Pūnaha Waitohu: tauira, momo me momo

i hanga ngā pūnaha tohu i puta noa i te aamu o te taata nei. Tenei i tika e kore anake ki te whakarite kia taea te haere te whare putu i i whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga - rite ki tohunga tikanga maha, i hapu te pūtaiao o tohu tuatahi rite te tikanga o te kōrero i waenganui i te iwi.

He aha te mea semiotics?

Semiotics Ko te manga o te matauranga e tuatapapa i te tohu, me te haina pūnaha. puta te reira i te pūtahitanga o te maha pekanga - hinengaro, te koiora, cybernetics, tuhituhinga, me te pāpori. Ka rite ki te wahi o semiotics Rawe e toru ngā wāhi whānui o te matauranga. Reira syntactics, semantics, pragmatics. Syntactics tirohia ture e kua whakaritea ngā momo o ngā pūnaha tohu, tikanga, whakaaro, i nei te hononga i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga ngā o te reo. Ko te ahanoa o ako ko te tikanga pū - te hononga i waenganui i te tohu iho ko tona tikanga. Ngā Akoranga Pragmatics te hononga i waenganui i te hunga e whakamahi i te reo, me te nuinga o te pūnaha tohu. Waitohu - he tetahi ahanoa rauemi (rite te pai kia rite ki te kaupapa ranei tītohunga), e tautika whakamahia te ki te whakakapi i tetahi atu ahanoa, ona āhuatanga hononga i waenganui i te taonga ranei.

pūnaha whakatauira Tuarua

I tua atu ki te akomanga matua o ngā pūnaha tohu, i reira e ano pūnaha whakatauira tuarua. "Waehere Cultural" te kore e huaina ratou. Tenei kāwai ngā momo katoa o ngā tuhinga ahurea (hāunga te reo tūturu), ngā mahi pāpori, he momo o whanonga, ngā tikanga, ngā pūrākau, me ngā whakapono fakalotú. waehere ahurea e hanga e i roto i te ara ano rite reo tūturu. mahi ratou i runga i te pūtake o te kawenata i waenganui i nga mema o o te hapori. Whakaaetanga waehere ranei, e mohiotia ana ki te mema katoa o te rōpū.

Ko te whanaketanga o te hinengaro, me te hinganga o te pūnaha tohu

Mapulei momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha tohu - ko ano hoki tenei, he take tino mo te whanaketanga o teitei mahi hinengaro. tukua pūnaha Semiotic he takitahi ki te rangatira ahurea tūmatanui, aratau whakaaetia mua o whanonga, wheako pāpori. A, no te tupu tenei me te whanaketanga o te mahara. Timata ki te sensations timatanga, i runga i te wā kua hanga e te reira ki te raupapa o ngā pūkenga whaiaro perception-o tuhi ake te whakaaro motuhake e pā ana ki a ratou ano, arorau whaiaro.

Whakawaehere me te wetewaehere raraunga

I roto i te hinengaro, i te mau hi'oraa ngā o ngā pūnaha tohu maha ako i roto i te horopaki o ratou ine pānga ki tukanga-hinengaro. utua nui aro te ki te āhuatanga neurophysiological. Otiia maha te reira rite te ara ki te tuku mōhiohio, mahue te tiritiri o pūtaiao matauranga i runga i te iti. Mohoa noa nei kairangahau ko te kai o te tukanga whakawaehere te whakamahi i te pūnaha tohu o whakapakoko ataata. whakawaeheretia image Mental te i roto i te roro o kupu a te kaikōrero. I roto i te roro, e decoded reira e te faaroo. Ko te panoni e e tango te wahi i te wa ano, noho unexplored.

pūnaha tohu Reo: tauira

I tčnei wā wetereo Ko te mara akiaki o te matauranga. tikanga reo e whakamahia ana i roto i te tikanga maha - hei tauira, i roto i te hia kē me te psychoanalysis. I roto i te katoa i reira e ono ngā momo o ngā pūnaha tohu. te reira pūnaha tūturu, rongonui, tikanga, tuhi pūnaha, te pūnaha-waha. noho i runga i ia momo i roto i te taipitopito atu.

pūnaha rongonui

He tauira o te pūnaha tohu rongonui he hoahoanga, ori, waiata, puka kore-waha o te kōrero. Ratou te tikanga i te makona ratou kaha waiwai tonu wāhanga ahuahu aronganui e he wahi o te tohu. Ko te ako o ngā tauira rerekē o ngā pūnaha tohu whakaatu e kore me te whakamahi i te pūtaiao anake tikanga whāinga, engari takitahi hoki ki te whakatau i te momo o ngā tauira o kare, āhuatanga kōrerorero.

tohu māori

E kitea ana ēnei tohu i roto i te āhua me te i roto i te ora ia rā. Ko te tikanga ko reira etahi mea ari tūturu ranei e tohu ana ki ētahi atu kaupapa. Kore, e karangatia ratou tohu, tohu. He tauira o ngā pūnaha tohu e pā ana ki te taiao, kia tohu o te rangi, nga tohu o te kararehe. faahoho'araa Classic o te pūnaha semiotic ko te tohu o te paowa e tohu te ahi.

tohu mahi

Tenei momo o te tapanga pā hoki ki nga tohu, tohu. Heoi, pērā i te taiao, hononga mahi ki te tohu o te ahanoa, e tohu ana ia, e tika ana ki te mahi motuhake, ngā mahi o te iwi. Hei tauira, te taiao kāinga i roto i te anga o semiotics ko tohu te kuputuhi te taumata o te pai-oranga o nga mano. Whakatakotoria he o ngā pukapuka i runga i te pukapuka whakarato te mōhiohio pūtirotiro e pā ana ki te reka o te rangatira o te whare pukapuka, te taumata o tona whanaketanga hinengaro, me te pae morare. Hoki e taea e maha ngā tohu mahi ngāue mahi. Hei tauira, arata'i te kaiako te piha ki tou ringa i runga i te rārangi o ngā ākonga i roto i te moheni. Ko te hoki tenei mahi te tohu mahi - te tikanga reira e ka hohoro te tangata kia huaina ki te papa tuhituhi.

Koventsionalnye tohu

Tenei tauira ko te pūnaha tohu te kore e mohiotia ana ko herenga. Ko te ingoa "tikanga" mai i te conventio Latin - "kawenata". E whakamahia tohu ki te rawea, taonga me ari o te ao "i te huru." Ratou ratou, ahu ki te whai iti rawa ki te mahi ki te meka e tautapa. Tauira o ngā pūnaha tohu, e pā ana ki tikanga: waka tohu, taupū, tohu cartographic, tohu (tohu, tapa'o).

(Reo) pūnaha tohu-waha

Tenei kāwai ngā reo katoa tangata. Ia reo kua mua i hanga te pūtake (te pera-ka karanga "pūtake semiotic"). Ko te āhuatanga matua o te reo tangata ko e ia o ratou he pūnaha Polystructural me te taumata. Ko te ahei o te whanaketanga tata mutunga tenei pūnaha. pūnaha kupu fakataipé ko te tikanga taonga mō te rokiroki, te tukatuka, me te whakawhitihia atu mōhiohio.

pūnaha tohu

Tenei kāwai semiotic ngā pūnaha, tohu e ara ake i runga i te pūtake o te rōpū o mua - waha, kanikani, waiata. He tuarua ki enei rōpū pūnaha tuhi te rohe. puta ratou ki te haerenga mai o te tuhituhi. Te kore ngā pūnaha tuhi e kia taea kukuwhatanga tangata-hinengaro.

ngā Semiotic i roto i te hītori

mataotao Kariki ngā Platon te oro katoa i roto i te kāwai o nohopuku, nui, kikokore, me te a tawhio noa. ko M. V. Lomonosov o te whakaaro e te tukurua auau o tuhituhia korerotia ranei te reo o te pukapuka whai wāhi "He" ki te whakapakoko o te hanahana, te hohonu me te tiketike. Ko te reta "E" a "U" tauturu whakaatu aroha, tūemi iti, te here. whakaturia enei whakaaro i roto i roto i tona mahi "He Aratohu poto ki te aravihi."

I tū kairangahau I. N. Gorelovym he wheako ngā. i ui Kaupapa ki te whakaahua i te kararehe fantastic, ka karanga "mamlyna" me "zhavaruga". Katoa o te whai wāhi i roto i te whakamātautau whakaaro "mamlynu" ahua, ngawari me te porotaka i runga i ngā puka ngā. kua "Zhavaruga" Kua whakarōpūtia rite te mohoao, tataramoa, me te kino.

reo Volapük

I runga i te ao i reira e pera maha reo, a he tokomaha reo mate - te hunga i haere i roto i o te whakamahi. Ahakoa tenei, ano i reira ko te hunga e anaanatae tito mea hou. Tauira o ngā pūnaha tohu horihori - he pai-mohiotia Esperanto, mua Volapuk reira, Universalglot, reo Katorika Solresol me te tini ke atu. Ko tētahi o te Ithkuil uaua tino e hanga i runga i te pūtake o ngā tohu tahito. hanga reo horihori taata, rave i roto i te ao rerekē. Reira e kore te tonu i reira i te hunga e mahi i roto i ngaio haina pūnaha.

Ko tētahi o nga reo horihori tino rerekē - tenei Volapük. Ko te whakaaro o tona tenenga tuatahi i puta ki te tohunga Tiamana, ko Martin Schleyer. Tohe Bogosluzhitel e i whakaarohia te whakaaro o te hanga i tētahi reo tāwhaiwhai ki a ia e te Ariki, he mea moemoea i roto i. Ko te whakaaro o te kōrero i ki faaohie Volapük - i ngana Schleyer ki te waihanga i tētahi reo ohie, me te ao. Ka rite ki te pūtake ka mau e ia te reo Pākehā - Latin, Ingarihi me te Tiamana. tamata tohunga ki te hanga i nga kupu o tetahi anake haupū.

I te tīmatanga, kua whakaaturia te iwi whānui iti moni i roto i te reo horihori. Maoro, Heoi, ko te reira ki te hanga i tētahi hapori, i timata ki te ueue i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te reo hou. Ka rite ki te hua, i te tihi o tona rongonui, i ia neke atu i te kotahi rau mano waka.

E au ra pai ke Reo Volapük tokomaha Pakeha. Kei reira i hanga nga pakiaka o kupu i rerekē mita Pākehā e mōhiotia reira, engari tino rorirori. Noa nei te kupu "Volapuk" tikanga tito noa, maamaa te. Ahakoa tenei, Volapük i rongonui noa te wa ka haere mai nga kau Nasí Tiamana ki te mana.

Esperanto me ētahi atu reo

Heoi, ka korero e pā ana reo horihori, i roto i te wahi tuatahi whakaaro o te reo i huaina Esperanto. I hanga te reira i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, a tupu noa te wa nei - tautoko reira he rau o nga mano o te iwi te ao.

e kore te aitua ka rongonui Esperanto - ko reira he reo tino māmā, e kei 16 anake ture wetereo. Ko reira taa'eraa e he ratou kahore okotahi. Kei roto kupu esperanto nga pakiaka o nga reo Pākehā rerekē, me te Slavic. Rawa ko reira Ameliká mārama.

Neke atu i te wa, ki te parau "reo horihori" kihai i mau i te 'uhinga kino, i huaina ratou "mahi". Tika e anake mana reo te hunga e whai he maha rawaka o kawe. Ki te korero te reo tāwhaiwhai anake i tona kaihanga me o mōmēniti te tokorua, e kiia ana ko "lingvoproektom".

E te ara, Esperanto, i te noa'tu o te whānui, e kore ko te tuatahi o nga reo whakaritea. I whakapumautia te abbess tuatahi i te ingoa o Hildegard o Bingen. I huaina te reira i Lingua Ignota ( «reo unknown"). kī Abbess i tonoa e ia ki a ia i te rangi. He ona ake reo tuhituhi me te papakupu e whakamārama te ariā o nga mano tenei reo. i hanga reo Artificial me i te Te Tai Rāwhiti. Hei tauira, te "pōro-ibalan". I whakaaro te reira e Sheikh Muhieddin, te whakamahi i rite te pūtake te Pahia, Arabic ko Turkish.

-rua

i hanga reo te nuinga horihori i runga i te pūtake o ngā, pūnaha tohu kia rua te whakamahi i ngā tau, e kore te tikanga o te kōrero. Kei te mohiotia, tuhia te reira i ngā mōhiohio e te tikanga o rua mati - 0 me 1. Kia reira nga rorohiko me te pūnaha matatini atu - takitoru e. Ko pūtakerua - te watea tino ki te hangarau mamati. Ko te tohu pūnaha ā-rua 1 me 0 tohu te aroaro ngaro ranei o te tohu.

Solresol: rerekē kaiwhakatangitangi whakaaro

I roto i te tīmatanga o te kaiwhakatangitangi rautau tekau ma iwa Fransua Syudr i France ngā ki te iwi whānui he whakaaro rerekē: whakaaro ia he reo tāwhaiwhai huaina Solresol. Ana kupu, i nga neke atu i rua me te hawhe mano, tuhia ki te awhina o te waiata. E mea uaua ki te whakapono, engari te whakaaro, i te tuatahi ko e noa he kēmu hinengaro waiata ka rongonui. Kua riro te reo Solresol rongo i roto i hono to'utangatá, no te mea ko nga pitopito kōrero tohu te ao.