Ko te tau wāwaro o penehīni

Penehīni - pūkākā wai te mea kahore tae, ki te urukehu kowhai iti (ki te kahore he tāpiritanga motuhake) ranei. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga mahi o te wahie nekeneke whakamahia i roto i engines parariraa ā, e ngana ana kaiwhakanao ki te whakapiki ake i te maha wāwaro o penehīni. Ki te mahi i tenei, tāpiri i te wāhanga e hāngai ana i roto i reira. Ki te te ngingiha āhuatanga tangi paraparau o te whakarewa whakaputaina e te poipoi detonation hua i whakaata maha o tona taiepa rango, heke te tōtika nekeneke te, ano, kei te whakatere reira kākahu.

I roto i tenei take e mea tatou e wahie kounga rawakore, rite te tau wāwaro he iti. pūkaha detonation wahie pūmautanga, i.e. kaha ki te tu atu whaiaro pātīmata-tika ana ki te kōpeketanga i roto i te rango, me te whakahaere pūkaha faaite tenei ahua. Tatau ko reira te hautanga rōrahi o isooctane (ingoa atu: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) i roto i te ranunga e rua-wae kei roto hoki n-hewaro. he ranunga taua ki te whakaaro ki tona antiknock i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau paerewa hua he wahie tūhuratia pānga ōrite.

Isooctane - branched mekameka kukū pūwaro C8H18. Ko te whakawhetai ki ona āhuatanga, he uaua ki te oxidize noa i tiketike ōwehenga kōpeketanga, na kua manakohia conventionally reira tukituki ātete o 100 wae. N-hewaro i roto i te pūkaha whakatoatoa rerekē: ara i ōwehenga kōpeketanga iti haere tahi e te tukanga o te pānga parariraa detonation, Heoi, i tangohia tenei auau te rite 0 waeine hoki reira. I roto i aua wā i reira te tau wāwaro wahie i runga 100, mo te aro mātai o tona unahi kounga tono ranunga herenga ona, ai te wāhanga matua - isooctane - tetraethyl tāpiri ngā toketaá.

Na reira, e taea te tohe i te reira e tenei ahua, ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te nekeneke wahie. E whakaatu ana te reira i te nui o penehīni he ātete ki te detonation, e ko te ahi tupurangi i roto i te ipurau pūkaha. wahie pahūtanga tūponotanga o te pūkaha ngingiha ā-ka waiho i te pāngia tino ki he tiketike tenei auau. Ki te te tau wāwaro hāngai o te penehīni wae 95, detonates reira te ranunga arā o 95% 2,2,4-trimethylpentane me 5% hewaro noa. I muri i te maimoatanga tuatahi mō te hua hinu i huaina naphtha, uaua nui 70 wae tenei uara āhuatanga. Na reira, ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te penehīni kōeke iti whakamahia pūhui kore anake (te ranu ki ngā hua nui-wāwaro), engari antidetonators whakahaere ano i roto i te nui o runga ki te 0.3%.

Tei te nuinga kounga wahie i runga i te hanganga o ngā kohuke, i nei te whiwhi i te reira na roto i te fractionation ranei Māturu, - te hinu. He mea nui ki taua āhuatanga rite te pokey, te hanganga hautanga, te aroaro o pūhui whanariki me paraffins, me te ihirangi o te wai me te tai memeha roto. Heoi, whakaawe pea enei āhuatanga nga āhuatanga tukatuka me te kōwhiringa o te hangarau. Ko te kounga o te penehīni, i.e. tona uara tau wāwaro, whakatau te pūwaro hanganga o te hinu, me ka te tikanga mo tona tukatuka, e tei hoki i runga i te nui o penehīni he isooctane, n-hewaro, pūhui kakara, a pera atu.

Te whakapai ake ngā āhuatanga antiknock o penehīni ki reira kakara. Ko te ihirangi tiketike o te benzene, matua pānga te āhua o te taiao hei puna o te benzopyrene (he carcinogen). taumata teitei o te mea kakara koropupu tiketike whakatairanga hanganga ngarahu i roto i te ruma ngingiha me nga mapuni pūkaha. tenei katoa tuukino tohu mahi pērā i te mahi pūkaha, kakama, taiao, me ngā āhuatanga ohaoha o tona mahi. Ngarahu i hanga i roto i te ruma ngingiha ai te rangatira motokā whiriwhiri wahie engine kia ko tiketike te maha wāwaro o te penehīni. Te kore, Kei te tino heke te mana kei te rere i te pūkaha ki te detonation ranei.