Ko te taupae o nga wheketere porcelain o te USSR: whakaahuatanga, hītori me ngā momo

porcelain Soviet He kounga nui, me te whakapaipai rawe. Ēnei ra, he tokomaha o ratou e whainga e kohikohi me fakaanga toi. I runga i te rohe o te mua Soviet Union whakahaeretia e rave rahi pinepine o wheketere mo te hanga o te porcelain me oneone. Whakatau ai o nga otaota i hanga tenei ranei e tumu parau, e tauturu i te waitohu.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka arotahi tatou i runga i nga wheketere pane porcelain o te USSR. Me pēhea e ratou titiro me aha ratou whakaatu? Na kua puta ke enei pane i runga i nga tau?

Tauhae me ona rerekē

Kei te tino pea ahu te wā i te kupu German Kleim, e whakawhiti ki Russian rite "kāpia". Taupae - Ko te whakairoiro tono e te ki te hua hua ki te tautuhi i te kaiwhakanao ranei.

Brand, i me te nui, ko te "hua", te tenenga o te wā pononga. I roto i nga wa onamata reira ko he mahi o hunuhunua ake pononga mo tetahi hape hara ranei (hei tauira, te nganatanga mawhiti).

E tono huru ki te mata i roto i toru ara matua:

1. Ru (te nuinga i runga i ngā hua whakarewa).
2. He wera.
3. Mā te waikano.

Tauhae mahi kore anake te mahi o tautuhi o te taonga. Ko reira maha he ahua o te tohu kounga o te hua ngā. E te ara, ki tenei āhuatanga kua whai pānga reira he noa te korero: "Ae whai koe wahi ki te hoatu i te tohu!". Na mea ratou e pā ana ki te iwi ki te rota o mea kohakore paruparu ranei.

ahumahi porcelain me tona whanaketanga i roto i Russia

Porcelain - Ko reira rawa roa, ātete ki te rauemi resistance waiariki me te matū, whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te hanga o te hokona, ngā toi me etahi atu hua. Hoki tona production, rite ki te tikanga, te whakamahi i te rauemi wha kohuke: ko reira kaolin, kiripaka, te wherepāra, pōro paru.

Kei te whakapono te reira e porcelain "whakaaro" e tonu nga Hainamana i roto i te rau tau VII. Na kei te tino roa i pupuri ratou tunu ngaro hoki tona production. Anake i roto i te 1708 whakahaere nga Pakeha ki te tiki porcelain. I muri i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti o tona hangarau production he inaianei e wātea ana i roto i Russian.

whakatuwheratia wheketere portselyanovaya tuatahi o Russia i roto i St Petersburg i 1744. Ko te taupae o te wheketere porcelain i roto i te wā Soviet ko he poto, me te ngāwari mōhiotia. Tuhinga reira o toru reta tu'ati ngā: "LPF" (Leningrad Porcelain Factory). Tenei te tipu mahi i tenei ra. Heoi, inaianei whakapehapeha karangatia e ia te Imperial, me te i roto i nga wa mua-hou.

Huru o te USSR me wheketere porcelain Russian: momo me ngā āhuatanga

I roto i te ahumahi porcelain Soviet Union Kua whakawhanakehia, kua nui. Products i porcelain (rihi, itiiti, te ipu, me te tahi atu oko kāinga) i hanga i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whenua. Ko te kukū teitei o ngā tipu kitea i roto i te Ukrainian SSR, me rite i roto i te wahi Pākehā o te SFSR Russian.

E ai ki nga whaiaronga Soviet tawhito, vai 178 wheketere porcelain i roto i te USSR. Taupae ko ia o ratou! whakaaturia te reira i te reta ranei te whakaaro whakairoiro ohie, te nuinga kararehe. Hei tauira, i runga i pane Gorodnitski Porcelain Factory te whakaaturia rere hata, Polonsky - he wani ma, Sinelnikovskuyu - horomia i rere. Pea ko te pane tino ngā i roto i Zugdidi tipu - te hoiho i runga i te tihi o te ao.

E wehea huru tipu porcelain ki e rua ngā momo: underglaze (whakamana i runga i te "mata" hua) me te overglaze (vyponyayutsya i muri i te tono glazes whakapaipai poihau). E toru ngā hua huarahi tauhae matua:

• Tangohanga o taimaha mākū;
• pane Imprint;
• te tuhi o te tohu i runga i te hua oti.

He aha e taea e korero wheketere porcelain tauhae

Taupae - ko reira, runga ake katoa, he tohu o te kounga me te motuhēhē o te hua, whakatakotoria nei e te kaiwhakanao. Nuinga o ngā wā e taea e kitea taua mea ki runga ki te raro o te ware porcelain - kapu, papa paraharaha, te ipu me itiiti.

Huru o wheketere porcelain Soviet taea korero te rota e pā ana ki te mea ngā. Ko te aha te mea tenei kohikohi kia mahu'inga ako ki "lau". I pane maha kei roto ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kaiwhakanao, engari ano hoki i te rā tuku hua, rite te tangata porcelain kaipeita nei peita reira, a na runga i kore anake. D.

He mea nui ki te mōhio e taea e te wheketere taua kia he "täoro" o taua tapanga, no te mea i runga i te tau rawa maha ke te taupae o wheketere porcelain. I te tahi taime tua atu āhukahuka. hangaia e tenei katoa he rota o raruraru te whakatupuranga o kaikohikohi nāianei i roto i te tukanga tāutu o etahi hua.

I pane porcelain maha taea kite nga tohu e whai ake nei: "1-C", "C-2", "3-C". He aha te tikanga ratou? He tohu, e taea te whakatau i te kōeke o te porcelain ratou:

• kōeke tuatahi (1-C);
• Class II (C-2);
• kōeke tuatoru (3-C).

Kōeke porcelain, a ētahi wā whakaaro te whakamahi i te tae tohu: whero - te kounga momo rawa o ngā hua; puru - Class ahau, Green - mo te tuarua, me te pango (ranei parauri) - mo te tuatoru.

Next, whakaahua tatou i roto i te taipitopito i te wheketere porcelain tino rongonui o te Soviet Union, tokanga ngā ki o ratou hua, me te waitohu.

Leningrad Porcelain Factory

Ko te reira i te matamua, me tetahi o te nui rawa i roto i Russia mō te hanga o hinonga porcelain. I whakaturia te reira hoki i roto i te 1744. Na huaina te tipu ko - Imperial (haapotohia - IPE).

IPE porcelain i runga i whakaatu i roto i te maha o whare taonga pai-mohiotia i roto i te ao (i roto i ngā, i London, New York, me rite i roto i te Hermitage). I teie mahana, te tipu hua te whānui o ngā hua kanorau whānui. Tenei tea huinga, kapu me nga hoeha, itiiti, me ngā tūemi roto. raupapa Tino rongonui "Moscow me St. Petersburg i haina", e tohu ana i te āhuatanga matua o nga whakapaipai e rua o te whenua i roto i nga kapu, mau api me pere manatunga.

Ko te taupae o te wheketere porcelain i roto i te wā Soviet ko puka tino poto: e toru reta tu'ati "LPF". I teie mahana, ahu tānga katoa o te hinonga ekara ia titirohia i ki te rā o te papa whenua o te tipu me te tuhituhinga Imperial Porcelain.

Dmitrov Porcelain Factory

Tenei kamupene, whakaturia i roto i te 1766, kei roto i te kainga Verbilki (rohe Taldom, Moscow rohe). I teie mahana huaina ai ko te "Porcelain Verbilok".

I roto i ngā wā Soviet, arotahi Dmitrov whakato i runga i te take o te hanga papatipu o te kounga iti. Otiia, i roto i tenei wheketere wā porcelain hua he maha o ngā tohu o te ao whaimana (pērā i te mētara koura i te Ao Exhibition i Paris i te 1937). Teie mahana "Porcelain Verbilok" - ko tetahi o te ngā hinonga porcelain e toru i roto i Russia.

Ko te taupae o te wheketere porcelain i Verbilki kore taea ki te ako. whakaatu te reira i te matenga Atawhenua ki te pukapuka "B" i roto i te kokonga matau o raro.

Dulevo wheketere porcelain

Ko te nui rawa i roto i ngā o te hanga, kei te ahumahi ārai kamupene i roto i Russia hou i roto i te pa, Likino-Dulyovo (me te rohe Moscow). whakapumautia Dulevo tipu i roto i te tau 1832. I raro i te kaiārahi o te kaipakihi pūmanawa kua riro M. S. Kuznetsova wheketere rongo te ao, me te rongonui.

Products o tenei tipu e ngāwari mohio e te peita motuhake toi. Te reira i āta taea te takina taumu'a o pakiwaitara Russian ki te predominance o tae karaka, me te whero. Tea Tautuhia "Golden Deer", Ko pea te mahi tino nui o te tipu.

Huru Dulevo porcelain wheketere i roto i te aamu katoa o tona oraraa ke 30 wa! Mai 1962, te ingoa waitohu o te hinonga ko te kanohi kauwhata o te whatura. Ano, Ka taea e te manu "titiro" e rua te maui, me nga taha tika.

Gorodnitsky Porcelain Factory

Tenei Ko tetahi o nga hinonga Iukereiniana ahumahi ārai matamua. hanga te tipu i roto i te 1799, ka no ki te whānau rangatira Czartoryski. Kia aroha mai, i te mutunga katia te kamupene i roto i te 2012. I tū te reira i roto i te kainga o Gorodnitsa Zhytomyr rohe.

I roto i ngā wā Soviet, whakaputaina te whakato hokona, tea huinga me itiiti nei porcelain. I runga i te hua pane whakaaturia ranei te wani ranei e toru reta: GFZ (i raro i te ingoa o te tipu).

Polonsky Porcelain Factory

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te ahumahi rau porcelain XIX tīmata ki te tupu i roto i Podolia (rohe o Western Ukraine), tauturuhia e te turanga rauemi rohe - putunga taonga o te kaolin uku me te kiripaka onepu. I roto i 1889, i roto i te pa tawhito tonu (inaianei Khmelnitsky rohe) i hanga ki te taha o te tipu, i faataahia ia riro tetahi o nga kaihanga nui o porcelain i te USSR.

Rawa rongonui wheketere Polonsky putanga maha statuettes. decanter Famous ki mōhiti i roto i te puka o te ika, pea, i roto i te tahi atu nga hapu Soviet. I hua Polonsky o porcelain wheketere maha taea kite koe i te pane i roto i te puka o te wani. Kia aroha mai, i roto i 2008 mutu te Rapa ahumahi porcelain Ukrainian ki te tīariari.