Hanganga, Kareti me ngä whare wänanga
Ko te kukū me te mātotoru o te waikawa pungatara. Ko te fakafalala o te kiato o te kukū waikawa pungatara i roto i te pūhiko motokā
Waimeha a kukū waikawa pungatara - ko reira matū kia nui e atu i roto i te ao atu i tetahi atu taonga ratou hua. Ka taea te arotakea i roto i ngā o te waikawa reira pungatara hua taonga Economic o te whenua.
tukanga dissociation
whakamahia te waikawa pungatara te i roto i te puka o wairewa waiwai o ngā ngä nohanga. te whakamamaetia ia dissociation tauhohenga i roto i ngā wāhanga e rua, te whakaputa he H katote + i roto i te wairewa.
H 2 SO 4 = H + + HSO 4 -;
HSO 4 - = H + + SO 4 -2.
Ko te kaha te waikawa pungatara, ka puta te wāhanga tuatahi o te dissociation kia tere e tata katoa o te rāpoi ngota taketake wahia iho ki H + -ions me HSO 4 -1 -ions (hauwai pākawa ngāwhā) i roto i te otinga. Tata wāhanga te fatifati i atu, tuku H + katote atu, me te mahue i te katote pūkawa (SO 4 -2) i roto i te otinga. Heoi, hydrogensulfate, he waikawa ngoikore, kaha tonu i roto i te otinga o H + me SO 4 -2. Whakaotia dissociation reira anake puta ina he tata ki te kiato o te otinga waikawa pungatara te kiato o te wai, r. F i raro i waimehatanga teitei.
Āhuatanga o te waikawa pūngāwhā
Ko reira motuhake i roto i te tikanga e taea mahi reira rite te waikawa tikanga he oxidizer kaha ranei - i runga i te pāmahana me te kukū rānei. He otinga memeha matao o te waikawa pungatara tauhohe ki te whakarewa hohe ki te hoatu i te tote (pūkawa ngāwha) me te kukuwhatanga o te hau hauwai. Hei tauira, te tauhohenga i waenganui i te matao memeha H 2 SO 4 (mana'o tona dissociation taahiraa-tonu) me te konutea konganuku e whai ake:
Zn + H 2 SO 4 = ZnSO 4 + H 2.
Ko te waikawa pungatara kukū wera, tona kiato ko e pā ana ki 1.8 g / cm 3, e taea mahi hei āpitihāora, te tauhohe i ki rauemi e te hunga te tikanga e mangere ki te waikawa, pērā i hoki tauira parahi konganuku. I roto i te tauhohenga, kua oxidized te parahi, a ka heke te papatipu waikawa te, i hanga te otinga e o konukura pākawa ngāwhā (II) i roto i te te wai, me te hāorarua haurehu waihā whanariki (SO 2) hei utu o te hauwai, e pai kia tūmanakohia mā te tauhohe i te waikawa ki te whakarewa.
Cu + 2H 2 SO 4 = CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O.
Ka rite ki te tikanga whakahuatia e te kukū o rongoā
Mau, e taea te faaite i te kukū o tetahi otinga i roto i ara rerekē, engari te kukū tino whānui whakamahia mea pauna. E whakaatu ana te reira i te maha o karamu o rewanga i roto i te tetahi taimaha rōrahi ranei o te otinga ranei whakarewa (nuinga 1000 g, 1000 cm 3, 100 cm 3, me te 1 DM 3). Engari o te papatipu i roto i te karamu o te taonga e taea te tango i te rahinga, faaite i roto i kiore, - ka te whiwhi te kukū niho kauoro o 1000 g 1 DM 3 otinga ranei.
Ki te takoto te kukū niho kauoro i roto i te pā ana kahore ki te nui o te otinga, engari ki te whakarewa anake, huaina ai ko te molality o te otinga. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te motuhake o te pāmahana.
E mea pinepine te kukū taimaha tohua i roto i te karamu ia 100 karamu o te whakarewa. Whakanuia tenei ahua e 100%, kua rite ai i runga i te ōrau taimaha (ia kukū). E ko, Kei te tino auau whakamahia tenei tikanga rite tono ki te otinga waikawa pungatara.
Ia uara o te kukū otinga, whakaritea i te pāmahana hoatu, hāngai te reira ki te kiato rawa motuhake (hei tauira, te kiato o te otinga te waikawa pūngāwhā). Na reira, i te tahi taime te āhuatanga reira otinga. Hei tauira, H 2 SO 4 otinga, āhuatanga kukū ōrau 95,72%, he kiato o 1,835 g / cm 3 i t = 20 ° C. Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te kukū o te otinga taua, ki te hoatu anake kiato pūngāwhā waikawa? Ripanga hoatu taua reta ko te tamauraa o tetahi pukapuka i runga i te matū whānui tātari ranei.
TAUIRA tātai ano kukū
Kia haere atu i tetahi aratau o whakapuaki ki tetahi atu kukū otinga. Tera pea e whai tatou H 2 SO 4 otinga i roto i te wai ki te 60% kukū o moni. tuatahi tāutu tatou i te kiato o te waikawa pungatara hāngai. Ripanga kei roto ōrau (tīwae tuatahi) me te kiato hāngai o te wairewa o te H 2 SO 4 (tīwae tuawha) whakaaturia, kei te raro nei.
whakatau te reira i te uara e hiahiatia ana e te mea rite ki te 1,4987 g / cm 3. tātai tatou inaianei te molarity o te otinga. Hoki tenei te mea e tika ana ki te whakatau i te papatipu o H 2 SO 4 i roto i te 1 rita o te otinga, me te maha e hāngai ana o kiore o te waikawa.
Rōrahi, e noho 100 go o otinga kararehe:
100 / 1.4987 = 66.7 ml.
Mai i roto i 66,7 ml o 60% otinga roto 60 go o te waikawa i roto i te 1 rita o e roto i te reira:
(60 / 66.7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.
pungatara waikawa taimaha rite ki te 98. titiwha reira, te maha o kiore i roto i te 899,55 go o ona karamu, ka hei:
899.55 / 98 = 9.18 kamiriona.
whakaaturia te fakafalala o te kiato o te kukū waikawa pungatara te i roto i Fig. i raro.
Ko te whakamahi o te waikawa pungatara
Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i ngā ahumahi. I roto i te hanga o te rino, me te parahi whakamahia mō te horoi i te mata maitai i mua i te taupokina ai a reira ki tetahi atu taonga whai wāhi i roto i te hanga o ngā waikano waihanga me ētahi atu momo o waikawa pērā i pūmāota me te hauota. Kei te whakamahia te reira i hoki i roto i te hanga o ngā hua rongoā, maniua me pahū, a tonu ko te kaiwhakahohe nui i roto i te tango i poke i te hinu masivesivá i roto i te ahumahi para.
Ko te tino whai hua i roto i te ora ia rā tenei matū, me he ngāwari wātea rite te otinga waikawa pungatara whakamahia i roto i pākahiko mata-waikawa (hei tauira, te hunga e te hunga i roto i AUTOMOBILES). waikawa taua tikanga kua he kukū o i pā ana ki te 30% ki te 35% H 2 SO 4 i taimaha, te toenga - wai.
He tokomaha hoki ngā tono kiritaki 30% H 2 SO 4 Ka waiho noa atu ta ki te whakatutuki i ō rātou hiahia. Heoi, i roto i te ahumahi, me te titau te reira i te kukū nui teitei o te waikawa pungatara. Tikanga, i roto i hanga te tuatahi whiwhi reira makona memeha, ka poke ki inclusions organic. whiwhi waikawa takiwa kei roto i rua ngā wāhanga: tuatahi, i whakaritea ai ki te 70%, me te ka - i roto i te taahiraa tuarua - e whakaarahia ki 96-98%, e ko te tawhā whāiti hoki production öhanga taea.
Ko te kiato o te waikawa pungatara, me ona momo
Ahakoa e taea e tata 99% waikawa pungatara poto i Reflux, engari mate o SO 3 i te wāhi e koropupu muri te whakaiti i te kukū ki 98,3%. I roto i te whānui, i te momo ki te taupū 98% pūmau ake i roto i te rokiroki.
waikawa kōeke Commercial rerekē i roto i tona kukū o te moni, me hoki nei tīpakohia reira te hunga uara i ai te pāmahana whātioatanga iti. meatia tenei e ki te whakaiti i te mate o tioata waikawa pungatara hohenga i roto i transportation me te rokiroki. Ko te momo matua e:
- Ko te pourewa (Sinks) - 75%. He rite ki te 1670 kg / m 3 pungatara mātotoru waikawa o te piha haapiiraa. Haere ana pera-ka karanga. tikanga Sinks i roto i nei te nitroso hua tukinotia (ko ano hoki tenei H 2 SO 4, engari ki te waikura hauota rewa) i roto i te tuatahi pupuhi te whanariki hāorarua calcined hau raw kei roto SO 2, ki pourewa kapi (konei nga momo ingoa). Ka rite ki te hua tohaina waikawa me te hauota waikura kore e nei i pau i roto i te tukanga, ka hoki ki te huringa production.
- Whakapā - 92,5-98,0%. He rite ki te 1836,5 kg / m 3 pungatara mātotoru waikawa o 98% o te piha haapiiraa. Reira whiwhi hoki i ngā haurehu roaster kei roto SO 2, ngā ai te tukanga pitihāoratanga hāorarua anhydride ki SO 3 me tona whakapā (i konei te ingoa kōeke) ki ngā papa maha o te whakakōkī vanadium totoka.
- Oleum - 104.5%. He rite ki te 1896,8 kg / m 3 Ko tōna kiato. Tenei otinga o SO 3 i roto i H 2 SO 4, kei ai te wāhanga tuatahi 20%, me te waikawa - ko 104.5%.
- oleum High-kōeke - 114,6%. Ko tōna kiato - 2002 kg / m 3.
- Pūhiko - 92-94%.
Nahea te pākahiko motokā
hāngai ana te mahi o tenei tetahi o nga whakaaro hiko tino rongonui te katoa i runga i te tukanga iahiko e puta ana i roto i te aroaro o te waikawa pungatara waiwai.
Kei motokā pūhiko waimeha kawehiko waikawa pungatara, me kawehiko pai, me te kino i roto i te puka o te maha paraharaha. E hanga paraharaha takatika o te rauemi whero-parauri - o hāorarua mata (PbO 2), me kino - o grayish "hautai" mata (Pb).
Mai e hanga o mata rauemi leaded ranei nga electrodes, kei te maha i huaina tenei momo o te pūhiko pūhiko mata-waikawa. Kei te whakaritea tika tona rawatanga anō, t. E. Ko te ngaohiko whakaputa i te mea kei i tenei wa te kiato o te waikawa pungatara (kg / m3 ranei g / cm 3), ki tonu i roto i te pūhiko rite te kawehiko.
Eaha te tupu ki te kawehiko ka nga tukunga pākahiko,
Ko te kawehiko pūhiko mata-waikawa ko te otinga rechargeable o te waikawa pungatara i roto i te wai māturu parakore matū ki te kukū o te moni o te 30% i te tiaki tonu. waikawa Net he mātotoru o 1,835 g / cm 3, kawehiko - e pā ana ki 1,300 g / cm 3. A, no te tukua te pākahiko te, reira tauhohe iahiko anoo hua i roto i te waikawa pungatara mawehe atu i te kawehiko. kukū o te otinga tei tata hautanga ki te kiato, na kia whakaiti ai e tika ana ki te hekenga i roto i kawehiko kukū.
Ka rite ki te roa rite te nāianei rere rere i roto i te waikawa pākahiko Kei te whānui whakamahia tata ona electrodes me riro te kawehiko atu memeha. tūringiringi waikawa i te katoa rōrahi o te kawehiko me nga mau api kawehiko tautoko kaha āhua tamau o tauhohe matū, me te, no reira, te ngaohiko whakaputa.
I te timatanga o te tukanga rere o te tūringiringi o te kawehiko waikawa i roto i te pereti puta hohoro hoki te pūkawa hua ki kōputaputa ano ngä i roto i te rauemi hohe o te electrodes. A, no te haamata ngāwhā ki te hanga i a whakakiia nga kōputaputa o nga electrodes, e tuu atu āta te tūringiringi.
Takahi ko reira taea ki te haere tonu ki te ruke rite te roa rite kore e waikawa katoa e whakamahia, a ka te kawehiko kia titoa o te wai parakore. Heoi, whakaatu ana wheako e kore e haere tonu te taumata i muri maturuturu iho te kiato kawehiko ki te 1,150 g / cm 3.
A, no te heke te kiato i 1,300 ki te 1.150, e te tikanga e hanga e nui pākawa i roto i te tauhohe, ka hua ana kōputaputa katoa i roto i te rauemi hohe i runga i te mau papaa parau, ie. E. Mai te otinga kua tīpakohia tata waikawa pungatara katoa. Tei te kiato runga i te kukū proportionally, a atoa, te kiato o te tiaki o te pūhiko, tei. Fig. i raro whakaatu te fakafalala o pūhiko kawehiko kiato.
Te huri i te kiato o te kawehiko, nga tikanga pai o te kāwanatanga rere pūhiko whakatau, ngā e te whakamahia tika reira.
Nekehanga rere pūhiko motokā i runga i te kiato kawehiko rānei
kia tōna kiato kia whanganga nga rua wiki, me te me kia tiakina tonu te tai'oraa i te lekooti mō te whakamahi heke mai.
Ko te kawehiko atu mātotoru, te waikawa atu kei reira me te nui o tana whakatupato te pākahiko te. Kiato 1,300-1,280 g / cm 3 tohu te tiaki tonu. Tikanga, e whai ake nei i te tohu rere pākahiko rerekē i runga i te kiato kawehiko rānei:
- 1,300-1,280 - tino whakatupato:
- 1,280-1,200 - neke atu i te hawhe kau;
- 1,200-1,150 - whakatupato iti iho i te hawhe;
- 1.150 - tata kau.
I roto i te pākahiko tino whakatupato i mua i honotanga tona ngaohiko supply automotive o ia pūtau he 2.5 ki te 2.7 V. I hohoro rite hono te kawenga kei, te ngaohiko hohoro makaka ki pā ana ki 2.1 V mo toru ranei wha meneti. Ko e tika ana ki te hanganga o te kahu angiangi o te ngāwhā mata i runga i te mata o te mau papaa parau kawehiko tōraro me i waenganui i te paparanga mata me te hauwai whakarewa paraharaha pai tenei. Ko te uara whakamutunga o te ngaohiko pūtau i muri i te whatunga ara tūhono āhua 2,15-2,18 volts.
A, no te haamata nāianei ki rere i roto i te pūhiko i roto i te haora tuatahi o te mahi, i reira he he te maturuturunga iho ngaohiko ki te 2 V tika ki nui haere parenga pūtau ā-tika ana ki te hanganga o moni nui o te pūkawa i whakakiia ana nga kōputaputa o te mau papaa parau, me te kōwhiringa o te waikawa kawehiko. I roa i te aroaro o te tīmatanga o te rere o te kiato o nāianei o te kawehiko he maximal me rite ki te 1,300 g / cm 3. I te tīmatanga underpressure reira hohoro puta, engari ka whakaturia te āhua tautika i waenganui i te kiato o te waikawa e tata ana nga mau papaa parau, me te nui kawehiko electrodes kōwhiringa rōrahi tautoko waikawa tomo waikawa mongamonga hou i te nuinga o te kawehiko. tonu ki te whakaiti āta i runga i te hononga whakaaturia i roto i Fig te kiato toharite o te kawehiko. runga ake. I muri i te ngaohiko maturuturunga iho tuatahi heke atu pōturi, tona tere o te whakaiti, tei runga i te kawenga pākahiko. whakaaturia Time tukanga hōtaka rere i roto i Fig. i raro.
Mana o te kāwanatanga o te kawehiko i roto i te pūhiko
Hei whakatau i te ine kiato wai kiato whakamahia. Kei te tito te reira o te ngongo karāhe hiri ki te toronga i te mutunga o raro, ki tonu i te mēkuri i pere ranei, me te tauine mākahia i runga i te mutunga o runga. Tenei tauine tapanga i 1,100 ki te 1,300 ki ngā uara takawaenga, rite whakaaturia i roto i te Fig. i raro. Ki te whakanohoia te ine kiato wai i roto i te kawehiko, ka totohu i te reira ki te hohonu etahi. Ko te kupu ka hiki te reira i te tetahi rōrahi o kawehiko, a ka tae te tūranga taurite te, ka kia rite noa ki te ine kiato wai taimaha te taimaha o te rōrahi ngā. Mai ōrite te kiato o te kawehiko te ōwehenga o tona taimaha ki rōrahi, ka matau taimaha o te ine kiato wai te, ka hāngai ia taumata o te rumaki i roto i te otinga ki te ngā tona kiato.
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