Oil Russian me te Gas Industry

whakarato rauemi Fuel pūngao e kore anake te katoa o te ahumahi i roto i tetahi whenua o te ao, engari he iti te ao katoa o te mahi a te tangata. Ko te wahi tino nui o te wahie, me te pūngao matatini o Russia ko te hinu, me te hau rāngai.

Oil me te hau ahumahi - he ingoa whānui o te matatini ahumahi production, transportation, tukatuka, me te tohatoha o nga hua whakamutunga o te hinu, me te hau tukatuka. Tenei te tetahi o nga rāngai kaha o te Russian Federation, Kei te nuinga i hanga e te pūtea, me te toenga o utu o te whenua, te whakarato moni whakawhiti ke, me te tiaki i te auau moni motu.

History o te whanaketanga

whakaaro te timatanga o te hanganga o ngā āpure hinu i roto i te rängai ahumahi te ki kia 1859, ka te Hononga o Amerika mo te hinu kōhao aunoa i whakamahia tuatahi. Na, te hinu tata masivesivá katoa hua i roto i poka ko te rerekētanga anake o te hanga tōtika. I roto i Russia, timata te tangohanga o te hinu i puna tāne i roto i te tau 1864 i roto i te Kuban. hanga nama i taua wa ko 190 taranata ia ra. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapiki ake i hua utua nui whakarongo ki te tangohanga o te mechanization, me i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 ka mau a Russia te mata i roto i te hanga te hinu.

Ko te wāhi matua tuatahi o te hinu tango i te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus i te Soviet Russia (Maikop, Grozny) ko Baku (Azerbaijan). kihai i enei mara pakeke tokoiti te whakatau i nga hiahia o te ahumahi whakawhanake, ka kua kaha nui, kua meinga ki te whakatuwhera ake mara hou. Ka rite ki te hua, i hoatu ki te mahi i te torutoru mara i roto i te rohe Kuibyshev Central Asia, Bashkortostan, Perm me, whakapumautia te turanga Täingäwai-Ural pera-ka karanga i.

tae te rōrahi o te hinu hua 31 miriona taranata. I roto i te 60raa kua ara te maha o tangohia te koura pango ki te 148 miriona taranata, o nei 71% taka i runga i te rohe Täingäwai-Ural. I roto i te tau 70 kua kitea e matou, ka hoatu ki roto ki putunga mahi o te takotoranga wai Te Hau-ā-uru Siberian. i kitea nui o putunga hau C hinu tūhura.

Ko te uara o te hinu, me te hau ahumahi mo te ōhanga o Russia

Oil me te ahumahi hau he pānga nui i runga i te ōhanga Russian. I tēnei wā, ko reira te pūtake mo te hanganga o te pūtea, me te mahi o te maha atu rāngai o te ōhanga. Ko te utu o te moni motu ko te nuinga ti'aturi i runga i utu hinu ao. Keri i roto i Russia, taea te whakatau waro pūngao tino te tono kāinga mō te wahie, whakarato haumaru pūngao o te whenua, me te hanga i te wāhi nui ki te pūngao ao, me te mata ōhanga rauemi.

Te Russian Federation he pūmanawa pūwaro nui. Russian hinu me te hau ahumahi ko tetahi o ārahi o te ao, tutaki tino te hiahia ā-nāianei, me te heke mai mo te hinu, kapuni, me te hua, he mea parakore. He nui nui o ngā rauemi waiwaro me o ratou hua e kaweake, whakarato ētahi o rāhui moni. Russian e te rōrahi tuarua nui o rāhui waiwaro wai i pā ana ki 10% share. Kua tūhuratia, ka whakawhanakehia i roto i te hohonu o 35 rohe Russian rāhui Oil.

Oil me Gas Ahumahi: Hanganga

He maha ngā tukanga taketake hanganga o nei te hinu, me te hau ahumahi: ahumahi hoki tangohanga o te hinu, me te hau transportation, me te tukatuka.

• production waiwaro - he tukanga matatini, tae atu tūhura, he kōhao, production, me te tika i te maimoatanga tuatahi o te wai, he whanariki, me te tahi atu poke. Extraction me te köurarangi o hinu, me te hau ki te kōpuku whai wāhi i roto i te kamupene arumoni kaute wae hanganga ranei, i roto i nei te hanganga ngā booster papu me rehu teihana, rere o te wai, me te hinu.
• Transportation o te hinu, me te hau i pae hanga ki ngā waeine kaute, ki pūtukatuka me te kiritaki hopea kawea i roto i na tikanga o paipa, wai, ara, me te waka tereina. Pipelines (hī me te kātua) ko te ara tino economical ki te kawe waiwaro, ahakoa tāuta tino utu me te tiaki. waka paipa o te hinu, me te hau nekehanga i runga i tawhiti roa, tae atu i te mau fenua rerekē. Kawe wai mā te whakamahi i taraka me pahi ki te displacement o runga ki te 320 mano. Tana whakamana i roto i te kōrero roa-tawhiti. kia hoki te whakamahi Rail me te arumoni waka mō te transportation hinu masivesivá runga i tawhiti, engari te utu tino whai hua mō ngā ara āhua poto.
• Tukatuka o te pūngao pūwaro raw hua ki te whiwhi ngā momo rerekē o ngā hua hinu. Tuatahi o te katoa, he ratou momo rerekē o te wahie, me ngā rauemi raw mō te tukatuka matū atu. kawea te tukanga i roto i te otaota hinu whakatere whakapai. Ko te tukatuka whakamutunga o ngā hua, i runga i te hanganga matū rānei, kua wehea ki rama rerekē. whiwhi te taahiraa ahumahi whakamutunga e ranu ngā wāhanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te hanganga e hiahiatia ana e ōrite ana ki te ngā waitohu o te hua hinu.

RF mara

hinu Russian me ahumahi hau ngā 2352 whakawhanakehia oilfields. hinu me te hau nui o Russia rohe ko Siberia Western pūkete hoki 60% o te koura pango katoa tangohia. He nui o te hinu, me te hau hua i roto i KhantyMansiysk me Yamalo rohe motuhake. Ko te rōrahi o te hanga o te hua i roto i ētahi atu rohe o te Federation Russian:

• turanga Täingäwai-Ural - 22%.
• Eastern Siberia - 12%.
• putunga Northern - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

Ratio Western Siberia i hau tūturu tae tata 90%. Ko te putunga nui (e pā ana ki 10 trillion mita pūtoru) kei roto i te parae Urengoy i roto i te motuhake District Yamalo-Nenets. Ko te rōrahi o te hanga hau i roto i te tahi atu rohe o te Federation Russian:

• Tawhiti Te Tai Rāwhiti - 4.3%.
• Täingäwai-Ural tāpui - 3.5%.
• Yakutia ko Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

Tukatuka o te hinu , me te hau

Ko te mahi o te tukatuka ki te tahuri hinu faufau, me te hau i roto i ngā hua arumoni. hua hinu ngā hinu wahie, penehīni mo waka, jet wahie, diesel wahie. Ko te tukanga ngā whakamahine Māturu, mārua Māturu, catalytic ina ripeneta, hangai, alkylation, isomerization me hydrotreating.

tukatuka hau tūturu ngā kōpeketanga-Amen purenga, whakamaroke glycolic. Ko te tukanga o te fractionation tā te wehenga o liquefied awa hau māori ki ona anō wāhanga: ewaro, pōwaro, pūwaro, isobutane me te penehīni tūturu.

Ko te kamupene nui rawa i roto i Russia

I te tīmatanga, kua whakawhanakehia katoa o te hinu, me te hau nui mara kua anake i te kāwanatanga. Ki te rā, he wātea mo te whakamahi e ngā kamupene tūmataiti enei whakaurunga. He neke atu i te 15 kamupene keri nui, tae atu te hinu Tapeke me te ahumahi hau i roto i Russia pai-mohiotia "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

Ko te nui rawa kamupene Russian i te mara o te whakaputa hau me te tukatuka e "Gazprom" me "Novatek". I roto i te ahumahi hinu ārahi tūranga i roto i te mākete o te "Rosneft", rite ārahi kamupene e "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" me "Surgutneftegaz".

Oil me te hau ahumahi: arotake o te āhuatanga i roto i te ao

Na roto i te maha o kï rāhui hinu o te Russian Federation runga tuaono i roto i te ao. rāhui whakamatauria ko te hunga e kia whiwhi mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou. Ārahi tūranga i roto i te ao e Venezuela. Ko te nui o te rāhui hinu i roto i te whenua - 298 piriona oko. Kï rāhui hau tūturu i roto i Russia e 47.6 trillion mita pūtoru. Ko te reira i te taupū tuatahi i roto i te ao, me te 32% o te katoa ao. Te kaiwhakarato hau tuarua i roto i te ao kei roto i te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti.

Oil me te hau ahumahi i roto i te ao ka taea ki a tatou te whakaoti rapanga ōhanga, tōrangapū me te pāpori nui. A, no te te āhuatanga pai i runga i te hokohoko pūngao ao, whakatinana maha kaituku o te hinu, me te hau i te utu o moni i tāwāhi haumi nui i roto i te ōhanga motu, whakaatu akiaki tupu makehe. Ka taea te whakaaro e te tauira tino nui rite whenua i roto i te Tonga-Te Hau-ā-uru Norway Asia, me te, i te mea te whanaketanga ahumahi iti, te whakawhetai ki te rāhui pūwaro, kua meinga tetahi o nga whenua tino whai i roto i Europe.

opuaraa whanaketanga

hinu Russian me ahumahi hau ko te nuinga ti'aturi i runga i te whanonga o tāwhai matua o te mākete mo te tangohanga: Hauti Arapia me te United States. I roto i te ano, e kore e te katoa te maha o waiwaro tangohia whakatau utu ao. Ko te taupū tino ko te ōrau o te tangohanga i roto i te mana hinu kotahi. Ko te utu o te hanga o te 1 oko i rerekē whenua-kau taki o production rerekē nui: te raro i roto i te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, te teitei i roto i te United States. A, no te taea rōrahi tāne i o utu hinu huri i roto i te kotahi ranei te tahi atu ara.