Kazak - ko wai te mea tenei? History o nga Cossacks

I roto i te tukanga o hītori whanaketanga o tetahi iwi i reira nga taime ka wehea te rōpū mātāwaka etahi, me te reira te hanga paparanga ahurea motuhake. I roto i ētahi wā, enei āhuatanga ahurea tahi-vai rangimarie me to ratou iwi, me te ao i nui, i roto i etahi atu - i whawhai hoki te wahi e rite ana i raro i te ra. Ka taea te whakaaro tētahi tauira o te rōpū iwi pakanga pērā i te whāriki o te hapori, kia rite ki nga mua. Kua tonu Māngai o te rōpū ahurea kua he perception motuhake o te ao, me te religiosity rawa whakapeka. Ki te rā, e kore e taea e pūtaiao feruri i roto i ahakoa ko te apa o matawaka iwi Slavic iwi motuhake tenei. History o nga Cossacks hoki ki te rau tau XV tawhiti, ina e topa i whenua Pākehā i roto i pakanga kaiakiri me tutū dynastic.

Ko te Etymology o te kupu "Cossack"

E rave rahi te iwi hou te whakaaro whānui o te mea he Cossack - he toa te taua momo o hoia e noho i roto i te wā o mua etahi, ka whawhai mo to ratou haere noa ranei. Heoi, he maroke nui me tawhiti i te pono te tikanga taua, hoatu te tonu me te Etymology o te wā "Cossack". He maha ngā ariā taketake o te takenga o te kupu, hei tauira:

- Turkic ( "Cossack" - he tangata noa);

- te kupu mai i Kosogs;

- Turkish ( "kaz", "Cossack" tikanga "kuihi");

- te kupu mai i te wā "Kozara";

- Mongolian ariā;

- ariā Turkestan - e ko te ingoa o te iwi hikihiki;

- i roto i te reo Tatar "Cossack" - he toa i roto i te Vanguard o te ope.

He atu ariā, ia o nei ko te rerekē rawa whakamārama te kupu, engari e taea te tāutuhia te matua tino kouma o whakamāramatanga katoa. Ko te ariā tino noa ko e ko te Cossack he tangata noa, engari patu, rite ki te whawhai ki a te whawhai.

takenga hītori

History o nga Cossacks haamata i roto i te rau tau XV, ara i roto i 1489 - i te whakahuatia tuatahi o te wā "Cossack". Ko te whenua hītori o te Cossacks ko Eastern Europe, me te ake āta, te rohe o pera-ka karanga Wild Field (Ukraine o tenei ra). Me kï reira e i roto i te rau tau XV, ka karanga ko te rohe kūpapa a kihai i tono ki te Russian rite te rangatiratanga, me ki Poland. Fele i waiho i raro rohe "Wild Field" ki ngā marau tamau o Crimean Tatars. Āta noho i runga i te whenua o manene i Poland me te rangatiratanga o te mana Russian i runga i te whanaketanga o te piha haapiiraa hou - nga mua. I roto i te meka, te hītori o te Cossacks i te kau, ka iwi noa, peasants, ka timata ki te noho i roto i te whenua o te mara Wild, ko te kupu te hanga ratou ake ope hōia whaiaro-whakahaere, i roto i te tikanga ki te paruru i atu nga whakaeke o Tatars me ētahi atu Iwi. Na roto i te timatanga o te rau tau XVI tahuri Cossack Tuhinga ki te ope hōia kaha, i hanga fifi nui ki āhua tata.

Creation o Zaporozhye Sech

E ai ki te raraunga o mua, e kua mohiotia ki te rā, i hanga te nganatanga tuatahi i whaiaro whakahaere-o te Cossacks i roto i 1552 e Prince Volyn Vyshnevetsky, pai mohiotia rite Bayda.

Ko ia hoki ki o ratou moni te whakatū i te turanga hōia, te sich, i i kei i runga i te motu o Khortytsya. rere te reira i Cossacks ora katoa. Ko rautaki watea te wāhi rite sich Inaki ki te wahi o nga Tatars o Crimea, me te te i roto i te tata ki te rohe o Poland. Ano, kua hanga te wāhi rohe o te motu fifi nui mo te huaki sich. kihai i Khortytsia sich muri roa, no te mea i roto i 1557 huna reira, engari tae noa ki 1775, rite te whakapakari i hanga i runga i te momo kotahi - i runga i ngā moutere awa.

Whakamātau ki te tara i te Cossacks

I roto i te 1569 kua hanga e te reira i te kāwanatanga Lithuanian-Polish hou - Rzeczpospolita. Noatia, he rawa nui tenei uniana roa-tatari rite Poland ko Lithuania, a mahi Cossacks noa i runga i te rohe o te āhua hou ki nga ngākau nuitanga o te Commonwealth. O te akoranga, taua whakapakaritanga ko he whakangungu rakau pai ki ngā marau Tatar, heoi i tino kore whakahaere ratou, a kore e whakaaro ki te mana o te karauna. Ko te kupu, i roto i 1572 take te kingi o te Commonwealth Sigismund II Augustus te pereoo, e whakahaere i te mahi i roto i te mahi o te karauna 300 mua. he mea tuhituhi ratou i roto i te rārangi o te rēhita, i arahina ki to ratou ingoa - Cossacks Rëhitatia. kua tonu taua wehenga i runga i mataara tiketike ki hohoro whiua ngā takatakahanga te Tatar i nga rohe o te Commonwealth, me te ki te pehi i whakakeke kaiahuwhenua recurrent.

whakatikanga ake Cossack mō te motuhake karakia, me te motu

Mai i 1583 ki te 1657, e kore e etahi kau taki o nga whakaoho Cossack, i roto i te tikanga ki te wewete ratou i te mana o te Commonwealth me ētahi atu whenua e kua tamata ki te pehi i te whenua i hanga i roto i Ukraine.

Ko te hiahia kaha mo te mana motuhake timata ki te puta i roto i te piha haapiiraa Cossack i muri i 1620, ka piri te hetman Sagaidachnyi tahi me te ope katoa Zaporozhye te tuakanatanga Kyiv. Taua mahi tohua te kotahitanga o ngā tikanga Cossack o te whakapono Siu.

Mai i taua momeniti i kore e mau ana i te Cossacks whawhai anake te faaora, engari fakalotú ano hoki. Ko te tipu mānukanuka i waenganui i kazatstvom me Poland arahina ki te motu-whakaoranga whawhai pai-mohiotia o 1648 - o 1654, arahina e Bohdan Khmelnytsky. I tua atu, he mea e tika ana ki te tohatoha i te iti rawa nui whakatikanga ake ara Nalivaiko whakatikanga ake Kosinski, Sulima, Pavluk et al.

Decossackization i roto i te Empire Russian

I muri i taka he whawhai o te whakaoranga motu i roto i te rau tau XVII, me te te pakarutanga o te aue te mana hōia kua tino raru te noho a nga mua. I tua atu, i ngaro te Cossacks te tautoko o te Russian Empire i muri i te whakawhitinga ki te taha o Sweden i te whawhai i Poltava, i roto i nei Cossack ope ahu e Ivan Mazepa. Ka rite ki te putanga o tenei raupapa o ngā hītori i roto i te rau tau XVIII haamata te Decossackization tukanga hihiri, i tae tona tihi i roto i te kingitanga o Empress Catherine II. I roto i te 1775, ka whakakorea te Zaporizhzhya sich. Heoi, i hoatu te Cossacks he whiriwhiri: ki te haere tona ara ake (ora he ora kaiahuwhenua noa), uru te hussar ranei, Tuhinga dragoon atu tokomaha ka tango painga. Otiia noho te wahi nui o nga hoia Cossack (e pā ana ki 12,000 iwi), kihai i nei manako te tono o te Russian Empire. Ki te whakarite i te haumaru o ona rohe mua, me te i roto i tetahi ara legitimize te "toenga o te Cossack", i runga i te kaupapa o Aleksandra Suvorova i hanga Black Moana Cossack Army i 1790.

Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks, te Cossacks Russian ranei, puta i roto i te tau 1860. I hanga e te reira i te maha wae hōia Cossack e vai i taua wa. I muri e rave rahi wā Decossackization enei wae hōia kua meinga wahi o nga ope patu ngaio o te Russian Empire. hāngai Kuban Cossacks i roto i te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus (te rohe o hou Krasnodar Krai). Ko te pūtake o te Kuban Cossacks ko te Kaihautū Black Moana Cossack me Caucasian Cossack ope, i memeha rite ki te hua o te mutunga o te Caucasian War. I hanga kōwae hōia tenei rite te kaha rohe ki te whakahaere i te āhuatanga i roto i te Caucasus. Ko te whawhai i roto i te rohe i runga, engari kei te mōrearea tonu te pūmautanga. Kua waiho Cossacks Russian he moka pai i waenganui i te Caucasus me te Russian Empire. I tua atu, māngai o te hoia kua whai wāhi i roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic. Ki te rā, kua ora taua te ora o te Kuban Cossacks, ratou tuku iho, me te ahurea whakawhetai ki te hanga e Kuban Cossack Army Society.

Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks Ko te tikanga tino tawhito Cossack i puta ki te Cossacks Zaporozhye i te waenganui o te rautau XV. i tū Don Cossacks i te rohe o Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk me Donetsk rohe. Ingoa hōia mua hono ki te awa Don. Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i te Don Cossacks i te tahi atu wae Cossack i roto i te meka e kore whakawhanakehia reira noa rite te kōwae hōia, me te he rōpū matawaka, e kua ona ake āhuatanga ahurea. kaha mahi ngātahi Don Cossacks Zaporozhye ki whawhai maha. I roto i te Oketopa Revolution whakaturia te Don Cossacks ratou ake āhua, engari i te whakakotahitanga o tona rohe "kaupapa White" arahina ki te hinga, me te tāmitanga muri. whai te reira e te Don Cossack - ko te tangata e no ki te hanganga ngā pāpori, i runga i te take iwi. Kei te tiaki Don Cossack ahurea i roto i to tatou wa. I roto i te mea ko inaianei te Russian Federation he kāinga ki e pā ana ki 140,000 te iwi e tuhituhi ratou iwi rite "Cossack".

Ko te tūranga o te Cossacks i te ahurea ao

Ki te rā, te aamu, te ora o nga Cossacks, ratou tuku iho hōia, me te ahurea e mātātoa ako e kaiputaiao katoa i runga i te ao. Kore, ko nga Cossacks kore noa ope hōia, me te rōpū iwi motuhake, kua hanga nei mo te rave rahi tenetere tona ahurea motuhake. Kei te mahi kōrero hou i runga i te re-hanganga o nga whatiwhatinga iti rawa o te hītori o te Cossacks, i roto i te tikanga ki te tonu te mahara o tenei puna nui o ngā ahurea Pākehā Eastern.