Hanganga, Pūtaiao
Ko te taimaha motuhake o te maitai. wera motuhake o te parahi
I whakaaro koranu o te rino ki ētahi atu pūhui matū. I roto i te wāhanga o te hanganga, he reira i roto i te nui o 2.14% waro. Nā ki ona alloys aroaro rino ahu ratou kaha. Ko te taimaha motuhake ko o maitai 75500-77500 N / m. te tahi mau taime kia alloying huānga reira i roto i te hanganga koranu. wera motuhake o te maitai i 20 ° C whanganga i 460 J / (kg * ° C), ranei 110 cal / (kg * ° C).
whakarōpū
He ngā tawhā i raro i te āhuatanga i te rauemi i roto i te pātai kei te. Hei tauira, maitai ko te taputapu, me te hanganga. whakaaro High-tere koranu te ki te waiho i te momo o te taputapu. He hoki ngā rerekētanga i roto i runga i te hanganga matū. I runga anō i te mea e kitea i roto i te koranu huānga, me te waro doped wehea. whakaaetia hoki te taumata whakarōpū o waro kukū. Heoi, i reira e toru ngā momo o alloys:
1. waro iti. Te reira i ihirangi waro o 0,25%.
2. Steel Waenga. Tenei koranu waro o e pā ana ki 0.25-0.6%.
3. maitai waro High. I roto i tenei koranu ko reira o te tikanga o 0.6-2% waro.
Waihoki whakarōpūtia me koranu maitai o te ōrau o te huānga alloying:
Kei 1. He koranu iti maitai ake ki te 4%.
2. srednelegirovannoj koranu he tapae ake ki te 11%.
3. High maitai kongatia. Kei te reira i neke atu i te 11%.
Steel whakaputaina e tikanga rerekē, me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau motuhake. Anō i runga i te tikanga ngā i roto i te hanganga koranu kei ngā inclusions konganuku. pānga ana tēnei wāhanga i te mahara motuhake o te maitai. He taiea whakarōpū alloys i runga i te maha o poke:
1. hanumi kounga noa.
2. Kounga.
3. High-kounga.
4. O te kounga ngā.
He he ano hoki te whakarōpū i runga ki te hanganga hanganga o te rauemi. Hei tauira, te hua ferrite, bainite, austenite, pearlite me alloys Martensitic. Kore, ko te hanganga hanganga o te parahi pānga te mahara motuhake. Kei te wehea hoki alloys ki-wāhanga e rua, me te multiphase. Tei te reira i runga i te aroaro o te hanganga wāhanga. Whakaröpütia hoki alloys rite ki te āhua me te whānuitanga o te solidification o deoxidation. Ko te kupu, i reira te mea he ata, āhua-patua rino, me te koropupu.
Kua riro tikanga Production
Ko te rauemi raw whakamahia mō te hanga o te maka maitai. Ko te aroaro o moni nui o te waro, ūkuikui me te whanariki i roto i tona hanganga hanga pakarukaru reira me pakarukaru. Hoki te tukatuka o tetahi rauemi ki tetahi he e tika ana ki te whakaiti i te ihirangi o enei matū ki te kukū e hiahiatia ana. I te huringa taua wa, me te taimaha o te parahi motuhake, me ona āhuatanga. Kotahi atu alloys ranei tikanga production tā ngā tikanga o te hāora o waro i roto i te rino. Ko te tino whakamahia nuitia:
1. Open-kanga steelmaking tikanga. Me kï reira e ko tenei kōwhiringa tata kino i roto i te whakataetae ki ētahi atu tikanga.
2. Ko te tikanga pūtahuri. I teie mahana, whakaputaina te nuinga o ngā hua maitai momo whakamahi i tēnei hangarau.
3. He electrothermal - tetahi o nga tikanga hangarau tino matatau o te whakaputa maitai. Ka rite ki te hua, te rauemi hua he kounga tiketike rawa.
he tikanga pūtahuri
Mā te tenei tukanga hangarau, oxidized te rino te taikaha, ūkuikui me te whanariki i te hāora. Whakatinana e whakatangi pressurized rauemi whakarewa i roto i te oumu motuhake. ka karanga ia pūtahuri. Ko te oumu he te āhua o te pea. I roto i te wahi i roto rawa - ngohi te ki pereki whakangutungutu. Tenei oumu he nekeneke tiketike: e taea te koané 360 nekehanga. Ko te kaha o te pūtahuri e pā ana ki 60 taranata. Whakamahia hoki te ararewa, te tikanga rua ngā momo o ngā rauemi raw:
1. Dinas - ngā reira SiO2, e he āhuatanga waikawa.
2. dolomite taimaha - MgO me cao. I whiwhi te reira i te rauemi dolomitic MgCO3 * CaC3, he āhuatanga taketake.
No te mea o te rauemi rerekē mō te Ōseni e wehea ki te oumu tahuri a Thomas Bessemer. Te poke ki te hau raro i te pēhanga o te whakarewa e hipokina te rohe katoa. Me kï reira e te tukanga tupu i roto i te oumu, i te roanga o kore ake atu i te 20 meneti. Roanga o te rauemi i roto i te pūtahuri pānga te kaha o te parahi wera. Ko te koranu hua nei te i roto i te oumu pūtahuri, maha kei nui o monoxide rino. Ko Ko te aha te rauemi, ko te maha o whiwhi kounga rawakore te.
oumu Open-kanga
Tenei tikanga o te tukatuka rino tawhitotia. Te feaa, ka whakamahi i ngā hangarau maha whakamuri tukatuka i roto i te kounga tino heke o te rauemi, te huri ona āhuatanga (kaha o te maitai wera me ētahi atu). oumu takuahi Ko te pati nui whakarewa. Kei te hipoki te reira i te kikorangi i hanga o pereki whakangutungutu me recuperators-ruma. E hangaia ēnei compartments mō te whakawera i te hau wahie, me te rangi. E ki ana ratou i ki tarapēke o pereki (whakangutungutu). Kei te whakatangihia te rere o te hau wera, me te rangi ki roto ki te oumu i roto i te toru me te wha o nga recuperators. He tuatahi, me te tuarua taua takiwa ano te tahu e te haurehu oumu. I muri i te pāmahana hua rawaka i roto i te tukanga katoa taui te.
tikanga electrothermal
He maha ngā painga i runga i tuwhera-kanga, me te pūtahuri tenei tikanga. hanga tikanga Electromechanical reira taea ki te huri i te hanganga matū o te parahi hua. I roto i tenei tukanga whiwhi te ranunga te i muri i te tukatuka o te kounga tiketike rawa. Nā ki te iti uru o rangi i roto i te oumu hiko heke te nui o te monoxide rino. Kei te mohiotia e ia ki whakapokea ona poke te parahi. Na tenei, i roto i te tahuri, kua he pānga nui i runga i tona kounga. E kore e te pāmahana oumu drop i raro 2000 ° C. Ko te kupu, täoke pērā i whanariki me te ūkuikui, kei te tino nekehia i te rino poaka.
pereki tikanga
oumu Electrothermal tika ki ona steels koranu nui pāmahana tukua mā konganuku whakangutungutu. Ko ētahi o ēnei, i roto i ngā, Tungsten me molybdenum. EAF tikanga e āhei ki te whiwhi i te ranunga-kounga tiketike: te wera motuhake o parahi, me te ona āhuatanga kounga - i te taumata teitei. Ko kāore, pau enei oumu nui o te pūngao hiko (ki runga, ki te 800 kWh ia ton o whāngai). kia ngā kaha Electric i 500 kg ki 360 taranata. whakamahi i te wae i te ararewa tikanga. Ko te hanganga o te tiaki kia tae 90% o te mau rino, me te 10% rino. I te tahi taime kia rerekē ōwehenga feedstock. Lime, e te tapiritia ki te tiaki, nui te tūranga o te rere. e kore e tino rerekē i te takuahi tuwhera nga tukanga matū matua i roto i oumu pewa hiko.
taimaha motuhake
kawea ngā Power auau te i roto i arataki whakawera o te whakarewa. Nā ki te papatipu nui o te matua o te pānga taua ko tino nui. Hoki rewa te taimaha ki runga ki te 100 toni nui auau o te 50 Hz nāianei maitai. Me mea e ahau e etahi o nga tawhā mō ngā momo rerekē o te rauemi raw taea ōrite. Hei tauira, te waikura, wera ātete, me te ōwehenga tira i 7.9 g / cm 3.
- white - 7.5 ± 0.2;
- hina - 7.1 ± 0.2;
- kōngohe - 7.5 ± 0.2.
tātaitanga
Ko te ōwehenga i waenganui i te rōrahi o te koranu me tona papatipu he āhuatanga anake hoki te taonga motuhake. I tua atu, ko reira he tawhā tamau. Mā te whakamahi i te tātai motuhake e taea mohio te kiato o te mea. Kei te pā tika te reira ki te tātaitanga o te taimaha o te koranu motuhake. Tenei te pehea titiro reira.
whakaritea te taimaha o te konganuku motuhake te rite te γ tātai. Ko te reira i te P ōwehenga - ōrite taimaha tinana - ki te rōrahi o te pūhui. Na tatau te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: γ = P / V.
mahi reira anake ka ko tino te whakarewa kāwanatanga mātotoru, kore-maiengi.
mutunga
hangarau hou e kua whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi taimaha, he tino rerekē i te hunga e whakamahia ana i roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi. Ngā mihi ki hou pūtaiao ahunga whakamua matallopromyshlennost hua he maha nui o ngā rerekētanga o alloys. pūhui taimaha Specific pā te kōwhiringa o te momo motuhake o te rauemi raw ki te whakamahi i roto i hangaia e. Ki te tangohia e tatou konganuku e toru rerekē: rino, parahi, me te konumohe, o te rahi kotahi, - e ka whai katoa rerekē taimaha. Na reira, me kia tangohia te kōwhiringa o te whakarewa ngā ki pūkete, i roto i te tahi atu tawhā, tona mahara motuhake.
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