Nucleotide - he aha te mea tenei? Te hanganga, te hanganga, maha, me te raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te mekameka DNA

Kei te tito ora katoa i runga i te ao o ngā pūtau maha e tautoko i te tikanga o to ratou whakahaere i te utu i roto i roto i te karihi o te mōhiohio ā-ira. Ko reira tonu hakari, whakatinana me te tuku pūhui macromolecular matatini - he waikawa karihi ngā o te wae waetahi - nucleotides. e kore e taea ki te pe si◊aki te tūranga o waikawa karihi. Te pūmautanga o whakaritea e te mahi noa o te rauropi ratou hanganga, me tetahi ine i roto i te hanganga te taniwha, ka arahi ki huringa i roto i te whakahaere pūtau, mahi o ngā tukanga whaiaroaro, me te noho tuwhera tonu o ngā pūtau i roto i te whānui.

Ko te ariā o te nucleotide, me ona āhuatanga

Ia rāpoi o te DNA i hanga RNA ranei kei ake o iti pūhui monomeric - nucleotide. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te nucleotides - nga poraka hanga o waikawa karihi, tahi-whākōkī me maha atu pūhui koiora, e he tino ki te pūtau i roto i tona ora.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o enei matū faufaa ngā:

• rokiroki o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga pūmua me āhuatanga riro;
• Mana ki runga i te tupu me te reproduction;
• whai wāhi i roto i te pākia me maha atu tukanga whaiaroaro i roto i te pūtau.

Ko te hanganga o te nucleotides

Korero o nucleotides, e kore e taea e tatou e noho i runga i te take nui pērā i to ratou hanganga me te hanganga.

Kei o ia nucleotide:

• huka toenga;
• turanga nitrogenous;
• rōpū Phosphate he toenga ranei o te waikawa phosphoric.

Ka taea e tatou te mea e te nucleotide - he pūhui organic matatini. Tei runga i te hanganga motuhake, me te momo o te turanga nitrogenous i roto i te nucleotide pentose hanganga waikawa karihi wehewehea ki:

• waikawa deoxyribonucleic DNA ranei;
• waikawa ribonucleic, RNA ranei.

waikawa karihi Composition

aroaro te huka waikawa-pentose karihi te. Tenei huka rima-waro i roto i te DNA huaina te mea deoxyribose, i roto i te te RNA - ribose. He pentoses ia rāpoi ngota e rima ngota waro, e wha o nei tahi me te ngota hāora hanga he mowhiti rima-membered, me te rima o nga wahi o te rōpū HO-CH2.

Ko te tūnga o ia ngota waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota pentose denoted Arāpi ki te pirimia (1c ', 2c', 3C ', 4C', 5C '). Mai tukanga katoa pānui o mōhiohio ā-ira ki ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi i te directivity tino, te taua o nga ngota waro me ratou whakaritenga i roto i te whakakai mahi rite te atatohu ki te aronga tika.

Ko te rōpū hydroxyl ki te toru me te rima o nga ngota waro (me 3s '5s') waikawa phosphoric piri toenga. whakatau ia te tuakiri matū o te DNA me te RNA ki te rōpū o waikawa.

Ko te ngota waro tuatahi (1s ') turanga nitrogenous piri ki te rāpoi ngota huka.

Momo turanga hanganga nitrogenous

E māngai nucleotides o DNA turanga nitrogenous e wha momo:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• thymine (T).

Ko te rua tuatahi no ki te piha haapiiraa o purines, te rua whakamutunga - pyrimidine. Ko tonu taimaha rāpoi pyrimidine purine taimaha.

Nucleotides RNA turanga nitrogenous kanohi:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• uracil (U).

Uracil me te thymine, he turanga pyrimidine.

I roto i te tuhinga pūtaiao, me te taea maha kitea i ētahi atu turanga ti'araa nitrogenous - reta Latin (A, T, C, G, U).

taipitopito nui te hanganga matū o purines me pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines, ara, cytosine, thymine me te uracil, i roto i te hanganga māngai e te ngota hauota e rua me ngā ngota waro wha hanga he mowhiti membered ono. Katoa ngota he tona tau ake i te 1 ki te 6.

Purines (adenine me guanine) Kei o pyrimidine me imidazole ranei rua heterocycles. turanga purine rāpoi ngota kanohi e wha ngota hauota, me te rima ngota waro. Ia ngota taua i te 1 ki te 9.

Ko te pūhui hua o te turanga nitrogenous me te toenga pentose i hanga nucleoside. Nucleotide - he pūhui nucleoside me te rōpū Phosphate.

Ko te hanganga o here phosphodiester

He mea nui ki te mahino te pātai o te pehea, ki te whakakotahi i te nucleotides i roto i te mekameka polypeptide ki te hanga i te rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi. tupu tenei ki nga here phosphodiester pera-ka karanga tika.

Ngā pāhekoheko o rua nucleotides homai dinucleotide. Hanganga o pūhui hou puta i tōhau rite i waenganui i te toenga Phosphate o tetahi waetahi me tetahi hydroxy puta here phosphodiester pentose.

Polynucleotide kōtuitanga - toutou tāruarua o tenei tauhohenga (he torutoru miriona nga wa). hangaia te mekameka polynucleotide e hanga phosphodiester here i waenganui i te toru me te rima o ngā waro huka (3s 'a 5s').

Huihui polynucleotide - he tukanga matatini e tango te wahi ka te paru DNA polymerase, e whakarato ana te tupu mekameka anake i tetahi pito (3 ') ki te rōpū hydroxy free.

Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota pītauira

He rāpoi ngota pītauira rite te pai kia rite ki te pūmua e taea e te hanganga tuatahi, tuarua, me te tuatoru.

Ko te raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te mekameka DNA tautuhi ona tuatahi hanganga. hanganga Tuarua i hanga te ki e tika ana here hauwai, te pūtake o i whakatakotoria te takanga parau tumu kïnakitanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i roto i te ariā o te helix rua DNA mahi etahi auautanga: adenine, hāngai thymine ki te taiawhio atu, guanine - cytosine me te hurihia. Takirua o adenine me thymine ranei guanine me cytosine e hanga e e te tokorua i roto i te tuatahi, me te i roto i te muri take e toru here hauwai. he pūhui taua whakarato totoka he mekameka here nucleotide me tawhiti rite i waenganui ia ratou.

E matau te raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te mekameka DNA i te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga taea te atu tuarua tāpiritanga ranei.

Ko te hanganga tuatoru o te matatini DNA i hanga e here e toru-ahu, e rāpoi ngota hanga reira atu kiato, me te ahei whakanohoia i roto i te pūtau rōrahi iti. Hei tauira, E. roa DNA coli he nui ake i te 1 mm, i te roa pūtau - o iti iho i te 5 microns.

Ko te tokomaha o nucleotides i te DNA, a reira, ko te he i raro ki te ture Chergaffa (maha o nga turanga purine e rite ki te nui o te pyrimidine tonu) ratou hononga ine. Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i nucleotides - he tamau rite ki te 0.34 nm, me o ratou taimaha rāpoi.

Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota RNA

māngai RNA e te mekameka polynucleotide kotahi, i hanga e te here kotuari i waenganui i pentose (ribose i roto i tenei take) me te moiety Phosphate. I roto i te roa ko te reira DNA nui poto. Ko te hanganga momo o te turanga nitrogenous i roto i te nucleotide, me i reira he rerekētanga. Te RNA pyrimidine turanga thymine hei utu o uracil whakamahia. Tei runga i te mahi whakamana i roto i te tinana, kia RNA o toru momo.

• Ribosomal (rRNA) - ka te tikanga i roto i 3,000 ki te 5,000 nucleotides. Ka rite ki whai wāhi te wae hanganga e tika ana i roto i te hanganga o te pokapū kaha o ribosomes, nga wāhi o tetahi o nga tukanga tino nui i roto i te pūtau - biosynthesis pūmua.
• Transport (tRNA) - ngā o te toharite o 75 - 95 nucleotides, mahi whakawhiti ki te wahi o te kōtuitui polypeptide waikawa amino hiahiatia i roto i te ribosome. Ia momo o tRNA (i te iti rawa 40) kua ona tūturu ki reira anake te raupapa o nucleotides waetahi ranei.
• Information (RNAi) - he tino kanorau i roto i te nucleotide hanganga. Whakawhiti o te mōhiohio ā-ira i te DNA ki ribosomes, mahi rite he tauira mo ariā o te muingota o te pūmua.

Ko te tūranga o nucleotides i te tinana

Nucleotides i roto i te pūtau te mahi i te maha o ngā mahi nui:

• Kei te whakamahia rite hanga poraka mō waikawa karihi (nucleotide purine me raupapa pyrimidine);
• E whai wāhi i roto i te maha ngā tukanga pūkoro tinana i roto i te pūtau;
• wahi o te ATP - te puna pūngao matua i roto i ngā pūtau;
• mahi kia rite ki te tahumaero o te whakaiti ritenga i roto i te pūtau (nad +, NADP +, FAD, FMN);
• mahi kia rite ki bioregulators;
• Ka taea te whakaaro rite tuarua karere wahopūtau kōtuitanga auau (hei tauira, puni cGMP ranei).

Nucleotide - he wae waetahi e hanga atu pūhui matatini - waikawa karihi, i waho nei te whakawhiti o te mōhiohio ā-ira, tona rokiroki me te purei. nucleotides Free Ko nga wāhanga matua whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga tohu pūngao me ngā pūtau tautoko me te mahi noa o te rauropi katoa.