Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: haurongo me mahi

Nikolai Karamzin, tona haurongo haamata Hakihea 1, 1766, i whanau i roto i Simbirsk kawanatanga i roto i te utuafare pai rawakore o ngā mātua mātauranga, me te marama. Te mātauranga tuatahi i roto i te kura tūmataiti Ahorangi Shadena. I muri i taua, rite maha atu te iwi taitamariki fakamāmaní, ka haere ia ki te mahi i roto i nga tiaki, i whakaaro tetahi o te pai.

Ko reira i tenei wa, Nikolai Karamzin, he haurongo poto aroaro nei i roto i tenei pepa mo te wa tuatahi mārama mōhio o te hiahia o to ratou ake ara, rerekē i te mau: he mahi angitu, mana pāpori, te ana'iraa me te honore. kihai i tenei katoa kukume te kaituhi heke mai. I muri te taviniraa i roto i te ope iti iho i te i te tau, ko ia i roto i te ana'iraa iti o te rūtene i 1784, rihaina ia, ka hoki ki tona Simbirsk taketake.

Life i roto i te Simbirsk porowini

Waho i ora ai Karamzin whakahaere, whakamararatia ora o te tangata, kanapa tonu peu tāone me tikanga nui e ki te kotiro. Nikolai Mikhailovich potae huatau, e matakitaki ana ratou ahua, te tākaro kāri. I te pōro porowini ko ia Kotaro tupato, me te ngingila. Ko tenei katoa - anake nga faaiteraa waho o tona huru.

I tenei wa, Karamzin, tona haurongo he taonga i roto i hohoko rawa ohorere o ngā, me tino whakaaro e pā ana ki to ratou wahi i roto i te ora, na ô te rota, tutaki iwi ngā. Kua riro ia kē te mātauranga pai, engari tonu ki te whanake i te whiwhi mātauranga hou i roto i ngā mara. Te nuinga Karamzin hiahia i roto i te aamu, tuhinga, me te rapunga whakaaro.

hoa Family Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason me te kaituhi, i tū i roto i te auhoaraa nui ki Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (nei i hoki he Mason, he kairīpoata pūmanawa, pukapuka kaiwhakaputa me te satirist), Whakatangi noa ia he tūranga i roto i te ora o te kaituhi. I tona mana'o tauturu, oho Nikolai Mikhailovich ki Moscow, a tutaki ki te porohita o Novikov. Ko te kupu ka timata i te wā hou i roto i tona ora, te uhi i te wā i 1785 ki te 1789 tau. Kia mea a te torutoru nga kupu e pā ana ki reira motuhake.

Taunga ki te kaimahi kohatu

Ko te-tau e wha whakapā ki te porohita o kaimahi kohatu tino ke te ara Karamzin, tona ora, me te whakaaro. Kia mōhio e kore e matau ano tino te hītori o Freemasonry i Russia. Kua roa kua whakaaro te reira i te pūtaiao rite tino reactionary. Heoi, i roto i nga tau tata nei, ko te ahua rerekē te wāhi o te tirohanga i runga i tenei kaupapa.

ruma Masonic He porowhita motuhake morare, me te karakia, e hāngai ana hoki te wa tuatahi i roto i Ingarangi i roto i te rau tau tekau ma waru, a muri i roto i te tahi atu āhua, tae atu i to tatou whenua. Ko te pūtake o te Code, i whakaaetia nga kaimahi kohatu, ko te hiahia o te tino i te pae varua o te tangata. Ko ratou tona hōtaka tōrangapū, e pā ana te nuinga ki te karakia, me te morare. Kua hoki nga mahi o Freemasons kua āhuatanga e te tikanga tapere, ngaro, jousting me ētahi atu tikanga, he 'uhinga pūngāwerewere. ki tonu o-hinengaro me varua ko ia, āhuatanga e te mau parau tumu morare teitei, me te kaumatua. puritia nga kaimahi kohatu motu. E taua te whakaahuatia i roto i te huru whānui karapotia mai Karamzin. ka anga ia ki te kōrero ki te iwi ngā: Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (kite whakaahua i raro nei) ko Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. hoatu te pānga o taua tuakiri rawa he hiringa kaha ki te whanaketanga taranata tuhituhi o me tona auaha whaiaro faaotiraa-.

whakawhiti Tuatahi Karamzin ki pakimaero Russian, ka timata i muri ki te tuhituhi mo te moheni "pānui o ngā tamariki", ko te kaiwhakaputa o e Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, mahi tųpuna, tuatahi tona. Ko reira i roto i tenei wā e ko ia mohio tona taranata rite te kaituhi o.

Otiia i konei mutu te wā o te faaotiraa-whaiaro, me ki reira te wā Masonic o te ora o te kaituhi taitamariki. ka tata ki a ia nga papa Masonic ruma, e hiahia ana ia ki te mohio te ora i roto i tona momonatanga, tona kanorau me te kanorau. I roto i te tikanga ki te riro i te kaituhi ngaio, e hiahia ana koe ki te wheako ringa tuatahi ona taha pai, me te kino. Na reira, whakaaro Karamzin, tona haurongo i roto i te anga o tenei whakaputanga, mahue nga kaimahi kohatu, me te Ka whakaaro i runga i te haere.

Haere i roto i Europe

Ki te mahi i tenei, whakatakotoria Nikolai Mikhailovich tona taluk ka faaoti ki te noho i te moni katoa i runga i te haerenga ki Europa, ka ki whakaahua reira. Ko reira he taahiraa rawa maia me te rerekē hoki te wa. I muri i te katoa, no te Karamzin auraa reira hoatu ake te ora i runga i nga hua o nga whenua tuku, me te tautoko ia ratou i te mahi o mua. Na a Nikolai Mikhailovich ki te whiwhi i te ora i to ratou ake kaituhi ngaio mahi.

Abroad, pau ia e pā ana ki te tau me te hawhe, kua haere ki Switzerland, Germany, Ingarangi me France. Karamzin, tona haurongo e whakaahuatia i roto i tenei tuhinga, kia mohio hoki ki te iwi ngā, me te rongonui o enei whenua, e kore mana'o rite te porowini, e tohu toku whenua, he tika rawa. ata tirohia ia, whakarongo ki, me te tuhia. ngā Nikolai Mikhailovich kāinga o te iwi, ngā wāhi hītori, wheketere, whare wänanga, taiopenga huarahi, wharekai, marena rustic.

Ko ia ki te arotake me te whakarite i te pūāhua, me ngā tikanga o te iwi ngā, ako nga āhuatanga o te kupu, i tuhituhi i roto i ona scenes pukapuka whakaahua ara, puritia te lekooti o nga uiuinga rerekē me ratou ake whakaaro huritao. I roto i te hinga o 1790 ka hoki Karamzin ki Russia, a ka anga ki te whakaputa i te "Moscow Journal", e e nga tuhinga, kōrero, rotarota. He i tāngia, me te rongonui "Letters o te Haere Russian", ka kawea ia rongo nui, "Poor Liza".

Ko te whakaputanga o almanacs

Neke atu i te nga tau i muri torutoru, whakaputa Nikolai Mikhailovich tāia e, i roto i nei ko he anthology toru-rōrahi "Aoide", tuhituhia i roto i te irava, me te he kohinga o "aku trifles", e ngā te momo o ngā kōrero, me te rotarota. Ki Karamzin mai rongo. Kei te mohiotia e ia, a aroha i roto i te whakapaipai e rua (Moscow me St. Petersburg) kore anake, engari puta noa i Russia.

Ko te pūrākau hītori "marfă Posadnitsa"

Ko tētahi o nga mahi tuatahi o Karamzin, tuhituhia i roto i te tuhi, kua whakaputaina i roto i te 1803. "marfă Posadnitsa" (he momo - pukapuka hītori). I tuhituhi roa i mua i te weriweri mo te pūrākau tīmata Valtera Skotta i Russia. I roto i tenei kōrero Karamzin attraction kitea ki onamata, Talafungani rite te pai roaahia'tu o morare, whakaritea te rite wawe rite waenganui nga 1790 i roto i Utopia "te ora o Athens."

I roto i te hautoa, kua aroaro te ahua tawhito o te pakanga o Novgorod ko Moscow i tona mahi, Nikolai Karamzin. "Wife o Kawana" whakaara ake pātai taumauri nui: e pā ana ki te arikitanga me te käwanatanga, te iwi, me nga rangatira o "fakalangi" e tomu'a hītori me te tutu o te tangata takitahi ki a ia. i mārama te here o te kaituhi i runga i te taha o nga Novgorodians ko Mata, a kihai te monarchical Moscow. Kua kitea tēnei kōrero me ketanga wä o te kaituhituhi. Ko te pono hītori, o te akoranga, i te taha o Novgorod. Heoi, mate Novgorod te, he aritarita whakangaromanga whawhati tata o te pa tohu kino, a muri tutaki ratou.

Ko te kōrero "Liza Poor"

Otiia ko te angitu rahi te kōrero "Poor Liza", i whakaputaina hoki i roto i te 1792. he noa i roto i te tuhinga Western o te rau tau tekau ma waru, i te aamu o te āhua o te rangatira nui kaiahuwhenua i whakapohehe bourgeois iti ranei, i roto i te tuhinga Russian tuatahi whakawhanakehia i roto i te kōrero Karamzin. Haurongo morare ma, kotiro ataahua, me te whakaaro e hoki e taea te kitea rite whakarau fakamamahi i roto i te parau mau a tawhio noa, whai wāhi ki te angitu nui o tenei hua. Hoki i nui te meka e NM Karamzin ( "Poor Liza" ko tona "kāri pakihi") i whakaako ana kaipānui ki te kite i te ataahua o te natura whaea me aroha ia. kua takotoranga Humanistic o te mahi kua tino taonga mo te tuhinga o te wa.

Tale "Natalia, te tamahine a te Boyar"

I roto i te taua 1792, i whanau ia i runga i te kōrero "Natalia, te tamahine a Boyar." Ehara i te mea i rite mohiotia rite te "Poor Liza" pai, engari tā pātai tino nui morare e raruraru ana to'utangatá NM Karamzin. Ko tētahi o te mahi tino nui ko te raruraru o te kororia.

Alex Natalia aroha, ko te tangata faitotonu nei mahi tsar Russian. Na ka whakina e ia tona "hara" e kāhakina tamahine o Matthew Andreyev tino Boyar kingi. Ko manaaki te kingi ratou faaipoiporaa, te kitenga e Alex - he tangata tika. Na te reira e me te papa o te kotiro. Faaoti i te kōrero, te kaituhi tuhi e ora oaoa te tokorua, a i tanumia tahi. E kitea e ratou e te aroha tinihangakore , me te lī'oa ki te Hiha.

I roto i te kōrero, i hanga nei e Karamzin ( "te tamahine a Boyar"), he rāua i te mahi o te kingi te take o te honore. Ka hari Ko te tetahi e aroha te Hiha. Na reira, whakawhanake pera pai te ora o tenei hapu, no te mea utu mana.

āhukahuka tika

whakairia tamarikitanga Porowini mahi o Karamzin. Tūturu i roto i ana mahi i te ngāwari, kōrero, kāhua tūturu, huatau, me i taua wa te tikanga toi manapori i orurehau i ngā o te perception o nga mahi tūmatanui. Tuatahi i hanga te ariā o te, te pānui ngā whakaongaonga, a ki reira te koropiko o te kaituhi tuhituhi.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, haurongo, me te auahatanga e rata ana te rota o te iwi, oaoa rongonui nui. I roto i te rata ana Moscow iwi taitamariki ngākau nui i te katoa i runga i te whenua tika kia kite i te kaituhi tino. Lysine harotoroto, ka rongonui mō te mau ohipa o te aamu "Poor Liza" kei te haere i runga i konei, kei roto i te kainga tapa o Kolomenskoye, tīmata ia ki te tākaro i te tūranga o te wahi tohu, haere mai ki konei, ki te whakapuakitanga o te aroha ranei tangi anake.

Mahi i runga i te "History o te State Russian"

I muri i te ia Karamzin koi a kitea rawatia ake taui tona ora. Mahue pakimaero, tangohia ia e rite te mahi hītori nui - ". Ko te History o te kāwanatanga Russian" Ko te hiahia o tenei mahi, te āhua, kua roa kua pakari i roto i tona ngakau.

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau mā iwa timata te kingitanga o Alexander ahau, te mokopuna tino o Catherine II. Ko te wā tuatahi, ko ia he rangatira ohaoha, me te marama. Ko te kōrero hītori ara tomo te ingoa rite "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin hoa me te kaiako o mua o te taitamariki Hiha, MN Popokorua inoi i runga i ki Nikolai Mikhailovich whakaritea i kōrero kōti. Ko tenei whakarite rawa nui mo Karamzin, ka whakakitea ki a ia he faingamālie nui. Na riro ia i te penihana (rite matau tatou, kahore i te tahi atu tikanga o oranga o te kaituhi). Ko tino nui, kua ia te uru ki ngā pūranga hītori, ko o faufaa nui. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, tukua ki to koutou whakarongo nei haurongo, rere ana ki te mahi: lau ia tuhinga, me ngā pukapuka i runga i te hītori, tātarihia te tümomo onamata, tuhituhia, whakaritea.

Ko reira pakeke ki te whakaaro i te mahi nui mahi kōrero Karamzin. I muri i te hanganga o te buka ma rua o tona "History o te State Russian" pau rua tekau-toru nga tau o te mahi pakeke, i 1803 ki te 1826 i rerekē te whakaaturanga o ngā kaupapa hītori, tae noa ki taea, ta'efilifilimānako, me te tika, me te he kāhua toi ataahua. kawea mai te kōrero i ki te "wa o nga matenga" i roto i te aamu o te kāwanatanga Russian. e kore te mate o Nikolai Mikhailovich whakaaetia ki te kawe i roto i te mahere nui-tauine ki te mutunga.

Karamzin mahi, ana i tuhituhi ai i haere ma rua buka, te whai tetahi ki tetahi, meinga whakautu maha kaipānui '. Pea kua whakapataritari mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te pukapuka tāngia te puhake o mahara motu o tangata Russian. kitea Karamzin iwi tona kōrero, ka faataa tona mua.

ka kite pai ambiguously te ihirangi o te mahi. Ko te kupu, i tahuri te iwi taitamariki haere noa-aroha ki tautohetohe te tautoko o te arikitanga, i whakakitea i roto i te whārangi o "Te History o te State Russian" Karamzin kōrero. ara i tuhituhi te kuao Pushkin he epigrams maia i runga i te kōrero kaumatua i roto i aua tau. E ai ki a ia, kua whakamatauria tenei mahi "te akiaki o autocracy me te ātahu o te whiu."

Karamzin, kua tonu kua iti-matua, ka mohio marino rite manukí me te whakamoemiti te pukapuka kore e waiho e koe tau'a ore, i roto i te whakautu ki te fakaanga.

Whakaaro i runga i te "History o te State Russian" A. Pushkin

Whakangaueuetia ki St. Petersburg, ia, mai 1816, tū katoa raumati i roto i Tsarskoye selo ki tona utuafare. Karamzins - mano manuhiri e tango i roto i to ratou taua ora kaitito rongonui rite Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky ko Batyushkov me tamarikitanga mātauranga. He ko maha te taitamariki AS Pushkin anaanatae whakarongo ki te taki rotarota pakeke, te tiaki hoki tana wahine, NM Karamzin, kore taitamariki, engari te wahine ahakoa, me te mahara, nei maia ia ki ara tukua atu te whakapuakanga o te aroha. whakarerea noatia tinihanga whakaaro nui, me te mātanga Karamzin te tangata taitama rite ana epigrams maia i runga i "History".

Kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai, Pushkin, kua he tangata pakeke, he titiro rerekē i te mahi nui o Nikolai Mikhailovich. I roto i te 1826, i roto i te whakahekenga atu i roto i te St Michael o, tuhituhi ia i roto i "Notes i runga i te mātauranga tūmatanui" kia whakaakona e hītori Russian rite ki Karamzin, a karanga reira e kore te mea he mahi tika o te kōrero nui, engari ano hoki he feat o te tangata faitotonu mahi.

I runga i te wahi o Alexander, kihai i reira he tohu o te ngākau pono ki te mana i roto i te tumanako o te murua, me te hoki mai i te whakarau. Ehara i i te katoa, no te mea he tau i muri mai, i muri i hoki mai Pushkin ano matou hoki ki te "Hītori", mauruuru kotahi ano tona tiketike.

Ko te tau whakamutunga o tona ora

e kore e e oti Karamzin āhuatanga i waho te whakaahuatanga o te tau whakamutunga o tona ora. Ko te tekau tau whakamutunga, kua tino hari. Ko ia he hoa o te tsar, Alexander I. Friends maha haere tahi i roto i te Park, he wa roa korero, rangimarie, me te āta. Ko taea e te Hiha, e matau i te ohaoha me te tikanga rangatira Nikolai Mikhailovich, He nui noa atu nga rangatira whare korero ki a ia. maha Karamzin rite ki nga tautohetohe me whakaaro o Alexander I. Heoi, kihai i tangohia e ia hara i reira, a āta whakarongo, ka tangohia ana tuhipoka. "He tuhipoka ki runga ki te Russia tawhito, me te hou", i te aroaro o te kaituhi te kingi, kei te huinga o ngā i roto i nei kihai te tumu kōrero i whakaae ki te kaupapa here kāwanatanga o te wā.

kihai i Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, nei pukapuka i tino hira i roto i tona oranga, titau ki tetahi tohu, e kore take. Heoi, kia mea ai e ia ia he whitiki, , Heoi, tukinotia nei ia i nga wa katoa ki te korokë me te whakakatakata.