Pūkōwhai - he aha te mea tenei? Ko te āhuatanga o te hau köwhai

Fluoro - huānga matū (tohu F, tau ngota 9), whakarewa-kore, e no ki te rōpū kōnakonako. Ko te tino kaha, me te electronegative tenei. I pāmahana noa, me te pēhanga o te rāpoi ngota köwhai ko koma kōwhai ki tātai F ₂ he hau _paitini. Ka rite ki ki ētahi atu kōnakonako, he tino kino köwhai rāpoi, me te i roto i te whakapā atu ki te kiri ai weranga kino.

te whakamahi o

Kei te whānui köwhai me ona pūhui whakamahia i roto i te t. H., a mo te hanga o pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals, kora me lubricants, me papanga. waikawa Hydrofluoric whakamahia te ki etch karaihe, me te wē o köwhai - mo te hanga o te Semiconductor me ētahi atu rawa. nohanga iti o ngā katote F i te kirīmi me te wai inu e taea āwhina ki te ārai niho pirau, i nohanga teitei he wahi o te tahi mau insecticides. He maha anesthetics whānui he pärönaki o fluorocarbons. ¹⁸ F kanoirite ko te puna positron mō atahanga hauora i te positron tukunga tomography, me te whakamahia konukarihi hexafluoride mo te wehenga o kanoirite o konukarihi me hua taonga konukarihi mō tipu te mana karihi.

History o whakahura

Kohuke kei roto pūhui köwhai, Kua matau hoki nga tau maha i mua i te tuku o tenei huānga matū. Hei tauira, te kohuke fluorspar (ranei fluorite), arā, o te konupūmā pūkōwhai, i whakaahuatia i roto i te 1530 e Agricola G. Gheorghiu. Kei te tuhia te reira e taea te whakamahi i te reira rite te rere - te taonga e āwhina ki te whakaiti i te ira whakakoero o te whakarewa ore ranei me āwhina whakarewa hiahiatia ma. Na reira fluoro tona ingoa i te ingoa Latin o te fluere kupu riro ( «roma»).

I roto i te 1670 i kitea e Henry godu glassmaker Shvanhard e maungärongo karaihe te i raro i te mana o te konupūmā pūkōwhai (fluorspar), waikawa-tukinotia. Karl Scheele me maha kairangahau i muri, tae atu Humphrey Davy, Hohepa-Louis Gay-Lussac, Antuan Lavuaze, Kāre Louis Tenar ki te waikawa hydrofluoric (HF), i ngāwari i whiwhi e te rongoā kukū CaF waikawa pungatara.

I roto i te mutunga, ka reira mārama e kei te HF he huānga mua unknown. Tenei taonga, Heoi, e tika ana ki tona tauhohenga tino rahua ki te tohatoha hoki tau. Ehara i te mea uaua anake ki wehe i te pūhui, engari tonu te reira tauhohe ki ētahi atu wāhanga o reira. Ko te tino kino wehe o köwhai timatanga i te waikawa hydrofluoric, me wawe ngana whakamatapotia ka patua e rave rahi pūtaiao. ka mohiotia enei iwi rite te "maratiri o pūkōwhai."

Te kitenga me te hanga

I te pae hopea, i roto i 1886, te kēmihi French Henri Muassanu muri i roto i te faatea ia i te ranunga o te hau köwhai i-iahiko o whakarewa pūkōwhai konurehu me te waikawa hydrofluoric. Hoki tenei i whakawhiwhia e ia te 1906 Nobel i Matū. Kei te whakamahia tonu tona huarahi -hiko tenei ra mo te hanga ahumahi o tenei huānga matū.

timata te hanga nui-tauine tuatahi o te hau köwhai roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao. I hiahiatia e ia mo tetahi o nga wāhanga o te hanganga o te poma ngota i roto i te Kaupapa Manhattan. Kei te whakamahia köwhai mō te whakaputa hexafluoride konukarihi (UF ₆₎ e, i roto i te tahuri, whakamahia hoki te wehe i ia atu kanoirite rua ²³⁵ U me ²³⁸ U. teie mahana haurehu waihā UF ₆ hiahiatia te ki te whiwhi konukarihi e whai take mō te mana karihi.

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te hau köwhai

I roto i te huānga taka pūmotu kei roto i te wahi o runga 17 o te rōpū (Rōpū 7A i mua), e kiia nei ko te kōnakonako. Ētahi atu kōnakonako ngā māota, pūkeha, iodine me te astatine. Ano, F i te wā tuarua, ko waenganui i te hāora, me te haukura.

fluoro Pure - he hau ha'iriiri (matū tātai F ₂₎ ki te kakara mangeo āhuatanga kitea nei te i te kukū o te 20 nl ia rita. Ka rite ki te electronegative tino me urupare o nga mea timatanga katoa, reira ngāwari hanga he pūhui ki te nuinga o ratou. He urupare rawa ki te tīariari i roto i te puka timatanga pūkōwhai me he hunaonga taua ki te nuinga o ngā rauemi, tae atu silicon, e kore e taea te rite reira penapena i roto i ngā karaihe ranei. I roto i te hau takawai, tauhohe reira ki te wai ki te hanga i kore iti waikawa hydrofluoric mōrearea.

Fluoro, te pāhekoheko me te hauwai pakū noa i iti te pāmahana, me te i roto i te pouri. tauhohe reira murua ki te wai ki te hanga i te waikawa hydrofluoric me te hāora haurehu waihā. rauemi rerekē, tae atu ki te karaihe, me konganuku wehea minita, i roto i te awa o te hau köwhai tahu mura kanapa. I tua atu, hanga te huānga matū he pūhui ki te haurehu pai krypton, hautūāpōkere me Radon. Heoi tika ki te hauota, me te hāora, e kore e tauhohe reira.

Ahakoa te mahi tino o te hau köwhai, kua meinga matou inaianei tikanga e wātea ana o whāwhā haumaru, me te transportation. kia kia penapena te huānga i roto i ngā hanga o te rino Monel (nika-taonga koranu) ranei, mai i enei rauemi i runga i te mata o fluorides e hanga e e arai tauhohenga atu.

Fluorides - he taonga i roto i te mea hakari rite te katote tōraro whakatupato (F ^-) te hau köwhai i roto i ngā ki etahi huānga pai i ako. pūhui köwhai ki konganuku kei roto i nga tai tino pūmau. A, no te rewa i roto i te wai, kua wehea ratou ki katote. Ētahi atu momo o te hau köwhai he complexes, hei tauira, [FeF _4] ^-, a H ₂ F ^+.

kanoirite

He he he plurality o kanoirite o kōnakonako, i ¹⁴ F me whakamutu ki ³¹ F. Ko ngā hau köwhai kanoirite hanganga kotahi anake o ratou, ¹⁹ F, e kei 10 ngā iramoe, kia rite wawe rite ko reira pūmau. Ko te iraruke kanoirite ¹⁸ F - he tino puna o positrons.

pānga koiora

Köwhai i roto i te tinana te nuinga i roto i te wheua, me niho i roto i te puka o katote. Whakapūkōwhaitanga o te wai inu i roto i te kukū o iti iho i te kotahi wahi ia miriona tino whakaiti te pā o caries - na whakaaro i te National Research Kaunihera o te National Academy o Sciences USA. I te tahi atu te ringa, he haaputuputuraa nui o pūkōwhai taea arahi ki fluorosis, e faaite ake i roto i te mottling o niho. kei te kitea tēnei pānga i roto i ngā wāhi i reira nui te ihirangi o te huānga matū hoatu i roto i te kukū wai inu 10 ppm.

He paitini Timatanga köwhai me te pūkōwhai tai, a me hamani ratou ki te tiaki nui. Whakapā ki te kiri kanohi ranei kia āta karohia. Ko te tauhohenga ki te kiri hua waikawa hydrofluoric, e hohoro te ô i te kikokiko, me te tauhohe ki te konupūmā i roto i te wheua, hoko i te reira tūturu.

Köwhai i roto i te taiao

tūhuratia te hanga ā-tau ao o te fluorite kohuke o e pā ana ki 4 miriona tana, me te mana katoa te putunga i roto i 120 miriona taranata. te tumuaki o tenei kohuke wāhi keri e Mexico, Western Europe ko China.

I roto i te natura fluoro kitea i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua te wahi e taea te kitea i te reira i roto i nga kamaka, te uku me te waro. Fluorides ki te rangi, ka te horo hau. Köwhai Ko te huānga matū nui tino 13 i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua - tona ihirangi ko 950 ppm. I roto i te oneone, i tona kukū toharite - e pā ana ki 330 ppm. kia tukua Hauwai pūkōwhai ki te rangi e rite ana ki te hua o ngā tukanga parariraa i roto i te ahumahi. Fluorides e te hunga i roto i te rangi, te mutunga taka ki te whenua te wai ranei. A, no te hanga i te hau köwhai te here ki te matūriki iti rawa, ka taea e noho reira mahino mō te wā roa o te wā.

I roto i te huru o 0.6 ppb o te huānga matū reira i roto i te puka o te ringihia tote me pūhui māota organic. I roto i te taiao tāone tae kukū 50 ppb.

hononga

Fluoro - Ko reira he pūmotu, e hanga he whānui o ngā pūhui matū waro, me te inorganic ngā. Ka taea e Whārangi whakakapi i te ngota hauwai, reira te hanga he plurality o matū hou. hanga te reira i te pūhui kōnakonako tino urupare ki hau pai. I roto i te 1962, synthesizes Neil Bartlett geksaftorplatinat hautūāpōkere (XePtF6). Fluorides o krypton me Radon kua hoki kua rite. Ko tētahi atu pūhui he hauhauhā ftorgidrid, eu anake i pāmahana tino iti.

tono hangarau

Kei te whakamahia te köwhai kāwanatanga ngota, me te rāpoi mō te wē waikawa i roto i te Semiconductor hanga, ngā whakaaturanga rōpū papatahi me ngā pūnaha microelectromechanical. Kei te whakamahia te waikawa Hydrofluoric mō te waikawa karaihe mō rama me ētahi atu hua.

Āpiti atu ki etahi o ona pūhui, köwhai - he wāhanga nui o te hanga o pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals, kora me lubricants, me papanga. Matū huānga e hiahiatia ana mo te faaineineraa o ngā waiwaro halogenated (halons), i roto i te tahuri e whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te whāhauhau, me te tautauā. I muri mai i rāhuitia tenei whakamahi o CFCs, no te mea whai wāhi ratou ki te whakangaromanga o te kahu Ozone i roto i te huru o runga.

hexafluoride whanariki - tino e mangere, kore-paitini hau whakaritea ki matū meinga te pānga kōtuhi. Te kore köwhai taea ki te hanga kirihou ki te iti whakarea o te waku, pērā i Teflon. He maha āpiha rongoā (hei tauira, sevoflurane, desflurane me isoflurane) he pärönaki o fluorocarbons. konutai Geksaftoralyuminat (cryolite) whakamahia te i roto i te konumohe-iahiko.

pūhui köwhai, tae atu NaF, whakamahia i roto i te toothpastes i roto i te tikanga ki te ārai i caries. E tapiritia ēnei matū ki te pūnaha supply wai terenga mo te whakapūkōwhaitanga o te wai, engari no te mea o te pānga i runga i te hauora tangata, he tautohetia tenei mahi. I nohanga teitei o NaF whakamahia te rite te ngarara nei, rawa ki papata.

I roto i te mua, whakamahia fluorides ki te whakaiti i whakarewa pāmahana rewa me tokahuke, me te whakanui ake i to ratou e tukua. Pūkōwhai - Ko te wāhanga nui o te hanga o te konukarihi hexafluoride, e whakamahia nei mo te wehenga o ona kanoirite. ¹⁸ F, te kanoirite iraruke ki te hawhe ora o 110 meneti, tuku hoki positrons me te maha whakamahia i roto i te positron hauora paheke tomography.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hau köwhai

āhuatanga Tauanga o ngā āhuatanga matū e whai ake nei:

• 18.9984032 ngota papatipu g / mol.
• Ko te whirihoranga hiko o 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.
• Ko te āhua piti hāora o -1.
• Kiato 1.7 g / l.
• 53,53 K. pāmahana rewa
• K. pokarekare, 85,03
• 31,34 kaha Heat J / (K · mol).