Methods o anatomy tangata. Methods o ako o anatomy

Ko tētahi o te tahito tino me nui mo te iwi o Sciences he anatomy. A e kore e anake e e pā ana tika ki te tangata. Methods o ako tipu anatomy, e whakaaetia ana hoki kararehe ki te matau nui o te ao i roto i te pūrere.

Ngā mihi ki tenei pūtaiao me tona whanaketanga, whakapai ake i runga i te wā, i taea ki te pehea e maha mate iwi, kua ako ki te whakaora ia ratou i te mau ati mōhio o te hiranga o te tiaki mo te tiaki o ratou hauora. Na reira, ngā tikanga o te anatomy, whaiaroaro, me te akuaku - ko te matua ki he mahara ki nga tukanga i roto i te tinana, tona hanganga ā-, kahore nei e kore e taea ki te pai whakaawe me te whakahaere i te hauora, te tiaki i te reira.

Anatomy: ariā whānui, te ahanoa o ako

He aha te mea te anatomy rite te pūtaiao? Ko te ako e no ni'ai te te ako o te hanganga waho, me te ā o kaiao. tikanga rerekē tukua te anatomy ki matau i te whai.

1. Kia pehea te e Kei whēkau i roto i te tinana o te rauropi.
2. Kia pehea te taunekeneke ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi, he aha tahoê ratou me te mea ko ratou auraa mo te oranga katoa rite te katoa.
3. He aha e ratou hanganga roto, o waho, tae noa mikroultrastruktur.
4. He aha kia te okana noa, a pehea huri ratou i roto i mate, peu kino, awenga waho, me te ā o ngā momo.
5. He aha ngā tukanga Ko te pūtake o te ora, me te whakawhetai ki ai pūnaha me whēkau o ngā pūnaha ora i reira.

O te akoranga, kua kore tetahi anake ako i te tinana o te mua. He he he whānui katoa o sciences e pā ana, e tahi hanga reira taea ki te whiwhi mōhiohio oti. Tūmahi tinana me te whaiaroaro tika kohuatia iho ki, ki te awhi i te whānuitanga katoa o te matauranga e pā ana ki te ora, e pā ana ki tona hanganga me te mahi, me te ki te matau i te tukanga hinengaro me psychosomatic i roto i te CNS tangata.

Ko te ahanoa ko ki ako i te tinana o te māngai ngā o te kararehe. Ka taea e kia tenei:

• iwi;
• kararehe;
• tipu;
• huakita;
• harore.

Ka aparau i tatou whakaaro atu taipitopito ko te oranga pērā i te tangata, i roto i ngā o te ako whakaritea.

Tūmahi o anatomy rite te pūtaiao

He maha ngā mahi taketake whakamana e te ako.

1. Hono ako e kore anake te hanganga roto, o waho o ia rauropi, engari pā ana hoki te tukanga tupu i roto i taua mea ki te tau me ngā rerekētanga o mua i roto i te wa.
2. Hono ako phylogeny, ontogeny me anthropogeny tona ahanoa.
3. Whakaaro te hononga i waenganui i te hanganga me te mahi o whēkau me ngā pūnaha tūhonohono.
4. E horo'a te reira i te tata o te āhua whānui o te rauropi, tona kaupapa, wahi te tinana, i nga okana.

Ko te kupu, ko te raruraru o te anatomy tangata i roto i te ki tonu i ngā o te matauranga e tika ana. Hei whakaoti i te raruraru kī, pera i roto i te tahi atu mau ihi katoa, i te aroaro o tatou i te ako ano hoki kua ona ngaro. Methods o ako e tino kanorau o anatomy, a ka hanga e ratou i roto i te wa roa. I fakahā te kōwhiringa i nga hiahia o te matauranga o tikanga hohonu o te tinana tangata.

whakarōpū

He maha ngā wāhanga matua, i he wahi o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai.

1. anatomy Pūnoa.
2. Pathological.
3. Tauritenga.
4. Te matawhenua.

Ia o ratou kua ona ake tikanga mo te ako o te anatomy, me te whānui, i nei tirohia te ngā tawhā. Tahi, whakarato enei papaki te whakamārama tonu o te hanganga o te ahanoa o ako, me te tona mahi me te whanaketanga i runga i te wā.

Methods o ako anatomy

He he momo o kōwhiringa rerekē mō te rangahau i roto i te mara o te anatomy, whaiaroaro, me pūtaiao e hāngai ana. I muri i te katoa, i kaha ki te titiro ki te rire o te ngako, kite me te tūhura i te microstructure o te rauropi te tangata. Ko te tikanga tino nui mō te ako i te tinana o te whai.

1. Werohia.
2. tikanga waikura.
3. tikanga māramatanga.
4. anatomy Ice, ranei tapahia tinana to'eto'e.
5. tikanga Vorobyova, he moroiti-macroscopic ranei.
6. Radiography.
7. tomography computed.

Ia o enei ngā he maha o mohio atu me te wāhi o ngā tukanga whakamātautau. Tahi, katoa o enei tikanga o te anatomy, me te hoatu i te hua e whai tākuta, anatomists, physiologists me ētahi atu pūtaiao i roto i te mara o te rangahau tangata. A feruri i teie ara ki te ako anatomy i taipitopito.

Ko te tikanga o te werohia-waikura

Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei tikanga anatomy. Methods o ako o tangata, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakataki ki ara nga ngā capillary thinnest solidifying motuhake ranei matū tae e tukua kanohi tahanga ki te whakaaro i te pūnaha o te toto, me te oko lymphatic. A, no te kia tenei taonga o te natura rerekē, hei tauira:

• gypsum;
• gelatin;
• ware pi;
• kaihokohoko nau;
• celluloid me ētahi atu.

Nuinga o ngā wā, te papatipu o te peita i roto i ngā tae rerekē, me te whiwhi i te whakapakoko tinana tika i roto. Na roto i tenei whakaako he wātea he pikitia, e whakaatu ana i te tikanga o te ngā i waenganui ia ratou o etahi oko toto me tōiti.

Hoki, ki te tinana e tika ana taua tikanga rite werohia, e taea te hoatu he rauemi mō te tinana moulage tika. Hoki tenei papatipu curable tae te whakaurua ki roto ki te oko, me te e whakapakeketia. Na ka tono te taonga etahi taea o whakangaro kiko ora a tawhio noa, engari e kore e awe i runga i te taimaha o te taonga faaterehia (hei tauira, te waikawa kaha kawakore ranei). Heoi i reira he tinana tareka, mahue anake tona mana'o o matou he nui rawa o te tika i roto i te whakaata o tona hanganga ā-.

I tua atu ki te fakamamafa'i waikura i raro i te mahi o hāora kaha, kei te maha whakamahia me ētahi atu matū i he nehenehe o te bleaching o ngā whēkau. Ēnei matū ngā:

• nonireka;
• benzene;
• hinu rau hita;
• benzyl benzoate;
• izozafrol me ētahi atu.

Ko, te kikokiko a tawhio noa te papatipu o te whakaurua tika hei mārama, nui atu mama. Reira whakarato hoki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga me te mahi o te oko.

whakaaro Werohanga te tetahi o nga tikanga tika tino o anatomy. Kei te tino nuitia tono te reira i roto i te taha ki te tukatuka atu. Ko te kupu, ka kore he papatipu faaterehia kama transmissive, te tinana kia whakawakia ki te whakamahi i atu Radiography. Na te tiki i te whakapakoko tinana-kounga tiketike, whakaturia ona tapatahi, i te hononga ki ētahi atu hinonga.

I muri i werohia puta ina hiahiatia ki te whakauru i te taonga puai whakangaro ora take kiko te waikura huri noa te taimaha waihanga tio ahei. meatia tenei e mo te hanganga o te tauira kounga tinana. Tenei ara ka taea e koe te tango i te tinana o te tauira o te wahi o mua o te tinana, me te whakapakoko ka hei te kiko tino ka whakawhiti ki te fakaikiiki e me'a kotoa.

tikanga Werohanga-waikura o te anatomy tangata i te tuatahi e whakamahia ana e te pūtaiao F. Ruysch. I roto i Russia, timata anatomists ki te whakamahi i tenei tikanga i muri mai. I roto i te ingoa rohe tino rongonui e kua whakaturia i roto i te neke me te whanaketanga o tenei rohe, tangi te whai ake:

• P. F. Lesgaft;
• V. M. Shumlyansky;
• IV Buyalsky.

tīmata mau faaineineraa ratou mau tautooraa, e tonu te whakamahia rite hua mātauranga, me te pūtaiao, me te penapena i roto i te whare taonga kikokiko.

Tūmahi tinana me ngā tikanga e tata ti'aturi ia atu. I muri i te katoa, he aha te e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio, whakatau nga ara o te whakatutuki i tēnei. Titiro ki nga okana katoa, kia kite i te aha ratou āhuatanga morphological me matawhenua, te tāutu he kohinga kaha ki ētahi atu wāhanga o te tinana - ko tetahi o nga mahi o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai i tēnei.

tikanga ha'iriiri taea ki te whakaoti i te reira tino pai te. Ko taea ki te whiwhi tauira tika e whakaata i te hanganga:

• whekau tuwhera (ngakau, ventricles o te roro);
• whēkau parenchymal (whatukuhu, ate);
• me iaia tonotono hongere microcircular;
• prostate.

O te faufaa ngā ko ko te kătahi i roto i nga oko toto me tōiti, rite te whakamahi i ētahi atu tikanga e taea. I tēnei wā, ka anga te rauemi tino rongonui mō werohanga silicone, e whakapakeke hoki te wa roa, engari he reira iti paitini atu nga ētahi atu, me te kore e holomui. Ko te kupu kitea reira te hanganga e kore anake, engari i te korenga i hoki te rahi tūturu o te okana.

tikanga māramatanga

Tenei Ko tetahi o nga ara tino ngā ki te ako anatomy. Ko tōna ngako ko e whai ake. Ko te tinana te tinana ranei wahi moe rongoā waikawa motuhake e tukua ki reira here wai, me te pupuhi, te riroraa i te puranga tiēre-rite. I roto i tenei take, te taupū hakoko o te tinana whakarewa me te marama e rite ki tetahi ki tetahi wahi o te tinana, riro mārama.

Ko te kupu, he whakapakoko-kounga teitei o te taiao ā-roto i te kiko mārama, kahore whakangaro reira, pērā i, mo te tauira, ka tukanga ha'iriiri. Nuinga o ngā wā, e whakamahia ana i tēnei tikanga i roto i te ako o te pūnaha io, ona wahi, i nga okana.

E taea ai e koe te kite, me te tautuhi i te ara rite ki te ako?

1. Ko te mātauranga mahere whenua o te wāhi o whēkau i roto i te tinana.
2. āhuatanga Anatomic o te tinana katoa ona wahi ranei.
3. Whanaungatanga whēkau i roto i te tinana.

Oia mau, He painga tenei tikanga i runga i te tikanga kōrero i mua o te waikura.

anatomy tio

Tūmahi o anatomy, me te whaiaroaro tangata e heke ki te ako taipitopito o kore anake te hanganga, wāhi, engari ano hoki te mahi o te tinana, me te tinana kia rite ki te katoa. Me whiwhi tēnei whiwhi taua whakapakoko te hanga i tētahi tauira e e whakaata tino te whanonga pono o te tinana i roto i te rauropi ora ranei.

Otiia e kore e taea te kaupapa o te tangata ora kia he rangahau kikokiko oti. Mahi i nga wa katoa i nga tupapaku. pēhanga kōhauhau, deformation mīhini me te tahi atu āhuatanga arahina ki te huringa i roto i te tūranga tinana i muri i te tūpāpaku, ki ona huringa morphological me whaiaroaro. Na reira, hoki te wa roa e kore ia e taea te ki te tiki i te pikitia pono.

I faatiti'aifarohia tenei raruraru e academician NI Pirogov. te whakaaro ia he tikanga o te tapahi tinana to'eto'e. Hoki tenei tupapaku o te tangata i whakaritea i mua, tukatuka, me te kaha to'eto'e. A meatia tenei te rite wawe tonu i muri i te mate, kia e kore, kua ngaro te tinana tona mahere whenua ora o whēkau.

I muri i tenei tikanga, te tinana haupapa - he rauemi pai mō te mahi. Ka taea e hanga e koe haea i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē wahi katoa o te tinana, me te whiwhi i te tika tino whakapakoko tūturu. Tenei tikanga o te rangahau kei te tawhiti i whakanuia te pokanga.

i whakaarohia te whakairo tio pera-ka karanga e te taua pūtaiao. Te hanga i te reira kei ki paparanga ki te tinana kaha whakatotoka ki te tango arai, me te waiwai te kopa ki runga ki te mana e tika ana. Ko te kupu, Kei te whiwhi he whai kiko whakapakoko e toru-ahu, i runga i te pūtake o e taea te tahi whakawa e pā ana ki te mahere whenua, whakaritenga tahi me te ngatahi o nga wahi katoa o te tinana.

Radiography me tomography

Ko te tikanga tino hou o rangahau te anatomy e pā ana ki te whakamahi o te rorohiko me te hangarau hiko, me te āta hāngai i runga i te whakamahi o te radiation hiko. Ko te nui tino o enei ko:

• atahanga (hāngai autō, rorohiko);
• Radiography.

Tomography Ko te ara hou, tino whakakapi te tikanga o Pirogov. Ngā mihi ki te hāngai autō X-hihi ranei he taea ki te whiwhi image toru-ahu o tetahi okana o te tangata, he i roto i te āhua ora. Ko te whakawhetai ki tenei tikanga hou whakakorea te hiahia ki te kawe i roto i rangahau i runga i cadavers.

tomography computed Ko te whakamahi o te X-hihi. Tikanga whakaaro i roto i 1972 e pūtaiao American, hoki i i whakawhiwhia e ratou te Nobel. Ko te rārangi raro ko te kaha te tuku o te kopa ki te X-hihi. Mai rerekē ratou i roto i te mātotoru, a kahore he te absorption ki te whānuitanga taua. Ko te kupu riro te reira taea tāpae he ako taipitopito o te roto o te tinana.

Kei te utaina te raraunga whiwhi ki te rorohiko, te wahi e ratou tātaitanga tukatuka rawa matatini i runga i nga inenga, ka puta te hua e. E hiahiatia ana taua rangahau mo nga tohu hauora e whai ake nei:

• te aroaro o ngā whakahaere;
• i roto i te whētuki nui;
• toto i roto i te roro ;
• pūkahukahu mate pukupuku;
• kaihapai;
• whanoke aita e;
• kino ki oko toto me okana;
• poka, me te tahi atu ngā tukanga.

hāngai atahanga te kōwarotanga autō te i runga i te tukunga o ngaru hiko motuhake i roto i te papa autō tamau. A, no te meinga tenei te excitation o karihi o ngota, whanganga ratou whakautu hiko te ka, e hāngai ana i runga i tohu whakatau. Ki tenei tikanga o te tūhura i te roro, tuarā, oko, me te tahi atu hanganga.

tikanga Radiographic anatomy i runga i te whakamahi o te kama he uruhanga taurite mō te kopa rerekē. A, no te tuhia tenei kurupae kitea te i runga i te pepa motuhake kiriata ranei, na reira kua taea e te hunga whakapakoko okana hiahiatia. Kei te tūhura taua tikanga:

• tuarā;
• whekau puku;
• marama;
• oko;
• kōhiwi;
• mate neoplastic;
• niho;
• u, me te tahi atu wahi o te tinana.

He ao mō taata ora katoa whakaaro tikanga hou o te anatomy tangata me te whakamahia hoki i roto i te rongoā kararehe. Heoi, ia o ratou i reira he he maha o contraindications, e kua faataa e te āhuatanga takitahi o ia mea, ona mate me te hauora whānui.

anatomy mehameha

kia ana te kaupapa o te anatomy, me ngā tikanga ki ia atu rawa feongoongoi, kia e taea iwi farii i te hua tino pono. Na reira, tata katoa wāhanga anatomy he ona huinga ake o ara motuhake ki te ako tangata.

Ko te kupu, anatomy pathological - ko reira he ako e he taea ki te tautuhi me te tūhura, ki te kitea ara o tohe pathologies, mate noa i te taumata moroiti, arā, i te wā o te whanaketanga pūtau. kua tēnei pūtaiao taua kua te take o te mate. Hoki te rangahau i roto i te mara o microstructures - pūtau, te kopa, me ngā huringa intracellular whakamahia tikanga rerekē o te anatomy pathological.

Ēnei ngā nga momo e whai ake nei.

1. Tūpāpaku - i roto i te kupu atu ko reira he tūpāpaku o te tinana i muri i te mate ki te whakatau i tona take. hua te reira i ona rata-kairangahau mate. e ia tauira i te kawea te tinana o te rangahau i roto i roto i te taiwhanga. whakaaro i tuhituhia i runga i te pūtake o te mate, me te o ngā rerekētanga morphological i runga i te pūtake o ngā raraunga whiwhi te tākuta nei i taea ki te whakatika. Nuinga o ngā wā, hāngai tenei whakawa ki te haumanu, e e te tākuta i tiaki. Heoi, e tupu rerekētanga, kei te whakaaro te reira mo nga amuiraa kikokiko, me te hauora whānui.
2. Unuhanga. Ēnei tikanga ngā rangahau faaite o tauira ora i te tangata me te rauemi i te tīpako o whekau (poka). Rerekē te tikanga o mua e takoto reira i roto i te meka i kawea rangahau i roto i runga i te pūtake o te rauropi ora.
3. Immunohistochemistry Ko te ako o te tukanga whakakaupapa i roto i te pūtau, tona hanganga pūmua, mema o te momo ngā kiko. He tino nui mō te tātaritanga hou o te mate pukupuku enei tikanga.
4. Irahiko Microscopy - te whakamahi o te taputapu he taumira teitei rawa, e taea ai e koe te tūhura noa ultramikrostruktury tetahi okana me ngā pūtau.
5. I roto i te situ hybridization. hāngai ana tēnei tikanga i runga i te mahi ki te rapunga o waikawa karihi. I roto i tenei ara whiwhi mōhiohio kei runga i te tukanga pathological e kua huna moe ranei. Pāngia ki kakā, AIDS, herpes me ētahi atu mau ma'i.

Tairanga, Ko te tino nui mo te whanaketanga o te matauranga hauora e pā ana ki te hanganga me te whanaketanga o te tangata te raraunga o te anatomy pathological.

CNS anatomy

Tūmahi CNS anatomy heke ki te ako tonu i, me te tino o te hanganga o ngā pūtau io, te kopa, whēkau me ngā pūnaha i roto i te whānui. Ko e kore anake hītori, engari ano hoki te whanaketanga takitahi o te pūnaha io ki tau e ako hoki. i titiro te reira i te roro rite he tïpako mo te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi hinengaro katoa.

Mai He tino nui nga take katoa e pā ana ki te hanganga me te mahi o te pūnaha, me te rapu utu whakaaro taipitopito, te pūnaha io pokapū me ngā tikanga o te anatomy he tino matatini, me te motuhake ano a reira. E rua ara o te rangahau i roto i tenei rohe.

1. Mōkitokito. E hāngai ana ratou i runga i te whakamahi o te taputapu motuhake ki te riro maha nga wa whakanuia image o te okana (wahi ranei ona). Ko te kupu, ko te Microscopy taratahi whatu - ako o poro kiko manavasii, e - te ako o ngā hanganga pūtau, rāpoi, matū e hanga te ao waho o te ahanoa.
2. Macroscopic. He Kua tāutuhia te maha o te ora, me ngā kōwhiringa poslesmertnyh rangahau. Hoki i roto i tona ora ko:

• X-hihi;
• tomography computed;
• hāngai autō;
• positron tukunga;
• electroencephalography.

Na roto i te poslesmertnym tikanga ngā pērā i:

• anatomy;
• werohia me te waikura;
• Radiography.

Katoa o enei ara o ako te anatomy o te pūnaha io pokapū Kua kōrero i runga ake. Mai i matatau motuhake mō tenei pūnaha ngā ko te kite (electroencephalography) me positron tukunga tomography. hāngai ana te tuatahi i runga i rēhita ki te awhina o koiora encephalograph motuhake o ngā pūtau roro (alpha me beta ungeri), e hāngai ana i runga i nei te mutunga e te mahi, me te maha o ngā pūtau ora. He ako i te uhi roro tonu i runga i te tangata ora. I roto i te whānui, i te tikanga e haumaru maitai, Heoi, i reira e te tahi mau contraindications.