Kozlov Petr Kuzmich - kairangahau Russian Mongolia, China ko Tibet, he mema o te Game nui: biography, āhuatanga, tohu

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich (1863-1935) - haere Russian, kaihōpara o Ahia, tetahi o nga mema o te rangatira o te Game nui. Ko ia te mema hōnore o te Society Geographical Russian, mema o te Iukereiniana Academy o Pūtaiao me tetahi o nga ngā kaituhi tuatahi o te Przewalski. I teie mahana, titiro tatou ki te ora, me te mahi o tenei tangata faahiahia i roto i te taipitopito atu.

tamarikitanga

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, ngā meka i te ora e whakaaro tatou i teie nei, whanau Oketopa 15, 1863 i roto i te pa iti Dukhovshchina no ki te kawanatanga o Smolensk. Kei te tonu mahi whaea o te haere i mua nei i roto i te ahuwhenua. Ko tona papa he kaihokohoko iti. utu ngā mātua iti whakarongo ki nga tamariki, me te kore i tiaki e pā ana ki to ratou mātauranga. Katoa tau, peia te papa o Pita nga kararehe i te Ukraine mo te industrialist taonga. A, no te he iti pakeke a Pita, ka anga ia ki te haere ki tona papa. Pea ko reira i roto i enei haerenga, hinga ana te tamaiti i roto i te aroha ki te tuatahi haere roa.

Petr Ros tata ahakoa o te utuafare. Mai te wawe tau aroha tamaiti mahira te pukapuka. taea te pānui i Travel kōrero tamaiti roa ra katoa. I muri mai, ka rite ki te tangata rongonui, ka kia e takare ki kōrero e pā ana ki tona tamarikitanga, te āhua e tika ana ki te kore o ongo oraora Kozlov.

tamarikitanga

I tau 12, ka tonoa te tamaiti ki te kura-tau e wha. I puta ia i a ia i roto i te 16 tau, ka anga a Pita ki te mahi i roto i te tari o te waipiro, kei nei i 66 kiromita atu i tona pa. kore mahi i tuhia ai uninteresting i makona i te tangata taitama hihiri pākiki. tamata ia ki te whakaako ia tatou, ka faaoti ki te whakauru i roto i Institute o te Kaiwhakaako.

Taimi nounou i mua i tenei, ka anga ngā pūtahi pūtaiao, ratonga hapori matawhenua, me te matawhenua i roto i Ingarangi, Germany, France, Japan, me Haina ki te tūhura mātātoa Ahia. Taimi nounou whakahohea me te Society Geographical Russian, whakaturia i roto i te 1845. haere kēmu Big i riri hōia i roto i te iwi pūtaiao. Ahakoa i roto i te mau taime no te mahi Kozlov hoiho whangai i runga i nga wahi kai o Smolensk, ko kua tona teina Nikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski i te whārangi o niupepa me makasini. To'u Tupú anaanatae lau pūrongo ātahu, kairangahau haere me te maha mau tamaroa moemoea ki faahiti ana mahi. lau Kozlov e pā ana ki Przhevalsky ki ngā ngākau. Kua ue'i Tefito me ngā pukapuka reira aroha whaiāipo mo Ahia, me te tuakiri o te haere kitea e i roto i te whakaaro o Pita whakapakoko o patupaiarehe-korero hero. Heoi, ki te tūponotanga o te taitama tangata i te whakarau rite, whakanohoia ana ki oangé, he iti.

Taunga ki Przheval'skiy

Na roto i te aituā, kotahi tutaki Kozlov Petr Kuzmich tona whakapakoko. ¶ Na i roto i te raumati o te 1882 e tata Smolensk, i roto i te kainga o Sloboda, te wahi i muri ka haere mai te ope i muri ki te okioki i runga i tona wahi i te ikuna rongonui o Ahia. Te kitenga i te ahiahi i roto i te kari deliberating tamaiti, ua faaoti Nikolai Mikhailovich ki te ui ki a ia he aha i ia na ngākau nui ana. Tahuri a tawhio noa, me te kitenga i te tona whakapakoko, i hari Pita. Paku manawa, ka mea ia te pūtaiao ki tona pātai. Huri i te reira i roto i taua i whakaaro Kozlov e pā ana ki te mea kite ia te whetu i Tibet mea nui anaanaraa me e he reira pea ki te tupu ake kite i tenei tangata i roto i. ka mea te haere ake nei Przhevalsky ki taua pono, e kore i ara feaa ia, karangatia ana ia e hoki te uiuiraa.

Ahakoa te rerekētanga i roto i te tau, me te mana pāpori, i rawa tōna ngana ki nga taha. faaoti te pūtaiao ki te tango i tona hoa taitamariki he manakohia me te taahiraa i te taahiraa ki kawe ai ki te ao o te haere ngaio. I waenganui Kozlov ko Przheval'skiy pae hopea patua ake he te faahoaraa mau. Iteraa i tino hoatu a Pita ki te take, i oti rawa fakamātoato te pūtaiao ia, ka mau ia ki te fatongia ki te tango i te wahi kaha i roto i a te tangata taitama ora. I roto i te ngahuru 1882, Nikolai Mikhailovich tapaea hoa taitamariki ki te neke ia i te kāinga, me te e whakatere reira ako. Life i roto i te whakapakoko kikī whakaaro ki te moe Breakers o Kozlov. I haatihia ia i roto i te ātahu o nga kōrero whakaongaonga o te ora haereere noa, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te nui me te ataahua tūturu o Ahia. Na ka ka takoto a Pita e reira kia waiho he hoa Przewalski. Otiia tuatahi e hiahiatia ana e ia ki te tiki i te mātauranga tuarua tonu.

I roto i te Hānuere 1883 haere Kozlov Petr Kuzmich te whakamātautau mō te akoranga tonu o te kura tuarua. Na ka i ia ki te haere i roto i te whawhai. Ko te take i tangohia e Nikolai Mikhailovich te wahi o tona rōpū ope, te hunga anake e whai i te mātauranga hōia. I reira i ia e rave rahi take whāinga, nui i roto ia ratou - hiahia ki te pei i te whakaekenga patu o te Maori. I muri te taviniraa e toru nga marama, i haina a Pita Kuzmich i roto i te wha o nga ope Przewalski. Tenei kaupapa Ko te hero o to tatou arotake ka mahara mo te ora.

haerenga tuatahi

haerenga tuatahi o Kozlov i te ope Przewalski ka mau wahi i roto i te 1883. Ko tōna whakaaro, ko ki te tūhura i te Te Tai Tokerau Te Tai Rāwhiti Turkestan me Tibet. Tenei ope i hoki Kozlov mahi faahiahia. I raro i te arata'iraa o te kaitohutohu mātanga, me te kanohi ki ia ia ki tenei kairangahau. whai wāhi Tom ki te āhua nui o Central Asia me te whawhai ki numera pai ki te kāinga. Ko te haerenga tuatahi mo te haere tauhou, ahakoa tona anaanatae katoa, nui rawa taimaha. Nā ki kairangahau haumākū nui i te nuinga o te wa kia i roto i kakahu maku. Weapons Nireaha ki te waikura, taonga whaiaro hohoro whiwhi haukū me tipu i kohia mo te herbarium, ko reira tata e taea ki te maroke.

I roto i taua mau huru, ua haapii Pita Kuzmich ki kopere i te whenua ataata, whakatau i te tiketike, me te, tino nui, te kitea rangahau o te natura, e whai wāhi te kitea o ona āhuatanga matua. I tua atu, ka tutaki ia ki te whakahaere o te pakanga Expeditionary i roto i te āhuarangi kino. E ai ki te tangata haere, ka te ako o Central Ahia mo ia he marama ārahi, e whakatau i te akoranga katoa o te ora i muri mai.

ho'iraa

Hoki mai te kāinga i muri i te ope-tau 2, tonu Kozlov Petr Kuzmich ki te whakawhanake tere i roto i te aronga tīpakohia. E whakareitia ake ana e ia to ratou tohungatanga i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao māori, ka hia kē me te tātai arorangi. Tata i mua i te tuku i te ope i muri, i hanga Pita Kuzmich ki tetahi rangatira, puta i St Petersburg Military School.

Ko te ope tuarua

I roto i te hinga o 1888 ka haere a Kozlov i tona ara tuarua i raro i te arata'iraa o te Przewalski. Otiia i te timatanga o te haerenga, i Karakol Mountain, e tata ana te roto o Issyk-kul, ka nui hoki te mate i te kaihōpara nui NMPrzhevalsky ka mate tata muri. E ai ki te tono mate o te haere, a tanumia ia ki runga ki te taha o te roto o Issyk-kul.

anō te ope taua i roto i te ngahuru o te tau i muri mai. whakaritea tona matenga i Kānara M. V. Pevtsova. ka mau tura Last whakahau, ahakoa i mohio ia e whakakapi Przewalski kihai i taea ia i tino. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka whakaritea e te reira ki te whakapoto i te ara, taaotiaraa ia te ako o Hainamana Turkestan, Dzungaria me te wahi raki o te Tibet Plateau. Ahakoa te meka i tahuri curtailed te ope, te whakahaere nga kaiuru ki te kohikohi rauemi hītori, me te matawhenua whakaemi, he wahi taimaha o nei no Petru Kozlovu, Kei te nuinga mahi i roto i te ako o Te Tai Rāwhiti Turkestan.

Ko te toru o ope

Ko te haerenga muri ka mau Kozlov wahi i roto i te 1893. I tenei wa, whakahaua te pakanga rangahau i V. I. Roborovsky e mau i roto kotahi te mau ohipa o te kaiāwhina matua Przewalski. Ko te whāinga o tenei haerenga ko ki te tūhura i te kokonga-raki rawhiti o Tibet me te hiwi Nan Shan. I tenei haerenga, Pita Kuzmich hanga takitahi rūri i te taiao. I te tahi taime i ia ki te haere anake ki runga ki te 1000 kiromita. I te wa ano kohia e ia wahi te raiona o o nga kohikohinga Zoological o te ope. A, no te waenganui timata V. I. Roborovsky ki amuamu o te hauora, i whakaakona Kozlov ki ārahi te ope. Ia pai te tāia ki ki te mahi, a kawea ana te take ki te mutunga. E hoki te kāinga, te aroaro te kairangahau he pūrongo, ui nei te ki "te pūrongo kaiāwhina rangatira o te ope P. K. Kozlova."

ope motuhake Tuatahi

I roto i te 1899, i hanga te haere tona tuatahi i roto i te tūranga o te matenga o te ope. Ko te whāinga o te kaiuru i maheni ki Mongolia me Tibet. ka mau te hīkoi 18 iwi tae, o nei 4 anake kairangahau, te era atu katoa - te tira. tīmata te ara i te teihana poutāpeta Altai kei tata te rohe Mongolian reira. Na ka oma ia i roto i te Altai Mongolian, Central Gobi me kama - ngā wāhi tata unexplored taha ki te rawhiti o te Tibet Plateau.

Na roto i te rangahau i roto i te taha o runga o te awa Kōwhai, te Mekong me te Yangtze-Jiang, kua tamau fehangahangai mema o taua ki tutukitanga tūturu me Maori fakaaoao. Otiia, whakahaere ratou ki te kohikohi orographic ahurei, papawhenua, huarere, Zoological me ngā rauemi huaota. whakaheke hoki haere te marama i runga i te ora o nga iwi o Tibet Eastern iti-mohiotia.

Mongolia kairangahau Russian nei arahina te ope, fakatāutaha hanga he whakamārama taipitopito o te ngā taonga māori, tae atu e takoto ana i te teitei o 3200 mita, me te he paenga o 385 kiromita o Qinghai Lake; headwater Yalong awa me te Mekong, me te he rua o tupuke pūnaha Kunlun e i mua mohiotia ki pūtaiao. I tua atu, i hanga Kozlov tuhinga ngingila o te ora o te taupori me te ōhanga o Central Asia. I roto ia ratou tu i roto i te whakaahuatanga o te kawa Tsaidam Mongols.

Mai i te ope Mongolian-Tibet kawea Kozlov nui kohinga o me te ao kararehe o te wāhi uiui. I roto i te tere, kihai i tika i ia ki te mahi ki ngā rōpū patu o te iwi rohe, tae 300 iwi nei tau. Nā ki te meka i roa te pakanga tata e rua nga tau, i rongo ki a St Petersburg i e tona kore oti, me te mate. Otiia kihai i taea e tenei ārai Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Book "Mongolia ko Cam" me "Cam me te ara hoki," whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito tenei haere. Hoki te taua ope hua riro Kozlov he mētara koura o te Society Geographical Russian. Na ka Game Big tetahi kaiawhina kanapa.

Maori-Sichuan ope

I roto i te 1907, he mema hōnore o te Society Geographical Russian, haere ki tona haerenga tuarima. ka rere te ara i Kyakhta ki Ulan ofaaraa tenei wa, na nga rohe waenganui, me te tonga o Mongolia, Kukunor rohe me te, i te pae hopea, ki te raki o Sichuan. Te nuinga kitenga nui i te kitea i roto i te toenga Gobi koraha o te pa mate o Hara-Hoto, i hipokina nei ki te onepu. I roto i kitea te arearenga o te pa i roto i te whare pukapuka o ngā pukapuka e rua mano, ko hea te raiona o o i tuhituhia i roto i te āhua Si Xia, nei i muri tahuri atu ki te hei i te reo Tangut. I makehe tenei kitea, no te mea kahore atu whare taonga i roto i te ao e te taua kohinga nui o ngā pukapuka tungutskih. Kite i Hara-Hoto tākaro he wāhi hītori, me te ahurea nui, pera kauwhata whakaatu āhuatanga rerekē o te ora, me te ahurea o te tu o mua o Xi Xia.

ka huihui te mau melo o te ope whānui rauemi taketake o te iwi Mongolian me Tibet. Ngā aro utua ratou ki te tawhito Hainamana me te fifi Putihi. Hoki i kohia he rota o te rauemi Zoological me huaota. rangahau kitea Special ko te kohinga o woodcuts mō ngā pukapuka tā me ngā pikitia, i kua whakamahia hoki senituli te aroaro o te tā tuatahi i roto i Europe.

I tua atu, i kitea Hara-Hoto i kohinga anake o te ao o monipuka pepa XIII-XIV senituli. Hoki keria Hara-Hoto kawea mai he rota o katoa o itiiti, whika fifi me rau o whakapakoko Putihi i runga i te hiraka, rakau, pepa, me te kakahu. ka haere mai katoa o tenei i te Academy o Pūtaiao taonga me te Hiha Alexander III.

I muri i kite, me te whakamātautau tupato o te pa mate, tutaki mema o te ope ki te Qinghai Lake, a ka he wāhi iti-mohiotia o Amdo, kei roto i te piko o te awa o Kōwhai.

Mai i tenei haerenga, kua kawea mai kotahi ano kaihōpara Russian o Mongolia te kohinga taonga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe, i roto i nei nga momo hou, a tae noa puninga. Ko te hua o te haerenga faataa te pūtaiao i roto i tona pukapuka "Mongolia ko Amdo me pa mate o Hara-Hoto", whakaputaina anake i roto i te 1923.

tiaki Haumarutanga

I te tau 1910, ka whakawhiwhia te kaihōpara he mētara koura nui o te Ingarihi me te Society Geographical Italian. A, no te ka whai wāhi Russia i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau, faaite Kānara Kozlov he hiahia ki te uru atu nga rarangi o te ope. kihai ia a ka tonoa ki a Irkutsk tino haerenga ki ähua o nga kararehe mo te ope.

I te mutunga o te Oketopa Revolution, i te mutunga o 1917, Mongolia kairangahau, China ko Tibet, i taua wa ko kē nei he Meiha Tianara, Commander i Askania Nova Tauride kawanatanga. Ko te whakaaro o te haerenga - te whakatamarikitanga o mehua mo te tiaki o te rohe tiaki o steppe me Gdańsk Zoo. Tohu kahore pūngao, kua mahi i te pūtaiao taea nga mea katoa ki te tiaki i te tohu tūturu ahurei. I roto i te Oketopa 1918, korerotia ia ki te Minita o te Mātauranga e te Askania Nova, a ora noho tona whenua faufaa tonu. Hoki te tiaki atu o te rahui, ka ui ia ki kia whakawhitia ki te Academy o Pūtaiao o Ukraine, ka hoatu he faingamālie ki te riro 15-20 tūao. I roto i tenei take, tonoa Kozlov i raro i tona fatongia whaiaro 20 raiwhara, sabers me revolvers, rite pai rite te maha e hiahiatia o cartridges mo ratou. I te mutunga o 1918, i te wā tino uaua o te Pakanga Civil, whakawhetai ki te mau tautooraa o Meiha-Tianara Kozlov, i mahi i roto i te rāhui fatata e 500 te iwi.

Ko te ope hou

I roto i te 1922, ua faaoti te kaiārahi Soviet ki te whakarite i tētahi ope ki Central Asia, te wahi i whakaritea e ia upoko o te Kozlov Petr Kuzmich-tau 60-tau. Wife o haere - ornithologist Elizaveta tane tuatahi ko te kamupene i roto i te ope. Ahakoa tona tau, ki tonu i te pūngao me te oaoa ko te haere. I roto i te ono o tona ara, i roa i 1923 ki te 1926, te korenga i te kairangahau he wahi āhua iti o te raki Mongolia, me te takotoranga wai o runga o te awa Selenga.

Kia ano, kua riro te haere hua pūtaiao nui. I roto i te pūnaha Noin-ula, kitea e ia tetahi iti neke atu i te 200 urupā ka pau ratou karikari. Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, i reira he tanumanga Hun tau 2,000 ki muri. riro tenei kitea whaipara kua tetahi o te nui rawa o te rautau rua tekau. Pūtaiao tahi me ana hoa i kitea he rota o mea o te ahurea tawhito, i roto i nei e taea te whiwhi koe i te pikitia whānui o te ōhanga me te ora o nga mua i roto i te wā: II rau BC. e. - e ahau n c. e. I roto ia ratou, ko te kohinga whānui o te mahi toi o whariki me papanga Greco-Bactrian kingitanga, e te vai i te III rau BC. e. e II rau AD. e. i roto i te raki o reira-ra Iran, Afghanistan me te raki-uru India.

I te tihi o te maunga, Ikhe-Bodo, kei roto i te Mongolian Altai, i te teitei o 3000 mita, kitea tira he whare moengaroa Khan tahito.

Heoi, ko te kitea tino nui o te ono o nga ope Kozlov te kitea i roto i nga maunga o te rawhiti urupa Khangai 13 whakatupuranga o uri o Genghis Khan. riro ia te kaihōpara Pākehā tuatahi e tango te ariki o Tibet. ka Kozlov i ia he puka motuhake, hiahiatia nei te ki te whakaputa i kaitiaki toka tiaki nga huarahi ki te pane Tibet o Lhasa. Heoi, i haukotia e te Ingarangi te kătahi o pūtaiao Russian i Lhasa. Mema o te Game nui, Pyotr Kozlov me kihai i whiwhi ki tenei pa. i runga i te ono o nga pūrongo o te ope, whakaputaina ana e ia te pukapuka "Journey ki Mongolia. 1923-1926 "

atu mahi

I te whitu tekau tau e kore Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, te whakatuwheratanga o nei hoko mohiotia piki, i whakarerea i te moe o haerenga roa. I roto i ngā, te whakamahere ia ki te haere ki te roto o Issyk-kul, i roto i te tikanga ki te piko kotahi ano ki te urupa o tona ariki, a ka koa ki te ataahua o te rohe. Otiia ko e ono kairangahau te haere whakamutunga. I muri i mutu ia, noho ia he ora ata i roto i Leningrad me Kiev. Heoi, pau te nuinga o te wa ki tona wahine, i roto i te whare raau iti i roto i te kainga Strečno (50 km i Staraya Russa).

Nga wahi katoa noho haere, ia hohoro ka rongonui i roto i hoa taitamariki. Hei tuku i te iwi pākiki taitamariki ki to ratou wheako, whakaritea te kairangahau porowhita o Naturalists taitamariki, haere huri noa i te motu ki te hoatu kauwhau, whakaputaina ana i tuhituhi ai, me kōrero. i mohio te ao pūtaiao nei Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Opening i Eurasia hoatu ia āhukahuka i roto i tetahi porowhita. I te tau 1928, te Iukereiniana Academy o Sciences pōtitia ia he mema tonu. whakawhiwhia te Society Geographical Russian ia te Medal o N. M. Przhevalskogo. I roto i te kaihōpara o Central Asia o te XX pūtaiao Russian rau he wahi motuhake.

mate Kozlov Petr Kuzmich Mahuru 26, 1935 i sclerosis cardiac. I tanumia ia i te urupā Smolensk Lutheran.

taonga

I roto i te kororia huaina Kozlov Glacier Ridge Tabyn-Bogda Ola. I roto i te 1936, i homai i roto i te honore o te 100raa o te whanau o te ingoa o te haere Dukhovshchina wānanga kura i reira e tīmata aivanaa ki taa te ao. I te tau 1988, i roto i St Petersburg Apartment i whakatuwheratia Museum haere.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, he haurongo poto i puta mai ki te mutunga, e kore anake noho i roto i te tau o ngā āhuatanga nui, engari i hanga ano hoki te reira i te tangata i roto i. oti ia te Przheval'skiy whakakorenga tīmataria o "wahi ma" i runga i te mahere o Ahia. Otiia i te timatanga Kozlov, ko te ao katoa ki a ia.