Rōpū tōrangapū o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. Ko te hanganga o ngā rōpū tōrangapū i roto i Russia

Ko te kupu "rōpū" mai i te partio Kariki, e te tikanga "wahi" e rua, me te "take" kia whai tahi mau mea i roto i te noa. rōpū tōrangapū, ko te kupu, tohu te uniana o iwi rite-whakaaro ki ngā whakaaro, me ngā whāinga noa e taea te mohio i roto i te whai wāhi ki te hanganga mana i roto i te tikanga ki te tohu i te ngākau nuitanga o etahi rōpū. rōpū tōrangapū o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, whakawhanakehia i roto i te taiao ahua o te kingitanga o Nicholas II. whakakapi tenei tangata mārō Russian Alexander III, nei i mohiotia rite te takawaenga mo te ngaro o te whawhai i roto i te tau o tona kingitanga. Ko te rironga ki te torona rite Nicholas II tahi e te mate o nga mano o te iwi i Khodynka, na ko tona kingitanga he kore i te tīmatanga.

Ko te hiahiatanga hītori mo te mahi o te rōpū ngā

I runga i te rangatira o ingoa te Russian Empire o kino pāngia e te whawhai ki a Hapani i te 1904-1905., Nei arahina ki tino parekura rohe, me te tangata. timata ki te whakamārama o ngoikore te mana o te kingi ki te faananea huru tuwhena e faaite iho matua SRS me nga Tuhinga Black. Nicholas II ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga i muri i haere te revolution ki te raupapa o whakahounga tōrangapū, i roto i ko te whakatūnga o te State Duma. Tae noa taua wa, kihai i te tīariari i te tinana māngai o te whenua. ka mau te hanganga o ngā rōpū tōrangapū i roto i Russia i taua wa wahi i roto i ngā wāhi e toru: te hapori, monarchical me te ohaoha. Na i ia o ratou ona ake āhuatanga, me ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i ngā hōtaka tōrangapū, me pehea ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga.

Te nationalism i roto i nga tōrangapū o te wā

i tino maha Monarchist rōpū tōrangapū Russian i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. I roto ia ratou, ko: "Collection Russian", "Reipa Union o nga tangata", Monarchist Party, "Union o People Russian ki a ratou. Mihaila Arhangela "me etahi atu. Kihai i enei nekehanga tōrangapū hōtaka kākahu, engari kauwhau i whakaaro pronatsionalisticheskie mo te tiaki o te kairetiwhare ture i roto i te whenua. "Russia - mo te Russian" - ko te peha o maha nekehanga monarchist, hiahia ki te waiho te mana kingi mutunga, me te Russian Empire - te arikitanga Ngātuere,. Otiia kihai i rite ki kaitaua rōpū tōrangapū katoa i roto i Russia. Ripanga Ko to ratou mahi whakatairite.

Ko te Rau Black he monarchists

I whakapono te reira e te maha o monarchists maha ngā kaihokohoko iti, taraiwa kapa, e ko, te tāone "iwi" o te take mai Russian-korero, i hoki kaihokohoko, kaipupuri whenua, kaihoko, bourgeois nui me te iti, Cossacks, a tae noa te pirihimana, tukupā motuhake ki te tikanga tsarist. Hoki enei iwi, pepeha rōpū, kauwhautia activists whakawhenumi o iwi atu, hūnuku takoha, te whakahaere i nga ngangaretanga, mahi o whakawetiweti. He aha atu te mohiotia rōpū tōrangapū monarchist o Russia? Poto - te hanganga o ngā rōpū o te rau Black, i roto i 1905-1914 gg. mātātoa peia runga ake faateitei a kaupapa here, te nationalism Russian me anti-Semitism. He ahua nui i roto i te kaupapa monarchist ko Purishkevich, tukua i te kairetiwhare o te taiao.

Ingoa i roto i te honore o te tuhinga hītori

rōpū tōrangapū Rīpera Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, te nuinga kanohi e te tauira hōia me Octobrists (Union o Oketopa māngai o 17). I roto i te Oketopa 1905, ko reira te whitu o Nicholas II riro te Faaiteraa i runga i te whakapai ake o te tikanga tūmatanui, e ngā tika a te kingi ki te whakahaere tikanga (kapu i mua) ki te State Duma. ka mau te Congress tuatahi o nga tauira hōia (Ture Democrats) wahi i roto i te taua i roto i 1905, i te mea kua whakaritea a reira te akoranga matua o tenei kaupapa rōpū.

Ko te āhua rite te tino tangata hei timata whakahounga

Tauira hōia Mauī-ohaoha (i raro i te ārahitanga o Miliukov) ngā o pūkenga, zemstvos, kaipakihi, pūtaiao, me te whakapono e me whai Russia te ōhanga mākete, te mana o te tikanga o te ture, manapori i roto i ngā o mana takitahi i te aratau whānui o te kāwanatanga i roto i te arikitanga pāremata. pātai kaiahuwhenua matatini whakaarohia ratou ki te whakaoti mā te whakawhiti whenua i te kaiwhakarēti (ki te waiho ratou e rima rau whakatekau) mo te whakamahi (e kore e ki runga) nga peasants mo utu, i mahara ki te utu i te āhua. I roto i te kainga puritia te hapori kaiahuwhenua. Āhuatanga o ngā rōpū tōrangapū i roto i Russia mo tenei parirau ngā i roto i te meka e kua kite nga tauira hōia o te hongere matua o nga hanganga, i roto i te meka, te kāwanatanga, me te hiahia ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa mahi i te whakataki o te toro'a 8-haora, te whanaketanga o ngā uniana me te taea o aro. kihai i Māngai o tenei rōpū ki te roha o te rangatiratanga o Finland me Poland, me te o nga iwi o Russia te tika ki te whakamāramatanga ahurea.

kihai ratou i hiahia ki te whakaiti i te ra e mahi

Kei roto te hītori o ngā rōpū tōrangapū Russian taua ingoa rite Guchkov, e arahina nga Octobrists rōpū. Ko ohaoha engari momo, pokapū-matau tenei kaupapa. I tona ngakau i nga māngai o te bourgeoisie (te uniana o bourgeoisie arumoni me te ahumahi o nga pa nui) me te parirau āhua o te pato'iraa Zemstvo whakaarohia ki te kawe i roto i hanganga i roto i te Pāremata, kahore te pakanga patu. Octo ko reira hoki te indivisibility o Russia, te tiaki o te tikanga i roto i te puka o te arikitanga Duma, te otinga o te pātai kaiahuwhenua i te utu o te hunga i roto i te hiahia o te whenua i roto i Siberia, tuku kaimahi te taua tika rite te tahi atu mau piha o te hapori, te tiaki o te whenua nga kaiwhakarēti 'i ratou whakaoranga taea hoki te utu nui, hoko peasants whenua tūmatanui . Mai ahu te rōpū i te taha o industrialists, ko ratou ki te 8-haora ra mahi (hei utu o 11-12 haora), no te mea i whakapono ai e wātea nui iwi e tika ana ki hararei fakalotu.

e hiahia ana SRS ki te hanga i te Kotahitanga o nga iwi

rōpū tōrangapū hapori o Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20 i te aroaro ki te Social mua me nga Democrats Social (RSDLP). Tuatahi arahina ia e Chernov V. M. SRS i hanga te nuinga i roto i neopopulists me manene ke, ko wai i whakapono e hiahia iwi he revolution me te whakakāhoretanga o te autocracy. E tika ana ratou ki te whakaturia te mana o te iwi, ki te huihui i te amuiraa, ki te pīkau i Russia rite te Kotahitanga o nga iwi ki te tika o nga iwi ki te whaiaro-whakaoti etahi take. e tangohia atu te kaiwhakarēti te whenua, tika ai ki te whakamahi tūmatanui o te hapori kaiahuwhenua. SRS meinga tātai o te wehi, kukume ki ona rarangi pūkenga -. Ākonga, ngā kaiako, tākuta, me ētahi atu te rōpū ko te rongonui tino i roto i te peasants.

Ko te kaha peia o te revolution - ko reira te ënei whenua

rōpū tōrangapū i roto i Russia i roto i 1905 ngā rua hanga te "manga" o te Social-Democrats. whakaōkawatia te hanganga o te rōpū i roto i 1903, ki waho, i roto i Brussels, te wahi i tangohia i te tūtohinga i, te hōtaka mōrahi me te mōkito o te rōpū iho. Kua okioki te Social Democrats i runga i te piha haapiiraa mahi, e kore nga peasants (i roto i nei i taua wa i 80% matau ki). e hiahia ana ratou ki te turaki i te arikitanga, ki te whakauru i te matau ki te pōti, ki te wehe i te hahi i te āhua. Hoki kaimahi tūmanakohia ki te tomo i te wa o kaua e nui ake waru haora whakamaheretia penihana, inihua, e whakakahore mahi tamaiti me ki te whakaiti i te whakamahi o te mana wahine. Ko te peasants i ki te farii i to ratou wehenga, e kua tāutuhia e ratou i roto i te akoranga o te whakahou o 1861. I roto i te kōrero i runga i te take matua i roto i te rōpū puta peapea, a ka anga tona mema ki te tomo i te Rōpū Bolshevik (rangatira - V. I. Lenin) me nga Mensheviks Party (ahu e Martov).

whakapono nga Mensheviks e ka wātea ratou rōpū ki te iwi whānui, kia arahi te tukanga pāhoro te bourgeoisie i haumi ki te ënei whenua. Ko te tikanga i Mensheviks whakaaro he o tuaukiuki o te mua, tapaea ki te tango i te whenua i te kaiwhakarēti, ka whakawhiti ki te mana terenga, i te pupuri whakaaro iti i te mahi i runga i te whenua.

Ko te mea ngaro o te whakahaere, me te katinga o te rōpū

Ua ite hoki te Party Bolshevik e kia kia kati ratou uniana whakahaere conspiratorial. Ko te kaha peia o te revolution kaitautoko o Lenin i te ënei whenua i roto i te haumi ki te koraha, me te whakaaro i te bourgeoisie i te tuaukiuki o te mua. Te huri i te tikanga hiahia ratou ki te kawe i te ara tutu, me te arahi ki te huringa o te dictators tikanga tsarist o te ënei whenua. ngā hōtaka rōpū agrarian te whakakorenga o hahi, landlordism me te whakawhiti o te whenua ki te kāwanatanga. Me mea te reira e taua whakaaro te Party Bolshevik o 1917 - kihai i paingia i roto i te taiao tōrangapū me te iwi (April te fanongonongo o "Theses Paenga" o Lenin). Na reira, whakarewahia nga āpiha rōpū he pakanga whakatö-whanui i roto i te hōia, peasants, kaimahi, a na i runga i., Ki te whakapiki ake i te maha o ngā kaitautoko. A riro ana ia ratou, mai te mea te reira whakahaere kaha tōrangapū tenei te nui Oketopa pāpori Revolution. O ngā māngai o te kaupapa tōrangapū i hanga te Pāti Communist.

Me mea kia te reira i ahua rite ki tetahi ki tetahi nga hōtaka o te rōpū tōrangapū o te wā. Hei tauira, e whakaarohia ana nga tauira hōia ki whakawhānui te motuhake o te rohe e rua, i hiahia nga mua ki te hoatu iwi katoa te tika ki te faaotiraa-whaiaro, tae atu i te taea o te wehenga. Ko, rite kua whakaaturia hītori, te Pāti Communist rite te mono ki te mua, i runga i te anga ke, kawea tahi tata te rohe katoa o te Russian Empire ki te kōwae kotahi, engari ki te rerekē pūnaha pāpori.