Kōwhiringa Mass i roto i te tipu tupuranga: Tauira

Tupuranga Ko te pūtaiao e whakaatu nga momo hou o ngā tipu, kararehe, microorganisms toka. Ko te paearu matua mō te kōwhiringa o te rauemi hou me te pai he kōwhiringa takitahi me te papatipu rite te tikanga kōwhiringa.

Ko te tikanga hua-tū crossover, me te irakētanga o ira tauira matua, me te ka whakamana kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai. ahu hou katoa, momo, taumahatanga, tangata-hanga, i etahi āhuatanga morphological me whaiaroaro. Ia momo urutau hoki ngā rohe makariri. tūemi hou katoa ahu takina, whakaritea ki ētahi atu momo i teihana motuhake.

tikanga tīpakonga tipu Mass

He kōwhiringa nui i roto i hua momo hou o ngā tipu tā ruingahae o te maha o ngā tipu. Nuinga o ngā wā, e whakamahia ana i tēnei tikanga i roto i te tupuranga o ngā momo hou o rai, te witi, putirā, witi. I whakaaturanga o enei kai, e tito momo hou o ngā māngai o te momo iraruakē me whai he tohuira ahurei.

He kōwhiringa nui i roto i te tupuranga whakarato momo hou ki ake huru maitatai. Heoi, whakaaro tenei tikanga te ki kia iu tika ki te tūponotanga nui o whiwhi i te hia ripeka-kikiritanga (ngārara, manu).

kōwhiringa Mass o ngā tipu - te whakamāramatanga o te rōpū o te tipu tauira, rite ki tahi i te tahi rite ki nga paearu whakapumautia. He tauira ko te tikanga o te hua i te whakatupuranga hou o te totokore. Ko te tikanga, whai wāhi te hanga o ngā momo hua-papatipu tikanga matomato he maha nui o kape ki te atu te aromātai o ratou whanaketanga me te tupu, mate ātete, pōrearea. arotakea hoki te taumata o ngā whakaritenga precocity, āhuarangi, hua. A, no te hua ngā momo hou o tutu'a rai tīpakohia anake aua tauira o ngā tipu i nga atu ātete ki ngā awe me ki te taringa nui ki te maha rawa o purapura. A, no te reseeding kotahi ano te rauemi hua kōwhiria momo anake e whakakitea tona taha pai. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei mahi whiwhi tatou i te momo hou, me ira rite. Ko te kōwhiringa nui tenei. rai tauira whakaatu tupuranga pehea kawea kōwhiringa te tipu.

He maha ngā painga, i roto i nei te matua ko te tapatahi, utu-huatanga me te kaha ki te whiwhi hohoro momo hou o ngā tipu kōwhiringa Mass. Ko te huakore ngā te ngoikore ki te tiki i te aromatawai taipitopito o te uri.

Ko te tōtika o te kōwhiringa papatipu

whaiaro-pollinated me ripeka-pollinated whakamahi kōwhiringa papatipu rite te tikanga whiriwhiri, no te mahi ki. Tei Ko tōna whai huatanga i runga i te ira, whakapapa, te uara tauira tīpakohia.

Ki te he kawenga mō te tohu he tohu tamau ira, te hua o te whiriwhiri ka kia tiketike.

A, no te poroa riro tipu āhuatanga minaminatia kōwhiringa te, tautapatia piha te he ingoa. I roto i te take o te mahi rawakore tonu ki te mahi i runga i te kōwhiringa. pumau reira rite te roa rite tutu'a kore e whiwhi i te hua e hiahiatia ana katoa i roto i ngā o te tukua, te rahi hua, ātete ki ngā āhuatanga kino, pests, mate. A ki te kōwhiringa nui o uri tīpakohia i mua te tahi mau taime rerekē i te muri, tangohia i to ratou mau metua i te mahi rawakore.

Hoki angitu tupuranga uara nui tauira. Ki te tangohia te rauemi e ki reiti iti, ka taea te tipu faaite mai korekore inbreeding, i hua i roto i loto iti.

he whai hua te nuinga kōwhiringa Mass ka ngā ki tikanga kōwhiringa atu. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te taha ki te hybridization, ngā tipu polyploid mā te hua.

hybridization

Ranu - tenei whakatupuranga whakato tuatahi kua nui haere nei oko ora me te hua teitei whakaritea ki te puka matua. whakamahi tonu o hybrids uri ira mātua tūturu ngaro.

kōwhiringa polyploid

E pā ana hoki tikanga polyploidy ki ranu. A, no te hanga momo hou, te whakamahi i tutu'a polyploidy, e arata'i ki te hua i roto i te rahi pūtau me te whakato whakareatanga pūira.

He tokomaha nui o te pūira faarahi te ātete o ngā tipu ki tini o nga mate, me te ngā āhuatanga kino. Ki te te pūira kino i roto i te tipu noho tonu te maha ētahi atu. tipu katoa whiwhi tikanga whiriwhiri polyploid whai oranga tonutanga pai.

Tauira kōwhiringa papatipu

Tauira o te faaineineraa o te kākano i te kōwhiringa papatipu he triticale. whiwhi ana tēnei tipu e whiti witi, me te rai. Te kōeke hou he huka nui parenga, ruggedness, me te ātete ki maha mate.

i whiwhi Russian witi mātauranga, me te wheatgrass momo tipu hou he ātete tiketike ki te tira. Heoi, e kore e tika mo te faaineineraa o te whakatō rauemi, pera i roto i to ratou genome te otaota tuatahi Kei pūira rerekē e kore whai wāhi i roto i te whāiti pūira. I roto i te atu rangahau, i whakaarohia ai ki te whawhati i te maha o etahi pūira. Ko te hua ko te amphidiploids mahi.

whakamana tutu'a hybridization i ki rarihi kāpeti. Ēnei tipu i te tau ōrite o pūira. Ko te hua whakamutunga e mau ana 18 pūira, engari ko reira hua. Muri rearua kua arahina te maha o ngā pūira ki te otaota production he 36 pūira me te hua. i tohu o te kāpeti me te rarihi te tinana hua.

Otiia i tetahi atu tauira ko te witi hybridization. ka te reira i te tipuna o hybrids heterosis. Kotinga taupū i ko te ahurea kākano i runga e toru tekau ōrau, atu i to ratou mau metua.

mutunga

Anake horoi e tīpakohia te tipu ka he raina hou. I roto i ngā whakaritea nga hybrids ngā angitu tino. kua oti te tuhituhi a whakamahia mō te hanga anō o kai ranu nga hua.

Ko te whanaketanga o ngā momo hou e he kōwhiringa papatipu anake, i hanga reira taea ki te whiwhi ngā momo nui-whai o witi, raihi, te witi, rai. Tauira o taua mahi he momo whakawhanakehia e te tutu'a Russian. crops reira "Saratov-29", "Saratov-36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Ko ratou ātete ki te whare tira, tata kino, e taea o te whakaputa tonu te kotinga i roto i tetahi tikanga makariri.