Ko te iti me te tohu mōrahi o piti hāora o pūkeha. āhuatanga Chemical o pūkeha

I roto i nga mea timatanga katoa matū,-konganuku kore i te tau motuhake - kōnakonako. ka enei ngota ratou ingoa mo te āhuatanga motuhake e whakaatu ratou i roto i ngā taunekeneke matū. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• iodine;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• köwhai.

Chloro me fluoro - he hau paitini, e whai kaha te mana oxidizing. Iodine i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa ko te tioata taonga pouri te tae papura ki umeraa konganuku korerotia. whakaaturia te reira i te āhuatanga o te kaihoko whakaiti. Na te tuawha rite te āwheo titiro? He aha e nga āhuatanga o pūhui pūkeha i hanga e ratou, me te āhuatanga rite he huānga, a rite te taonga ohie? Whakamātauria ki matau.

Pūkeha: he whakaahuatanga whānui o te huānga

Ka rite ki te matūriki o te pūnaha wā, noho bromo he tau raupapa pūtau 35. Fakatatau, hei wāhanga o ona iraoho matua 35 me wāhi anga irahiko te taua maha o ngā irahiko. Ko te whirihoranga o te paparanga waho: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII rōpū kei roto i te matua iti-rōpū ko wāhanga o te kōnakonako - ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te rōpū o ngā huānga matū. I roto i te katoa i reira e pā ana ki 28 rerekē ngā momo o te ngota kanoirite. tau Mass ngā i 67 ki te 94. Ko te whakapūmautanga, me te pūmautanga me te ukiuki i runga i te ōrau o mohiotia noatia e rua:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% o taua mea;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% o reira.
  

He rite ki te 79,904 wae te papatipu ngota toharite o te huānga. Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o te pūkeha awhe i -1 ki +7. whakaaturia te reira i ngā āhuatanga oxidizing kaha, engari hoki iho ki a ratou i roto i te māota me te hau köwhai, iodine e hira rawa nei.

History o whakahura

i Whakatūwhera tenei huānga i muri atu i to ratou hoa i roto i te Huingaiti. E te wa i mohiotia kua reira e pā ana ki te māota me te konutawa. Wai i hanga tenei kitea? Ka taea e koe te karanga tonu e toru ingoa, rite e ko te nui i taea ki te synthesize tata te wā kotahi puta muri he huānga hou kua whakaaro ngota te pūtaiao. Enei ingoa e:

• Antoine Jérôme Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Heoi, ko te pā "papa" whakaaro ko Balaram, te tuatahi mai kore riro anake ia, ka whakaahuatia, engari ano hoki ki te tukua atu te amuiraa pūtaiao Utaina i te taonga hou, i te mea te huānga unknown o.

I rangahau Antuan Balar hanganga tote moana. E mau ana i runga i reira maha ngā matū, kua haere te reira kotahi ra i roto i te otinga o te chloro ka kitea e te tahi mau puka he pūhui kōwhai. Ka mau i tenei kia rite ki te hua o te ngā o māota me te konutawa i roto i te otinga, i te tūhura atu te reira i te hua hua. I raro ki te maimoatanga e whai ake nei:

• mahi ia Etera;
• waiwaitia i roto i te konurehu waihā ;
• tukatuka pyrolusite;
• paturu ahau i roto i te waikawa pungatara.

Ka rite ki te hua, riro ia he te ahua wai hāurakaho-whero ki te kakara kino. Ko pūkeha tenei. Na ka hanga e ia he ako tupato o nga āhuatanga tinana, me te matū o tenei taonga. I muri i tonoa he pūrongo i runga taua mea, whakaahuatia nga āhuatanga o te pūkeha. Ko te taitara, i hoatu e Balaram huānga i murid, engari kihai i piri ai.

I teie mahana te tikanga te ingoa noa o te ngota pūkeha, i whakamaoritia i Latin "haunga", "piro". Kei te tino whakapumautia tenei i nga āhuatanga o tona taonga ohie. Tau o te huānga whakatuwheratanga - 1825.

tohu pea o te piti hāora o pūkeha

Ka taea e te hunga e koe te whakaingoa i te torutoru. I muri i te katoa, whakawhetai ki tona whirihoranga hiko, Ka taea e pūkeha e rua ngā āhuatanga oxidizing, me te whakaiti, ki te mārama predominance o te tuatahi. E rima kōwhiringa taea e:

• -1 - hāora o raro tohu pūkeha;
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

I roto i te natura, tūpono anake aua pūhui i roto i nei hanganga huānga i roto i te tikanga kino. 7 - te tohu mōrahi o te pūkeha piti hāora. Ko tōna whakaaturanga reira tënei o HBrO ₄ waikawa bromic me bromates ona tai (NaBrO _4). I roto i te whānui, he tino onge tenei tohu o piti hāora o pūkeha, me te rua. Ko pūhui ki -1; 3 me 5 - rawa noa, me te he nui e kore anake i roto i te ahumahi matū, engari ano hoki i roto i te rongoa, engineering, me te tahi atu rāngai o te ōhanga.

Pūkeha rite te taonga ohie

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa te huānga i raro i whakaaro ko te rāpoi ngota diatomic, Heoi e kore he hau, me te wai,. Tino paitini, horekau he i roto i te rangi, a ka whakaputa i te kakara tino kino. Ahakoa faaipoipo i roto i te nohanga iti taea meinga ngiha i runga i te kiri, me te ritenga o nga kiriuhi mucous o te tinana. Ki te, Heoi, nui te rohe tukua, he reira taea ki te whakahēmanawatanga me te mate.

Ko te tātai matū o te wai i homai - Br _2. E mea papû e hanga e te te tohu i te ingoa o te take Kariki - bromos. Ko te hononga i waenganui i ngā ngota kotahi, kotuari nonpolar. pūtoro āhua nui ngota, na bromo tauhohe tino ngāwari. hanga tenei reira taea ki te whakamahi i te reira whānui i roto i whāiti matū, maha rite te kaiwhakahohe i roto i te faaotiraa kounga o ngā pūhui matū waro.

I roto i te taonga ohie e kore i kitea i roto i te natura, mai te ngāwari reira volatilized i te puka o te paowa whero-parauri he pānga ha'iriiri. Anake i roto i te puka o te momo o ngā pūnaha-wae maha. Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o pūhui pūkeha o ngā momo, tei runga i te huānga ki i te mea te reira ki te tauhohe, i.e. ki tetahi taonga.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ka taea te faaite e te ngā torutoru ēnei āhuatanga.

1. Memehatanga i roto i te wai - toharite, engari pai atu i te tahi atu kōnakonako. huaina kukū pūkeha otinga wai te, te mea he te tae parauri whero.
2. Ko te ira koropupū o te wai - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Ko te ira whakakoero o -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Ko te kakara - he koi, kino, ta'ota'o.
5. Tae - whero-parauri.
6. āhua tinana o te taonga ohie - te taimaha (kiato nui), wai matotoru.
7. Electronegativity rite ki te tauine Pauling - 2.8.

pā ēnei āhuatanga te tukanga mō te te whakarite i tenei pūhui, me te marutuna te titauraa ki te ū ki te tūpato tino ka mahi ki a reira.

āhuatanga Chemical o pūkeha

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, whakatoatoa bromo i roto i ara e rua. Whakaaturanga me te oxidizing me ngā āhuatanga whakaiti. Ka rite ki te tahi atu āhuatanga katoa, ko reira, e nehenehe o te fariiraa i ngā irahiko i te konganuku iti electronegative me nonmetals. Whakaiti kaihoko, ko ia he māngai oxidizing kaha, pēnei i:

• hāora;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• etahi waikawa.

Noatia, te tohu o te pūkeha ai rerekē te hāora i -1 ki +7. Ki te aha te mea e taea āta huru huānga i raro i whakaarohia?

1. Ki te wai - te hua ko te ranunga o ngā waikawa (hydrobromic me hypobromous).
2. Ki te ngā iodides kua taea ki te teke'i bromo iodo o ona Mariao.
3. Ki te nonmetals katoa tika atu i te hāora, te waro, hauota, me haurehu rangatira.
4. Tata konganuku katoa rite te kaihoko kaha oxidizing. Ki te maha matū noa ki te pātīmata.
5. I roto i te tauhohe maha whakatairanga TUHIR bromo piti hāora o te pūhui. Hei tauira, tahuri whanariki me te sulfite ki katote pūkawa, konutawa i roto i iodides rite te taonga ohie.
6. C ki te hanga i bromides alkali, bromates gipobromatov ranei.

O te faufaa ngā he āhuatanga matū pūkeha i te mea e wahi o nga waikawa me tai i hanga e ratou. I roto i tenei ahua o ngā āhuatanga tino kaha rite te āpitihāora. Ko reira nui atu korerotia atu e o te taonga ohie.

fariiraa

Ko te meka e whakaaro tatou he taonga nui, me te tino i roto i ngā o te matū, fakapapau'i tona production ā-tau i roto i te nui o 550 mano taranata. te feia faatere o te whenua i runga i enei tohu:

• US.
• China.
• Iharaira.

Industrial tikanga pūkeha tango noa e hāngai ana i runga i te otinga maimoatanga o ngā roto tote, puna me moana. O ratou he tote o te huānga e hiahiatia ana, kua tahuri nei ki puka waikawa. Kei te haere te reira i roto i te awa rangi kaha steam ranei. Ko te kupu, he pūkeha haurehu waihā. Na ka ka tukinotia ai ki houra pungarehu , me te ranunga o tai konutai - bromides me bromates. whakawaikawa ratou otinga te me he taonga wai noa te putanga.

tikanga Laboratory mō ariā e hāngai ana i runga i te displacement o pūkeha ki tai māota tona rite kōnakonako kaha.

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua

I roto i te puka parakore, kei te whakaaro matou he taonga e kore e kitea i roto i te āhua, kia rite ki te horekau he reira i roto i te rangi o te ahua wai. Fele he wahi o te pūhui e whakaatu he tohu iti o te piti hāora o pūkeha -1,. Tenei tote waikawa hydrobromic - bromides. He rota o tenei huānga tahi māota tote taiao - Silvina, carnallite, me ētahi atu.

i tuwhera i muri atu ia ia kohuke o pūkeha. Ko te noa te nuinga o enei e toru:

• Embolism - he ranunga o te māota me te pūkeha ki te hiriwa;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - ranunga o pāhare pāporo, konupora me te pūkeha ki te wai here (tioata hydrate).

Ano hoki, ngā tenei tūemi te tika i roto i te hanganga o kaiao ora. arata'i Ko tōna hē ki tini o nga mate io pūnaha, disorders, disorders moe me te waimaerotanga mahara. I roto i te wā atu tino whakawehi te pākoko. Fish, kararehe moana bromo taea kohikohi i roto i ngā rahinga nui i roto i te puka o Mariao.

Ko te ihirangi taimaha o te kirinuku tae ona 0,0021%. Oku i ai e he rota o te wai tote, me te wai ōnuku katoa o te whenua.

Pūhui o pūkeha ki te āhua piti hāora raro

He aha te tohu o te hāora i roto i te pūkeha i roto i ona pūhui ki konganuku me te hauwai? Ko te raro, i te mea ka taea hoki tenei tūemi - haunga te kotahi. Ko enei hononga, me te tohu i te moni mahi nui mo te tangata.

1. HBr - hauwai pūkeha (hau) waikawa hydrobromic ranei. I roto i te āhua whakahiato haurehu waihā te mea kahore tae, engari kakara rawa koi, me te kino, he rota o te paowa. He mahi ha'iriiri i runga i nga kiriuhi mucous o te tinana. Tino wairewa i roto i te wai, hanga waikawa. Ia, i roto i te tahuri, e pā ana ki te electrolytes kaha, he mea he kaihoko whakaiti pai. Kei te tahuri noa te reira i ki te pūkeha noa i te mahi o te waikawa pungatara, te waikawa hauota me te hāora. faufaa Industrial rite te puna o te katote pūkeha ki te hanga i tai ki tīhiko whakarewa.
2. Bromides - ka mea tai waikawa i roto i nei te tohu o te hāora o pūkeha i roto i te taua, ko te rite ki te -1. moni Practical he: LiBr, ko KBr.
3. Ko te pūhui o te natura waro kei roto katote pūkeha.

Pūhui ki te tohu teitei o te piti hāora

Ko ētahi o ēnei he maha o ngā matū taketake. Ko te tohu teitei o te pūkeha piti hāora ko 7, na i roto i enei pūhui ko reira tika ia, a kia waiho.

1. waikawa Perbromic - HBrO _4. Ko te tino kaha o te waikawa mohiotia katoa mo tenei tūemi, engari i te wa ano, me te ātete tino ki te whakaeke i āpiha whakaiti kaha. Ko e tika ana ki te hanganga āhuahanga motuhake o te rāpoi ngota, e kua te āhua o te wāhi matawhārite tenei.
2. Perbromates - tai waikawa tohua i runga ake. Hoki ratou, ka rite ki te āhuatanga e te tohu mōrahi o te pūkeha piti hāora. Ko ratou āpiha oxidizing kaha, a ko te kupu e whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi matū. Tauira: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Ko te whakamahi o pūhui pūkeha me

Ko taea ki te tautapa i te maha o ngā wāhi i roto i nei te pūhui bromo me kitea tono tika.

1. waikano Production.
2. Hoki te hanga o ngā rauemi whakaahua.
3. Ka rite ki medicaments i roto i te tangata (tai pūkeha).
4. I roto i te ahumahi automotive, ara, kia rite ki te tāpiri i roto i te penehīni.
5. Kei te whakamahia rite te maimoatanga mō te tukupu te flammability o etahi rauemi waro.
6. I roto i te hanga o muds kōhao.
7. I roto i te ahuwhenua, te hanga o sprayers pepeke paruru.
8. Ka rite ki te waipatu me disinfection kōwae, tae atu i te wai.

Te pānga koiora i runga i te kaiao

Ko te taikaha kore o pūkeha i roto i te tinana ranei i nunu'a rawa kino.

Ahakoa Pavlov tuatahi ki te whakatau i te pānga o tenei huānga i runga i nga mea ora. Kua whakaaturia ngā kararehe e ërá o katote pūkeha wā roa-arata'i ki:

• ngangau o te pūnaha io;
• pōrearea fakasekisualé;
• whakatahe me te pākoko;
• whakaiti tupu;
• whakaiti i te taumata pūtoto;
• ohoroa, me te pera i runga i.

whakaeminga nui i roto i nga whekau, me te kopa arata'i ki inhibition o mahi o te roro, me te ua, tini o nga mate kiri waho.