Ko te Battle o te awa Shelon. Battle o shelon 1471

Hoki te tahi mau take e riro te reira e te auraa i rotopu i te rangatira o Russia whakanuia e te faatura te tahi, me te mahana. Ko ta tenei whakapae e te mau hītori nanakia: pakanga ā-iwi i tino noa, me te hiahia mō te rangatiratanga o te tahi mau rangatira awhinatia anake tenei. Ko te haamauraa pai o te pakanga o te awa Shelon.

Papamuri

ka mau te whawhai wahi i roto i te 1471, i runga i Hōngongoi 14. Ka rite ki te ingoa titau, ka mau te whawhai wahi i runga i te pareparenga o te awa Shelon (e pā ana ki te 30 km uru o te moana o Ilmen). ko ope o te rangatiratanga, Moscow me nga rōpū whawhai Novgorod Republic.

Ko te hui i roto i te pātai rā hoki ki te kaupapa o Ivan III, e faaoti ki kotahi me mo te katoa hoatu te mutunga ki te mana motuhake o Novgorod. Heoi, ko te take matua e kore i te reira noa e. Ko te take i mohio te iwi o Novgorod i te wa te vassalage o Duchy o Lithuania, arahina kaupapa kaikiri tonu ki te tahi atu rangatiratanga Russian. Ko te hītori o te rangatiratanga Moscow ko e tenei putanga ko pāhekeheke. Te nuinga pea, e tonu rite Ivan Iii ki te pehea e kōwae motuhake hira.

ngā mōhiohio taketake

I roto i te raumati o te 1471 i roto i te pakanga mahi rite nga tangata o e pā ana ki 10 mano marohirohi. whakahau ia e Prince DD Holm, e manaaki Ivan ki "whakamarie" o Novgorod. kihai i rite ki te whakamutunga i te kaupapa here o Pskovians ara motuhake, ano i tonoa ope ki te āwhina i Moscow retainers. Heoi, podsobit ratou hiahia tahunga pai taea Ivan pā te karere tata Moscow i tonoa te ope "mo te hara nui ki te Prince." Ki te whakakahore Pskov, e tonu ko ia i roto i te kino hoariri o te kingi Moscow fakatāutaha ki nga hopearaa katoa ...

E ai ki nga Chroniclers, ko te ope Novgorod wha nga wa te ope auau o Moscow, engari ngā nuinga o taua mea o te pa nuu faehau te ioka. ahu te reira D. Boretsky. i takoha Novgorodians ki hohoro ki te huinga o ngā hōia ki runga, ka rite ki a ratou ki te mahi hohoro ki te haukoti Pskov tumanako ki te hinga i te hoariri, me te tiaki i tona muri.

tuatahi farereiraa

A pera, i roto i te ata i runga i Hōngongoi 14, tenei kapa o "halophyte" ohorere tutaki Novgorod ki te iti (kaua e neke atu i te rima mano) Pskov wehe, haere ki uru atu ki te wahi matua o te ope ki runga. Ahakoa te waru-taiepa (!) Tuhinga o te hoariri, maia patua ia Kholmsk. Heoi, kihai i ia he wairangi: mo'oni kahakina ope rangatira Choice o te pai-whakangungua me patu vigilantes faehau o Novgorod, e kore nei te nuinga o i mohio me pehea ki te whawhai. Na (poto) ka mau te whawhai ki te awa Shelon.

Kei te riro te reira e tini te mate o te pāngia ki kaua e iti iho i te 12 mano. tangata, e rua mano tuku. Etahi i roto i te aitua whakamataku, rere ki roto ki te ngahere. whakaritea tenei hinga te mutunga o te rangatiratanga o Novgorod me tona topa ki te Lithuanians.

Ko te āhuatanga tōrangapū o taua wā

Heoi, ia Novgorod i te rau tau 15 he tawhiti i te i te pai o ngā wā. Mohio te whenei tukinotia a tae noa raro waenganui o te taupori, meinga ka kitea whakakeke ā. E kore taea te runga hapai i ratou i runga i to ratou ake, a i reira ka tomo ki te kawenata tinihanga ki te kingi Polish-Lithuanian, e tonoa hōia me ratou kawana i roto i Novgorod. riro ratou i te Casimir IV whakaritea Prince Michael Olelkovich. e kore tenei Muscovy i roto i te rau tau 15 i taea pea e muru.

Ko te kakau witi whakamutunga ko te meka e kore ara te whakarite o Metropolitan o Novgorod kī i Kiev. I te wa ano, ka anga ratou ki te whakatuwhera i ngā whiriwhiringa ki te Lithuanians me amo rapu herenga ona hoa i roto i te take o te whawhai ki a Ivan III. Ahakoa i roto i a ratou ano Novgorod ko meinga he tinihanga tuwhera o riri te tupuhi. Kia aroha mai, kihai i te kotahitanga o te "aho pokapū" i roto i te hoariri. City topa i roto i te riri tara, ko te tino ngoikore, me te pāhiwihiwi te nuu faehau Novgorod.

Ivan III i te tūranga o te faatupu hau

e kore kia whai whakaaro mai te reira i rite te nanakia toto Ivan. Ia toutou tamata ki te korerorero ki te Novgorod, te whakamahi i te mana o te hahi. Metropolitan tikanga katoa e tamata ki whakatupato i te pa tutu i te mahi mahi ki te "Latins", engari e kore e te angitu o ana kupu i. Ehara i Koinei, mauruuru te tahi atu rangatiratanga o Novgorod mahi rite te tinihanga o te whenua, me te whakapono.

I roto i te Maehe 1471, Mikhail Olelkovich waiho Novgorod, a haere ana ki a Kiev mō mau a'oraa. Ko Ivan III mate o te eia o Novgorod, na whakatau ia ki te karanga i te faitau ki te poka. I roto i te parau tumu, i mōhio o te whawhai haamouraa i kipakipa tōrangapū katoa, engari ko te reira mahara he tae fakalotu i ki hei te matua e herea te faaotiraa o nga rangatira katoa.

I roto i te puna timata ki te haere ki te taka mo te pakanga. I whakaritea te reira ki te kukume ki tona vyatchan taha, ustyuzhan, Pskov, a toe mateaki ki Moscow haurima o te taupori o Novgorod me ona wahi o waho ake. Tuatahi faaoti matou ki haaati i te pa, tapahia ana e ia atu i ngā ara hokohoko katoa hono tinihanga ki Lithuania. I roto i te parau tumu, e kore i te rongo pakanga Moscow-Novgorod (i korero tatou e pā ana ki te pakanga tonu), ko tenei wa i nui te rangatira.

mahere pakanga

Mai i te hauauru, me te rawhiti i haere mai e rua kapa kaha, a kua i te tonga i whakaritea ki te patu pakeke te ope, i ahu e ia, Ivan III. I roto i te Ustyug (Mei 1471) ka unga he karere, ko tona matua whāinga ko ki te kukume ki tona taha, me te vyatchan ustyuzhan. whakatōpū ratou te ope o Ivan tumanako ki te whakamahi mo te whakaeke ino e e e haaparuparu i te ope matua o Novgorod. muri tīrama te mahere. I riro te Battle o te awa Shelon.

ngā matua

ko tawhiti Sam hīkoi i tūpono whakaritea tiaki te reira i te wa i roto i te puna me te ngahuru ka nga repo a tawhio noa Novgorod mokemoke mo te nui ope, a i roto i te hotoke ki te whawhai utu rawa. Ko te rangi pai ki te ki tonu: i reira ko te wera whakamataku, nui o nga kakaho i maroke ake, a nui pāpaku te awa ano Shelon.

Whakahau te wehe o nga rangatira o Kholmsk me Fedor Davidovich Motley-Starodub. Hanga e te hōia i te timatanga o Pipiri. Brothers Ivan III, Prince Yuri ko Boris piri te whakatūturutanga muri. Kholmsk kapa hohoro i āraia atu a tino tahuna Staraya Russa. Na ka korero ia ki a Shelon te awa, me te i runga i ona pareparenga tatari mo te wahi matua tata o te ope. Ka rite ki te mea ratou ki nga Chroniclers o te wa, mercilessly kohurutia nga hoia, ka pahuatia noho o Moscow tukua te taha tutu.

Huarahi ki Novgorod

I roto i te waenganui-Hune, Prince Obolensky strigă-a Danyarov - haere mai i Moscow, a oho Vishny Volochek, pane awa Meta te awa, e ngana ana ki te tae Novgorod i te rawhiti - Tatar rangatira. oho te ope matua i Moscou tae noa te mutunga o Pipiri, i runga i te waewae e haere ana i roto i te Tver ko Torzhok, te wahi i piri ratou e taua o nga rangatira rohe.

Novgorod i taua wa ano kaha teuteu mo te whawhai. tangata e taea-marohirohi katoa ki te mohio te kaha rohe tonoa i roto i te nuu faehau. Ahakoa te maha nui o hoia haina ona ngā mema ki te whawhai ki a Moscow me ētahi atu pa Russian kore e haea. ko te tino iti huatanga whawhai, me te huru whānui, rite te Duchy Grand o Moscow i mohiotia rite te kaha rawa, ka whanaunga āwhina i nga amo, me Lithuanians, kihai i kotahi tino.

mahere Novgorod

e kua te tupono noa anake mo te iwi o Novgorod kua whakaeke tonu i runga i te ope o Ivan i te tikanga ki te āta akakoromaki ki te ope matua i roto i ngā wāhanga. tonoa tona kaieke Novgorod ki te rohe Pskov. Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, ko tenei ope ki te ārai i te hononga i Pskov ki te ope matua. I tonoa e te hōia i runga i taua i te awa Shelon i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea me te ki titaria te wehe o Prince Kholmsk.

whakahau Vasiliy Shuysky te terceiro Comando, e, mahi takitahi o nga ope matua, i "katoa o kākā ki te hanga." Heoi, i taka te mahere katoa i te tīmatanga, rite Novgorod mahi rawa maiorooro te. kua Muscovites he iti pai - ka puhoi rawa ki atu mahi ki takitahi. No te mea o tenei katoa, i te ropu pono anake i roto i aua wahi whakamatauria ki te ope o Prince Kholmsk. faaoti te putanga o tenei pakanga horihori katoa te wahi i te awa Shelon.

Tuhinga o mua

Tata te kainga faaoti Korostyn Novgorod ki te whakamahi i tētahi tūranga taratahi Kholmsk me whatiia reira. I wehea te ope ki e rua ngā rōpū: te eke hoiho i ki te patu i te taha matau, me te hoia whiwhi i tetahi mahi ki te patu i te muri o te Muscovites. E ano whakarapopototia ratou ake te ina tīmata ana whānui. mahi Militia sluggishly, ngaro, a ko te whawhai i runga i te awa Shelon ngaro roa ratou i te aroaro o tona timatanga tūturu.

I whakaritea Novgorod, he aha me pehea ratou mahi ohorere puta Holmogorski tata te kainga, patua te hōia hoariri. patua ope Novgorod i tino. Na ka haere te rangatira ki Staraya Russa, i timata kotahi ano ki titau i te ope matua. Kia ano tutaki ia ki a Novgorod, te ope auau nei whakarunga awa Poly. ka whakaekea ano rangatira hihiri me patua ano. Koinei, he kaieke hoiho whiriwhiri o Novgorod i roto i ngā pakanga e rua tino tautauā.

Na ka whakaritea reira hononga Novgorod ki te rangatiratanga Moscow.

Whanonga Ivan III

i mohio Holmogorski e tenei kaupapa, ara, ki te angitu, e taea kore haere mai ano he tangata mārō whakahi. pūrongo Chroniclers e ka tono tangata ia ki te kingi ki te pūrongo o whakaora, a kua rapu tohutohu i runga i te āhua o ki te puta. kihai i Ivan tiki riri (e kore e maere), a whakahau hono tonu te rangatira ki tona ope o Pskov.

Heoi, ko te rangatira, a ka matau ia e kua taea te mahi i mahi motuhake anō ratou utu rawa: Novgorod, me ona nanakia katoa manakohanga tōrangapū, whawhai tino whakaaro. i ngaro kē Kholmsk kapa neke atu i wha mano toa.

Ko te whakamārama te whawhai matua

hōia Kia i pakaru, ano deigned eke hoiho Republic ki puta i runga i nga pareparenga o te awa. haere ratou ki te whakatau i te taua Chelm katoa, neke ake Shelon. Na kua wehea hoariri anake te taha o te awa. ka Novgorod, i roto i ko te tae o ratou hanahana, te po. timata te ra i muri mai Shelonskoy tatauranga.

Mai i te tīmatanga o te ata, ka anga nga ope e rua ki te epaina pere me ngā matā puta noa te awa. faaoti ano Chelm i runga i te nekeneke ohorere. Hohoro whiti te awa, he iti, engari nui atu te riri reira, a patua kapa hoa Novgorod, i nei taua pēhanga hohoro ngaro katoa ratou mettle whawhai. I tenei wa, āta me Ngarokore whiti te toenga o nga hoia te awa, a tomo te whakawehi.

Ahakoa te ru tuatahi, ka anga Novgorod ki tino mate te whawhai, kia rite ki kahore ki te ngaro a ratou. patua Tatar kaieke wehe ratou taha, i muri i rere maha hoia. He aha te mea mīharo: ahakoa te whawhai, Novgorod, rite ki te pukapuka o to'utangatá, "rite te mekameka wahia iho." ka anga inarā ratou ki te whakatau i ngā kaute ki tetahi ki tetahi, hua i roto i tata te hawhe o nga boyars i patua e te patu i roto i te hoki.

hua

kihai i kawea mai e te wikitoria toa hōia anake, engari ohorere ano hoki. Otiia he rota atu ko Novgorod, ara i roto i te noa'tu o ratou ta'efā'ūtaha. ko o hiranga rautaki te wikitoria: te Chamber o Novgorod ohorere whakakitea mahara, ka whakaritea e ki te ui mo te mahi tohu i Ivan III, ki i mea te Duchy Grand o Moscow ae.

haere Muscovites ope i hoki Shelon wahi Pipiri 27 i ki te whakatau ki te karere, ahu e Metropolitan Theophanes. Oddly nui, engari i tino ngawari nga ngā o te kāti whawhai: tuatahi, Novgorod oati piri ki te kingi. Tuarua, utua ana e ia he herenga i roto i te nui o 16 mano moni Novgorod. Ka taea e tatou te mea e te mea i tupu i anake he whiunga fakahāhaa'i, i whakakitea boyars whakakake mana puta noa i Russia.

A i tenei wa ...

Ko te wehe te toru o Novgorod, arahina Shumsky, haere ki Ustyug. I runga i te putanga o te whawhai matua, kihai ratou i mohio ki tetahi mea. Boyars o Moscow, huihui i roto i te ope ringa o Ustyug ko Vyatichi, i ki te whakatau. tutaki matou nga hoia i runga i te awa o Dvina. Precast Muscovites wehe, arahina e Basil Tauira ope piri patua Shumsky. Ano tetahi mea Novgorod i āwhina Tōtoru ratou painga i tau, kia rite ki ko rawa iti te kaha whawhai whānui.

O te akoranga, Novgorod hono te rangatiratanga Moscow i e kore rawa tonu. Tenei tupu tau e whitu anake, engari e wikitoria kua radically ngaueue te mana o te wahi o te rangatira Novgorod, nei i tohungia rongo Ivan III. Holmogorski, nana nei i hoatu te ta'iri e whakaatu, faaite e whawhai ki te āhua, ko te tino mōrearea. Ko te kupu, ko te whawhai i runga i te awa o Shelon 1471 hoatu he wāhi ngako i roto i te hītori o te Novgorod motuhake.