Ko te tātai hanganga, me te rāpoi ngota: acetylene

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o te acetylene pā ona āhuatanga, production me te tono. Tohu hanganga o te taonga - C ₂ H ₂ - ko ona māmā me kerekere-tātai. i hanga Acetylene e rua ngā ngota waro, i waenganui i reira ko te here, takitoru. Ko tōna aroaro whakaata te momo rerekē o tātai me ngā rāpoi ngota tauira ethinyl e tukua ki te matau i te raruraru o te mana hanganga i runga i te āhuatanga o ngā matū.

Alkynes. Ko te tātai whānui. acetylene

waiwaro waiwaro toru, ranei acetylene, he acyclic, hamanga. Ko te mekameka o carbon ngota - ko e kore kuiti, reira kei kuware me maha here. alkynes Composition whakaata te whakarāpopototanga tātai C _n H _{2n - 2.} Ko te rāpoi ngota o tenei piha haapiiraa o matū he tetahi hakari atu here takitoru ranei. He hamanga pūhui Acetylene. tikanga o tēnei e te kitenga kotahi anake valency waro e hauwai. Kei te whakamahia te toe e toru here i roto i te taha ki te tahi atu ngota waro.

Ko te tuatahi - māngai me tino rongonui o te waiwaro toru - acetylene toru ewaro ranei. ahu te ingoa mama o te taonga kei te i te kupu Latin «acetum» - «winika" me te Kariki - «hyle» -. «te rakau" whakapumautia te kaiwhakarewa o te raupapa huirua i roto i 1836 i roto i ngā matū, i synthesized rauemi muri i te waro me te hauwai, E. Davy ko M. Berthelot (1862). I pāmahana noa, me te i acetylene pēhanga kōhauhau i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā. Ko te hau te huitahi, koreami, torutoru wai. Etin ngāwari wairewa i roto i te waihā me te hauwaiwaro.

Ko te tātai rāpoi o acetylene

Etin - he mema noa o ratou raupapa huirua, tona hanganga me te hanganga whakaatu te tātai:

1. C ₂ H ₂ - rāpoi ethynyl tuhi hanganga, e homai he tohu e te taonga i hanga e te ngota waro rua me te taua maha o ngā ngota hauwai. Na roto i tenei tātai, ka taea e tetahi tātai i te rāpoi, me te papatipu titiwha pūhui. Mr (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26 rite te pai. e. m., M (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26.04 g / mol.
2. H: C ::: C: H - irahiko-ira tātai acetylene. Ēnei whakapakoko, i huaina "hanganga Lewis" whakaata te hanganga hiko o te rāpoi ngota. Na roto i te Me kitea tuhi ture: e whangai ana i te ngota hauwai ki te tango matū whirihoranga te honohono o te anga honohono o haumāmā, te tahi atu āhuatanga - te octet waho o irahiko. Ko te noa ki te rua ngota he rua ana'e o irahiko o te paparanga o waho ranei ia kopirua.
3. H-C≡C-H - tātai hanganga acetylene e whakaatu ana i te tukanga me te tini o ngā hononga i waenganui i ngā ngota. whakakapi te taia kotahi rua o irahiko.

Tauira rāpoi ngota acetylene

Tātai e whakaatu ana irahiko tohatoha i mahi rite te pūtake mō te hanga ngota tauira orbital, mokowā tātai rāpoi ngota (stereochemistry). Ahakoa i te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII kua tupu fakautuutu tauira sharosterzhnevye - hei tauira, te pōro o tae rerekē, me te rahi, e tohu ana i te waro me te hauwai e hanga i acetylene. aroaro te tātai hanganga o te rāpoi ngota e i roto i te puka o te rakau e tohu here matū me te maha o ia ngota.

tauira Sharosterzhnevaya whakamahi koki rite ki te 180 ° here acetylene, engari i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te tawhiti internuclear āhua kitea. Ko te feāvaaki i waenganui i nga pirepire e kore e hanga i whakaaro e pā ana ki whakakī wāhi ngota irahiko kiato. whakakorea Dreydinga ngoikoretanga i roto i ngā tauira tohu o te karihi ngota e kore nga pōro, me nga ngā o hononga o nga rakau ki tetahi ki tetahi. Modern tauira e toru-ahu hoatu he pikitia atu marama o nga orbitals ngota, me te rāpoi.

Ranu orbitals ngota o acetylene

Waro i roto i te āhua oaoa e toru orbitals p me kotahi s ki irahiko unpaired. I roto i te hanganga o te mewaro (CH ₄₎ e whai wāhi ratou i roto i te hanga ōrite here ki ngota hauwai. Rongonui aivanaa American L. Pauling whakawhanakehia te parau haapiiraa o te kāwanatanga ranu o orbitals ngota (AO). Ko te whakamārama o te whanonga o te waro i roto i te tauhohe matū i roto i te tīaroaro JSC i puka me te pūngao, te hanganga o nga kapua hou. orbitals ranu hoatu hononga kaha, hei tātai ātete.

ngota acetylene waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota, pērā i te mewaro i raro ki te sp-hybridization. whakauru s- me te p irahiko i roto i te āhua me te pūngao. E rua sp-orbitals, e takoto ana i te koki o 180 °, whakahaua i te ritenga atu taha o te matua.

te here reatoru

Ko te kapua ranu irahiko acetylene o waro whai wāhi i roto i te hanga σ-here ki te ngota tata taua ki hauwai i roto i te takirua C-H. Ko te toe e rua e hāngai ana ki ia atu kore-ranu p-orbital. I roto i te rāpoi ngota o te ethinyl whai wāhi ratou i roto i te hanganga o te rua π-here. Fakataha ki σ whakatika here, takitoru, e whakaata ana te tātai hanganga. rerekē Acetylene i te ewaro me te ethylene tawhiti i waenganui i ngā ngota. He poto te rua te here, takitoru, engari kua he kaha he rahui nui o te pūngao. Ko te kiato mōrahi o σ- me π-here i roto i te mara hāngai, e arata'i ki te hanganga o te kapua irahiko porotakaroa.

Āhuatanga o te here matū i roto i acetylene

Ethynyl rāpoi ngota he āhua rārangi, e tano whakaata te acetylene tātai matū - H-C≡C-H. Kei waro me te hauwai ngota haere te rārangi tika therebetween he 3 2 σ- me π-here. e kore e taea kaupapa Free, hurihanga me te tuaka C-C, haukotia tenei e te aroaro o maha here. Ētahi atu āhuatanga o te here reatoru:

• maha o o irahiko takirua, tūhono ngā ngota waro rua, - 3;
• roa - 0,120 nm;
• pūngao whati - 836 kJ / mol.

No te whakarite: i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te ewaro me te ethylene te roa kotahi, me te here matū rua - 1.54 me 1.34 nm, aua, te pūngao āputa C-C ko 348 kJ / mol, C = C - 614 kJ / mol.

homologues o acetylene

Acetylene - te māngai māmā o te waiwaro toru nei rāpoi tapae ano he here, takitoru. _CH3 Propyn S≡SN - homologue acetylene. Tātai alkynes Māngai tuatoru - toru pūwaro-1 - CH ₃ CH ₂ S≡SN. Acetylene - te ingoa noa mō te toru ewaro. Ko te nomenclature nahanaha o alkynes whai nga ture o te IUPAC:

• i roto i te rāpoi rārangi tohu te ingoa o te mekameka matua, i whakatika i te whika Kariki, ki nei te tapiritia te -i pīmuri me tau ngota ki te here reatoru, hei tauira, ethynyl, propynyl, butyn-1;
• te taua o te ngota mekameka matua o te rāpoi ngota tīmata i tata ki te here reatoru te mutunga;
• hoki pūwaro branched mai ingoa peka taha tuatahi, aru e te ingoa o te ngota mekameka matua ki te -i pīmuri.
• wahi whakamutunga konei - ahua tohu te wāhi o te here reatoru i roto i te rāpoi ngota, hei tauira, 2-waiwaro toru pūwaro.

Poinanahatanga waiwaro toru. Ko te fakafalala o nga āhuatanga o te hanganga

Waiwaro toru ewaro me te pōwaro whai here reatoru poinanaha tū, puta ratou, mai i toru pūwaro. Kua pēwaro poinanaha o kōhiwi waro, aru e te homologues. Pātahi ana ki te here reatoru kore e puta regioisomers waiwaro acetylene.

Ko te ethinyl tuatahi 4 homolog - hau, hei painga wairewa i roto i te wai. Acetylenic waiwaro C ₅ - C ₁₅ - inu. Totoka he homologs ethynyl timata ki C ₁₇ pūwaro. Ko te āhua matū o alkynes i raro i te mana nui o te here, takitoru. Waiwaro o tenei momo kaha atu i ethylene, kua piri te matūriki rerekē. hāngai te reira i runga i tenei ethynyl taonga whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi, me te hangarau. I roto i te parariraa o acetylene, he nui nui o te wera whakamahia e te i roto i te tapahi hau me konganuku fehokotakianga.