Ko wai te mea tenei me te mea tuhi Richard paipa?

Ko te whānau Hurai-Polish i muri i te mutunga o te Pakanga o te Ao i whanau ahau te faihisitōlia American rongonui, he mohio i runga i te hītori o te USSR ko Russia Richard Payps. Ki te taeraa mai o te kau Nasí Paipa ki te uaua nui mawhiti i noho Poland me bypassing maha whenua, tae atu "chernorubashechnuyu" i te mutunga Mussolini Itari i te United States, Ohio. ako Richard Paipa reira i roto i te kāreti, ka tīmata ki te mahi i roto i te rererangi American, i hua i te rironga o te tangata whenua o tenei whenua. I roto i te whawhai, riro ahau whakangungu pai rite te translator i Russian.

ao

I muri Tuhinga Richard Paipa marena a puta i Harvard University, i reira to'na haapiiraa ia ki te philosopho rongonui, mātanga o te whakaaro hītori Pākehā Crane Brinton, kï taha pai i roto i te pūtaiao hou, me te kawea ki runga maha pai-mohiotia puta noa i te whenua whika pāpori, me te tōrangapū.

fehangahangai Paipa he tuhinga täkutatanga i roto i 1950, ka mahi i roto i University Harvard taketake. Kua i roto i 1963 ka e ia he ahorangi Richard paipa, i roto i te 1968 - kaiwhakahaere o te Russian Center Research i University Harvard, a i roto i 1973 ka haere ia ki te mahi mo te tika o te kaitohutohu pūtaiao tino ki te Institute o rangahau Russian i te University o Steenforda.

"Team B"

Ko te tino rerekē i te "Team A" Team B, mo te wahi tino i te meka e i te nuinga o reira ki te mahi rite te counterweight ki te faaineineraa o te whakaaro tūmatanui. I roto i "Team A" ngaio mahi anake mana kotahi - CIA kaitätari, i te kapa ki te i honoa e ia i roto i 1976. paipa, i ki Tarahihi me e tohunga haukāinga, me te hōia mutu.

Heoi, kapa e rua kua kua hanga mo te matenga o te aromatawai o te riri i te Soviet Union States o te CIA. kaiwhakahaere CIA i te wa ko Dzhordzh Bush. Mai 1981, te Kaunihera Haumarutanga National maha ngā take o te kaupapa here US mo te Tokāteline o Ronald Reagan ko Richard Paipa whai wāhi. Te Tari State, kia hoki te maha ahuru matahiti noho te wāhi mahi matua o te kaituhi tōrangapū. Ko reira ki Paipa supply, me ana hoa tango pereki tuatahi i roto o te whenua i runga i nei tu te kāwanatanga o te USSR, i te whakamahi o rawa whakawhanakehia rautaki tōrangapū.

tika i teie nei

Rua i mua i a muri i te whakangaromanga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū USSR American roto tokomaha maha i roto i to tatou whenua, te āwhina ki te whakangaro i te reira i roto e pā ana ki 1958. Na ko ia te mema o te komiti American e pā ana ki te rongo i roto i Chechnya, te wahi, rite ki a ia, te whakahaere i te whakataunga o ngā papā. I roto i te whakarara, tonu ia ki te tūhura i te hītori o Russia me maha Russian riri te pānui i te tahi mea e pā ana ki te mea tuhi Richard paipa.

Tona tuhinga nui i roto i ia wā, me te i roto i Russia. I tua atu, ki te mahi tahi mātātoa ki te tona fakafepaki pai-mohiotia a, whakautu, mahi subversive mo te whenua - te kura o Törangapü Studies i Moscow - tonu tae Richard Paipa i roto i te whenua ki te hoatu kauwhau. Whai wāhi i roto i te whānuitanga o karapu kōrero, homai uiuiraa ki pāpāho Russian, me te ke i runga i te hua (te tikanga kino mo tatou) o tona mahi.

Ko te hītori o Russia roto i nga kanohi o paipa

Richard Paipa, he pukapuka i puta mai i roto i roto i te whānuitanga o tata mohio katoa ki etahi whānuitanga te hītori o Russia, he ara tino rerekē o te kitenga i te whanaketanga o to matou whenua, e kore te mea kaha rite te meka e he tino rerekē i trajectories whanaketanga ētahi atu whenua 'tenei ara. kumea ana e ia tauritetanga ki te ako o te tītohunga o te Oketopa Revolution ki te tawhiti mua Russia, whakataki i te takenga mai o ngā whakaaro hapori reira. E ai ki a ia, te wharekarakia Moscovia tika kihai i hiahia ki te whai i te whakaaro o te taonga tūmataiti, e radically titore reira i te toenga o Europe. Ko ia te rangatira anake - te Duke Grand.

E anake he wawau katoa i te iti rawa i te iti bit maheni ki te hītori o te kāwanatanga Russian. Oia mau, te rangatira i taea te tuku o te taonga, otiia e kore e te taonga o tona kaupapa. Paipa hē a matatau rawa whakamārama te kupu "matua". Te whakawhiu i o matou rangatira me nga kingi i roto i te nihilism ture, e kore e tangohia e te reira ki pūkete e te whakawhanake angitu te whenua, tupu whenua hoariri riro. Ko te pūtahi matua o feudalism, hanga i roto i Europe, mo e Paipa rite kaitautoko, kihai i ārai i te maniiraa o awa o toto, e to tatou Ivanu Groznomu me kore moe o.

"Kino ti'a'tu te"

Ko te pukapuka, i titiro te āhuatanga o Richard Paipa ( "Russia I raro i te tikanga Tahito"), piro nui, ko te kaupapa o te ako kaha i roto i te whare wānanga Russian, me te hinonga. marôraa subversive a kino i roto i roto i reira whakaatu ai ko reira tino Kāore. Ka taea e koe te ako i enei pukapuka i roto i te tikanga mātauranga anake ina kua riro kē ngā ākonga enei turanga mōhiotanga hītori. Hei whakawhānui i te Horizons o ako me te tautohetohe.

Paipa me te ahurea Russian ko tino e kore e rite, ka i roto i tenei pukapuka homai ia ia he aro mātai kino, maka ana whakahenga te mea ïa te āhua o te taonga, kua hanga e nei ko reira na rerekē i ngā uara Western.

Philosopho: Russian ko American

Te kōwhiri i whāki i roto i Paipa Russia whakapono hoki he hape nui. Ko ki faahiti to tatou Chaadaeva i tenei take, e hiahia ana koe te matauranga nui hohonu ki te āhuatanga wä o te tangata tohe Russian. Na Richard Paipa ( "Revolution Russian" me era atu tona mahi - he haamauraa tika o tenei) - i muri i maha - faahiti aho ko te taua, te wahi kua kite Chaadaev te āputa ki te ao Western i roto i te pā ana ki te tauatanga o Byzantium - peka i te auraki o te ao Karaitiana.

Tenei haamana'o tatou i te tahi Katorika toto riro tetahi, ka nga manga nui o Tuí: Ko te ripeneta tonu "taxied". peka Byzantine o Karaitiana ko kore te tino toto, i reira i kahore Crusades. Ahakoa atu tautohetia ko te tātari o ngā whakaaro Paipa 'i runga i to tatou kaupapa o Gogol ko Pushkin, ētahi wā maere, engari atu maha - kata.

E tu'ati

Richard Paipa ( "Te takenga o ngā tika ā-iwi" me tata katoa te toenga o tona mahi ngā mōhiohio whakatapua ki tenei kaupapa) kite ritenga nui i waenganui i nga tikanga whakahaere o te Soviet Union ko Nasí Germany. korerotia tenei e ia kia maha e riro te reira i rite te ahua o te mantra, i raro i te mana o e tonu whiwhi te iti ki te whakaaro me te āhuatanga e kore o te wheako o te ora o te taupori.

Tino maha, me i mangai rerekē inaianei to tatou ki te whakarongo ki tenei whakamataku e ratou teka me te tauākī tia ore. e kore te tenei e pā ana tikanga whakahaere tōrangapū, e kore kaupapa here ā-kaua waho i runga i tetahi o nga wāhanga o te oraraa o te whenua e rua i roto i te noa.

Ka rite ki i patua te Soviet Union

Tenei te mea e tika ana ki te kite i nei ringa Paipa wai ringihia. Ka rite ki te kupu tonu te "kahu" o te whakatū American, ko reira ia te tangata e whakaatu Reagan - rite te kaitohutohu ki te CIA me te matenga Kaunihera Haumarutanga National o tari - ki te tango i te mehua tino nui mo te pehanga me te whakangaromanga o te USSR. Ko ia te tangata e, he he tohunga i roto i to ratou ake ara ki te titiro ki te hītori o Russia, fakapapau'i te United States i te peresideni e te Soviet Union - he colossus i runga i waewae paru.

pēhanga aru i te Hau Amui no Marite: tautoko i te Mujahideen i Afghanistan ko Chechnya, te parariraa o utu hinu, me te whakarewatanga o te mīhini whakatö ki te whakahaere o te whatunga whānui o ngā kura i reira whakangungua heke mai "faaapî taitamariki". Whatunga, i te ara kua horapa, ki nga lepupilika katoa o te whakapaipai me te pokapū ake iti iho ranei nui rohe, me te rohe, a ka i roto i te kura waenganui-nui noho i te taumata o komiti kāwanatanga. E rima nga tau i muri mai, hinga te Soviet Union. Taea e pā ngōku pukapuka "rua ara Russian." riro Richard Paipa.

e kore e Russia e he superpower?

Paipa whakapono e te aroaro o te roa tona whakatū, kahore e moe e pā ana ki tenei tūranga i roto i te hapori ao Russia i. Ko te whakaaro o nga tauākī o tenei whakaaro i - ara he whenua nui atu fakamā i roto i te iwi whānui (me kore te Te Hau-ā-uru anake, engari ano hoki i te kāinga) whakaaro.

Heoi, e kore te mea pera nui Russia paipa whakaaro. mahi atu nui e kia pai kia whakaaro he pokanoa i roto i to tatou mau ohipa-roto. Geopolitics o to tatou whenua, tei runga i tona hea, ao, e titau noa i te reira ki te waiho he kaha nui. Te rohe roa, whakapā ki Europe, te Far me te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti - mōrearea katoa ao, me tetahi atu ngā ao e kore e taea e noa te tango i te wahi i waho to tatou whai wāhitanga.

Paipa me intelligentsia Russian

kawea mai te pūtaiao tōrangapū American tino rongonui te mahi o te Russia mua-pāhoro, te intelligentsia. Me kï reira e te moni o te kaituhi e kore e Radicals tika me conservatives, vai conservatives puni e awhina te arikitanga, 'Ofotokisií me autocracy. He maha ngā kotahi-sidedly whakaaro tenei wahi o te taupori Richard paipa Russian. Āhuatanga me te haere noa - ko nga wāhanga e rua o ngā uara tona ao, e kore e taea e te tīariari i roto i wehe i ia atu enei. Ko te aha e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te mentality Russian, e hāngai ana tonu i runga i tona rawakore? Kei te kore e kore e tika Paipa whakaaro reira pea, kua ia kahore whakaaro e pā ana ki tona oraraa.

Ko hēmanawa noa, kōrero ia e pā ana ki te Māoritanga e Verkhovod me inaianei i roto i Russia, i runga i te pōhēhē ke - Republican. Tenei economists ohaoha, modernizing te whenua i runga i te pūkete o te iwi e kore e tino atamai mahara ki muri, me te tupu te kore, te whiwhi i tetahi kaupapa ahu whakamua. Tenei Nationalists mātotoru nei moemoea o nga whakahau wharekarakia, he reira functionaries marama me te feia faatere Denominational. He pono te iwi maramarama e kore e paipa whakaaro, kia rite ki te mea ratou kore i, e kore Herzen ranei Kropotkin ranei Bakunin ranei Lopatin ranei kihai i Plekhanov hiahia. Ko te demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, he tangata he rau nga wa atu tiketike-rere whakaaro taumauri, atu i whakaaro konei tīmata te kaituhi i te pukapuka Richarda Paypsa.

Afterword

I roto i te tini mahi Paipa momo katoa o faahitiraa me tohutoro, i kōrero Russian kua unu tauritetanga ki Western Europe. Ko haere i runga i te atu pānui, te atu te pātai whakatika: ahakoa kore e hanga i te kaituhi ngahau o tatou, hoatu enei tohutoro i roto i tenei horopaki? Ko te mana'o Ko e e tito nga tuhinga o fakato'u'osi kē ngā i roto i taua i te aroaro o te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, whakaaro i roto i philosopho Russian me kaituhi i roto i katoa o te kupu whakakino mo te momo o te whakaweti.

A, no te tai'oraa i te reira te mea e tenei Paipa rassmeotsya atamai i roto i te rarangi i muri, ka mea e ko te reira tawai ia, maere rite tuhituhia. Otiia e kore. haere tonu Paipa i runga, me te i runga i. A e kore te reira rorirori.