Spencer kāmataga tona mahi i runga i te rauemi motuhake i roto i ngā mara, tae atu i te hītori o te hapori. kahore ia whakamārama minita o Herbert Spencer. Sociology ko reira kowaiwai o hononga ki te hanahana. toro tona māramatanga o te mahi o te hapori rite te rauropi ora o nga wahi kōtuitui o te whānuitanga o te ako o te hītori, me te kōrero i te tangata tohe ki te ako i te reira. E ai ki a Herbert Spencer, te ture o te taurite ko te pūtake o te kukuwhatanga. Ko te āhua o tetahi pakaru o ona whāinga ki te haere hoki tonu ki te āhua o mua. Ko te organicism o Herbert Spencer tenei. Mai te uara taketake Kairapu faaamuraa pūāhua he puhoi kukuwhatanga. I roto i te pā ana ki te heke mai e kore te mea rite rorotu rite Mill ko Comte, Herbert Spencer. i matou kōrero poto te ariā matua o tona.

mate philosopho i 1903, Hakihea 8, i Brighton. noho ia, i roto i te noa'tu o tona hauora rawakore, neke atu i te 83 tau.

ka mohiotia ariā Herbert Spencer o ki te iwi mātauranga. I teie mahana, tatou kore whakaaro wareware e pā ana ki te hunga e nama i te kitenga o tenei ranei e whakaaro ranei. Herbert Spencer, pāpori me te rapunga whakaaro i te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro ao, ko tetahi o te hinengaro rahi i roto i te aamu.