Ko te kaimātai hinengaro tino rongonui o te ao

Interest i roto i te pūtaiao o te wairua, kei te iritihia te reira rite te kupu "hinengaro", ahu ia tenetere maha i mua i te taata nei. A tonu e kore te reira e tineia, engari, te pahųtanga o ki te kaha whakahoutia. I roto i tenei take mo te wa roa kua toutou ke kaimātai hinengaro rongonui, whakawhanakehia me whakaaro pūtaiao tautoko e pā ana ki te ao i roto o te tangata. Hoki tenetere maha i tuhituhia e ratou he rota o pukapuka, tuhinga, me ngā pukapuka i runga i tenei kaupapa. Na o akoranga, nga kaimātai hinengaro rongonui, te tūhura i te mita me whaktauiratia o te pūtaiao o te wairua, kua hanga reira he kitenga maere, e he faufaa mahi nui i roto i nga ra o te teie mahana o. Taua ingoa rite Freud, Maslow, Vygotsky, Ovcharenko, mohiotia puta noa te ao. Kua riro ēnei kaimātai hinengaro rongonui innovators pono i roto i te rohe ako. Hoki ratou, kua te pūtaiao o te wairua kua whai wāhi nui o to ratou oraraa. Ko wai e ratou, ka pehea kua whakawhetai ki mua pūtaiao rongonui? Whakaaroa tenei pātai i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Sigmund Freud

Hoki, he tokomaha te kaimātai hinengaro tino rongonui - ko reira tenei. mohiotia tona ariā orurehau te ki tata katoa.

whanau Sigmund Freud i roto i 1856 i roto i te pa Austro-Hungarian o Freiberg. kua waiho tenei tangata he tohunga pono i roto i te mara o te Neurology. takoto tana paetae matua i roto i te meka i whakawhanakehia e ia te parau haapiiraa e riro te pūtake o te kura Psychoanalytic. Ko te kaimātai hinengaro rongonui, hoatu mua Freud te whakaaro e te take o tetahi māuiuitanga o te pūnaha io ko te matatini o ngā tukanga matau, me te mauri e tino whakaawe ia atu. Ko he pakaruhanga tūturu i roto i te pūtaiao.

Aperahama Harold Maslow

Kāwai "kaimātai hinengaro Famous", kore, e kore e taea ki te whakaaro, kahore tenei kaiputaiao pūmanawa. I whanau ia i roto i 1908 i roto i te American New York. whakawhanakehia Aperahama Maslow te ariā o te hinengaro te ao. I roto i tona pepa e taea kitea tatou he mea pēnei i "Tara o Maslow". Kei te aroaro o te reira ki hoahoa motuhake, e tohu nga hiahia tangata taketake. I roto i te ohaoha, ka mea kitea te tara te tono whānui.

Melani Klyayn

I roto i te kāwai o "kaimātai hinengaro tamaiti rongonui," e kore tona tangata ko te wahi whakamutunga. whanau Melani Klyayn i roto i 1882 i roto i te pane a Austria. Ia nostalgically tonu haamana'o tona tamarikitanga, i ki tonu i te oaoa, me te koa. Interest i roto i te pūtaiao o te wairua o Melanie whakaara ake i muri i rua ia i tukua e te psychoanalysis.

I muri, tuhia e Klein monograph pūtaiao tino i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te psychoanalysis tamaiti. A ahakoa te meka e e rere te ariā o Melanie counter ki te whakaako Freudian o tātari tamaiti, he taea e ki te whakamatau e taea kēmu o te tamariki ohie kitea e maha mea ngaro o konä o te tamaiti ia.

Viktor Emil Frankl

kaimātai hinengaro Famous o te ao - ko reira ano hoki te Frankl ingoa kaiputaiao. I whanau ia i roto i 1905 i roto i te pane a Austria. ka rongonui mō ngā āhuatanga ahurei i roto i te mara o te hinengaro, e kore anake, engari ano hoki rapunga whakaaro ia. roaa tautooraa a Frank te Tuatoru Viennese Kura o Psychotherapy. Ko ia te kaituhi o "o te tangata Rapu mō te Meaning." A, e ko tenei pukapuka te pūtake mo te huringa o te tikanga auaha o hinengaro, pai te nei e mohiotia ana ko logotherapy. He aha te mea tona tikanga? E mea ohie. Te tangata puta noa i tona oraraa e ngana ana ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te kimi i te tikanga o te ora.

Adler Alfred

no hoki tenei tangata ki nga whakamarama pūtaiao e kua mahue te tohu hohonu i roto i te hinengaro. I whanau ia i roto i Penzing, Austria i 1870. Taa'eraa Ko te meka e kore i Alfred hoko ko ha muimui o Freud. Ia āta tangohia o mema i roto i te hapori Psychoanalytic. huihui Scientific tawhio ia tona rōpū ake o hoa i raro i te ingoa "Association o Psychology takitahi." I te tau 1912 whakaputaina e ia he pepa "I te āhua o te karere."

Aita i maoro roa, tīmataria e ia te hanga o te "Journal o Psychology takitahi." A, no te ka mau nga kau Nasí kaha, mutu ia tona mahi pūtaiao. I roto i te 1938, i katia Alfred Hospital. Kotahi ara ranei tetahi, engari ia he anake te tohunga i roto i te mara o te hinengaro, i awhina te whakaaro e te wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te tuakiri - te hiahia ki te tiaki me te whakawhanake i ona ake motuhake me te tangatatanga.

Scientists whakapono e te whakapakoko o te ora o te tangata kua he pānga tika i runga i te kounga o te wheako e te riro ia i roto i tona koroheketanga. Kei te kaha ia faatanohia tēnei wheako ki te tikanga o te collectivism, tetahi o nga kare mauri tumu e toru i roto i te hanganga o "ahau". Ko te kāhua hoahoa o te ora e hāngai ana i runga i te tikanga o te hapori, engari kahore i te mea tonu i raro ki te whanaketanga me te kia i roto i tona tamarikitanga. I roto i te take whakamutunga, i reira kia kia pakanga me nga ngangaretanga. Scientists haapapu e, ki te taea kitea te tangata i te reo noa ki ētahi atu, hei pōhewahewa kore ia e whakawehi, a ia varavara maia ki mohoao me mahi hikaka te.

Bluma Zeigarnik

Ko te pūtaiao ao-ingoa hoki tenei. whanau Famous kaimātai hinengaro wahine Bluma Zeigarnik i roto i 1900 i roto i te pa Lithuanian o tautohetohe. ako ia hinengaro i taua ngaio rongonui rite Karl Levin, E. Spranger, K. Goldstein. Zeigarnik ngā whakaaro pūtaiao whakahuatia i roto i Gestalt hinengaro. Kua tamau tamata hoariri o tenei ariā ki te fakaloto'i Bluma toro akomanga Levin, engari noho ia taimana. Ko te wahine rongonui mō taua ki te tutakina te tauira ahurei, e muri ka mohiotia rite "pānga Zeigarnik".

Ko te kuware tōna tikanga. Kua hoatu te kaimātai hinengaro wahine wheako ohie. Kua kohia e ia he maha etahi o te iwi, a ka ui ratou mo te wā motuhake o te wā ki te whakaoti i te raruraru ngā. Ko te ngā haere mai Bluma ki te mutunga e nui, pai atu i mutu e pā ana ki nga mahi o te tangata oti mahara.

Hakob Pogosovich Nazaretyan

e kore e taea te amuitahiraa Kaiaka o tenei pūtaiao i roto i te mara o te hinengaro me te whanonga papatipu i roto i te mara o te mātauranga tikanga ahurea. Hakob Nazaretyan - he tangata whenua o te pa o Baku. whanau ia pūtaiao i roto i 1948. I roto i nga tau o te mahi ki te pūtaiao, i tuhituhi e ia he tokomaha nui o monograph, i whakawakia nga raruraru o te whanaketanga hapori ariā.

I tua atu, ko Hakob Pogosovich te kaituhi o te whakaaro e roto i te ao i reira ko te toenga Hikohiko-'ofa fakaetangata, i te mea i roto i te taairaa piri ki hangarau te ahunga whakamua, me te ahurea.

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Tona deservedly ka karanga te Mozart o hinengaro, ahakoa i roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira e te tīmatanga ako ia ao tino rerekē o te matauranga. tomo ia te Medical Faculty, a ka whakawhitia ki te ture. A ara whakakitea moni nohinohi i roto i te tuhinga. mahue ia i te kaipūtaiao me te tapuwae nui i roto i te pūtaiao o te wairua. whanau LEV Vygotsky i roto i 1896 i roto i te pa Belarusian o Orsha. Ka taea e tēnei pūtaiao tatau humarie ki te rārangi ui "kaimātai hinengaro Famous Russia." Te aha? Ae, te tuatahi o nga mea katoa no te mea ko ia te kaituhi o te ariā ahurea-hītori i roto i te hinengaro. I te tau 1924 Vygotsky i tino o te reflexology tona mahi. I roto i te tau i muri mai ka ako hohonu ia take o korero, me te whakaaro, me te hanga i runga i te rangahau kaupapa. Te reira i whakamatauria LEV Semenovich e tata tauhonohono ana nga tukanga o whakaaro, me te mea whakaaro ki ia atu. I roto i te 1930, mo ona whakaaro Nōna te kaiputaiao tenei whakatoi: tamata rangatira Soviet ki te maka atu i te reira ki te distortions o te natura wä.

Mozart hinengaro mahue he torutoru mahi taketake, te rota o pukapuka, ngā i roto i te kohinga o mahi.

I roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, hipokina e ia nga raruraru hinengaro o te whanaketanga tuakiri, ngā pātai o mana i runga i te tuakiri ngātahi. O te akoranga, i hanga Vygotsky he koha nui ki te pūtaiao o te wairua, me pekanga hāngai ana: wetereo, rapunga whakaaro, kairangahau mate, ako.

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko

whanau tenei aivanaa tino i roto i 1943 i roto i te pa o Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk rohe). He nui mīharo i roto i te hinengaro i tona ratonga. hanga i roto i tona rangahau kua te pūtaiao o te wairua nui te ahunga whakamua i roto i tona whanaketanga. tuhituhi Viktor Ivanovich kore tetahi mahi o faufaa taketake. Kua te pūtaiao kua tātari i te hinengaro oraraa totiare, me te hohonu ako te pātai o ngā hononga pāhekoheko.

Tona pepa whakaputaina i roto i te Russian kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te pāpāho ke.

I roto i te 1996, e whakaarohia ana te hapori pūtaiao Ovcharenko te whakaaro o ö nga wā hītori o psychoanalysis Russian. tīmataria e ia te hanga o pukapuka, i kitea te haurongo o 700 iwi rongonui, tae atu ki ngā kaimātai hinengaro, philosopho, ahurea.