Roza Lyuksemburg: te ora me te mate o te tahae

Pea he tokomaha kua rongo ranei i kite e i roto i te 2009 whakarewahia te puawai motuhake i roto i Europe - whakatika "Pirinihi o Luxembourg." I pau te hui ki te tau 18 o Alexandra - te Grand Duchy o kingitanga. Otiia i tenei ra haere te reira e pā ana ki reira. mahara iwi Tawhito e i roto i ko te mutunga o te XIX me te tīmatanga o te rautau XX he nui taua tangata orurehau, me te whai mana Tiamana nei te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui i roto i te hanganga o te kaupapa hapori i roto i Europe. I orokati ki te ingoa o te puawai ataahua tona ingoa - Roza Lyuksemburg. Tau o te ora o tenei wahine i kanga katoa ki te pakanga mo nga tika me nga rangatiratanga o te iwi noa. Ko reira e pā ana ki a ia, a ka kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

whānau Hurai

Rose whanau (te ingoa tūturu Rosalia) March 5, 1871 i roto i te rangatiratanga o Poland Zamosc pa, i runga i nga waho o te kingitanga Russian. ko ia te rima te tamaiti i roto i te whānau o te kaihokohoko-Hurai rakau kaihokohoko Iraia Luxembourg. Ko te kotiro he ākonga pai, a puta ki te hōnore i tetahi o gymnasiums o Warsaw.

I roto i tenei hapu Hurai tata-piri tonu i ahau tino aroha o ngā tamariki, rawa te nohoanga whakaotinga, i monokia (raruraru o te tahi huha). Whakatika ki te 10 tau i roto i tona tinana, ko te tukanga tina heke, me te tino mauiui, herea ia ki te moenga, i ētahi wā mō ētahi marama. A, no te tupu ia ake, rere raruraru, engari noho ngoikore. Ki iti ki te huna i tenei koha, kakahu ia hu motuhake. Te kotiro, a te akoranga, te tino āwangawanga e pā ana te totitoti, na he reira kahore he mea whakamiharo e i runga i tenei whenua ia i taea e whakawhanake he maha o complexes.

timata o te ara

Me ahau mea e timata Roza Lyuksemburg, nei haurongo e mohiotia ki kua i te nuinga e pā ana ki te mahi hou ki te whakaatu i te moni i roto i tōrangapū wawe rawa, ara i ako. I puta ia i ngā mātua te kura nui i roto i nga ara tamata matou ki fakaloto'i ia i tenei arearea kaua kino, me te ara utua ia mo te kaiako pai puoro. tonu tumanako ratou e ka wareware i te kotiro tino pūmanawa e pā ana ki toi me tōrangapū, engari kua meinga Rose te ara o te revolution, e titau nei ki te ite ana wawata katoa. I roto i ana hoa hou i ia i runga i te taahiraa rite, mai tetahi o ratou utua tetahi whakarongo ki a ia koha tinana.

I te mutunga o 1880. Kua timata te nuinga o ngā rōpū pāhoro ture ki te hinga rerekētanga o te whakaaro e kua e pā ana ki te kōwhiringa o te ara. E te ara, ko reira kua mārama e kore e taea te whakatikaia wehi, ka te tiaki anake i kārangarangatia. Ko te nuinga o te iwi taitamariki tiaki ki tikanga tika o te pakanga.

a Roza Lyuksemburg te porohita pāhoro i roto i te wā, no te tupu i te pakanga anti-kaiwhakatuma i waenganui i ona ngā mema, a aru hunga i kaha ki te ngaki, ka takaro hoki te whakatö-me te rōpū. Otiia kua tonu nga tangata kohuru e ki te kawe i roto i o ratou mahi ture, i te hoatu ratou ake ngā mema o te dissident rōpū i roto i te ringa o te pirihimana.

Ko reira no te mea o tenei kua i roto i te Rose-tau 18 tau i takoha ki te huna i te hamani-i te mana mo to ratou whai wāhitanga i roto i te whakahaere raro "o te ko ënei". i ia ki te heke ki Switzerland, te wahi tonu e ia tona mātauranga i te Whare Wānanga o Zurich. I reira, ua haapii ia ture, rapunga whakaaro me te ōhanga tōrangapū.

aroha tuatahi

Ko te tau poto i roto i te ata o Switzerland, Roza Lyuksemburg (kite whakaahua. I roto i te arotake) mahara rite te oaoa i roto i tona ora. Here ua marino, me te māia ia. I roto i Zurich, tutaki ia ki tetahi Leo Iogihesom, e pai tonu ia. He maha iwi Young hiahia i roto i Rose, engari te mea kia reira mahi whakatakotoria kua meinga ranei - heke ratou hononga te anake ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te kaupapa here me te haerenga whare pukapuka tahi. Na reira, i ia ki te tango i te kaupapa ake me te whakaatu i tō aroha ki a ia.

E tano ia tapao e te aroaro ko Leo he bachelor whakapumautia, ka tuku ia i muri noa i te Rōhi āhukahuka rawa nei te ngiha. ko ia he tangata rawa hihiri, engari āta timata ki te riri i te mahi irrepressible tangata o ngā kōtiro, i homai e kore i ngāwari nga mahi o te Iogihesa. Na reira, fakanatula, hei pakanga auau puta i roto i te hunga i aroha. I te pae hopea, Roza Lyuksemburg i te University o Zurich tīrama awhina tona tuhinga, te tere o te whanaketanga ahumahi i roto i Poland. Tenei hui ko te mutunga, me ratou tautohetohe.

ko ia rawa whakakake o tona angitu, pera i tona mahi tino maioha ahorangi pai-mohiotia, me tuhinga tuhituhia e ia whakaputaina i roto i ngā hautaka rongonui o te taparuraa hapori. Ko te kupu, ka mohiotia tona ingoa ko katoa i runga i Europe. Otiia kihai i Leo ia ite koa i te whakatutukitanga o te Rose, i mohio tonu pai e ko ia i raro i te mana o te wahine tino kaha, me tenei ahua o take kihai i hāngai ki a ia i te katoa.

Ko te mutunga tuatahi

I maoro i muri i Roza Lyuksemburg i te aniraa o te Pāti pāpori o Tiamana whakaae ki te whai wāhi i roto i ngā pōtitanga ā-rohe hei whakaoho. whai wāhi te wahine i roto i te whakatö-i roto i te rohe Upper Silesia, te wahi tokomaha amo. Ko te kupu, ko reira rawa hohoro taea ki te riro i te whakawhirinaki o te te mua Tiamana. I roto i tenei taiao, riro tona hoa pai te tahae Clara Zetkin. whakamōhio reira Luxembourg ki tana tama, kia rite ki te pai rite ki te rongonui theoretician Karlom Kautskim. I tua atu, i konei i roto i Germany, i 1901, ka whakatika ia ki te whakatau ki a Vladimir Lenin.

I muri i te timatanga o nga ngā hou i roto i Russia i 1905, tae ia i roto i Warsaw, a he kaha te whai wāhi i roto i te mahi mautohe o te kaimahi Polish. I muri i te tahi mau wa, te whakahaere nga pirihimana ngaro tsarist ki te hopu me te hoatu ia i roto i te whare herehere. puritia Luxembourg reira hoki te maha o nga marama, i raro i te riri o pakeke mahi noa mahi ranei. Heoi, te whakawhetai ki te mau tautooraa o hoa German i roto i 1907 i tukua e ia i te whare herehere, i muri i haere ia ki a Germany mo te pai.

ora whaiaro

I roto i te tikanga ki te neke ki te whenua mo te noho pūmau, a Rosa take raraunga Tiamana. Ko te ara te vitiviti ki te mahi i tenei ko te mutunga o te faaipoiporaa ki te tangata o tenei ahua. ka Luxembourg Gustav Lübeck tane ōkawa. I roto i te taua tau, ka timata te wahine he take roa te aroha ki te tama a tona hoa Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Tenei meka e whakaatu e pā ana ki 600 reta e kua ka ora ki tenei ra.

whakamoemititia Constantine nga kupu a ahi o tona rangatira, na ia mooni ka ana kaitohutohu i roto i te haapiiraa Marxism. E rima nga tau i muri mai, ka whawhati ake te tokorua. Mai taua wa, e kore e kore ake take aroha tīmata Roza Lyuksemburg. e kore e ona tamariki rawa hiahia i roto i, no te mea e kore te reira kua mutu ki te whakarite i te kaupapa pāhoro, me ia, ki te faitotonu, kihai i reira ki runga, ki a ratou.

Ngohe i roto i te Ao Tuatahi

I runga i te eve o te whawhai, i te 1913, mo te korero i hanga ki te militarism tere tipu i roto i Germany, Luxembourg, i hopukina hoki tau kotahi. I muri i mahue herehere, kihai i mutu ia tona whakatö-anti-whawhai. August 1, 1914, ka whakapuakina te Kaiser o Germany whawhai i runga i te Russian Empire, totohe-pāpori, ka mema o te pāremata German, pōti i roto i te manakohia o tango taurewa hōia. ko Luxembourg taha tika ia ki te kore taua o matakite me ana hoa ki tana hoa hou hanga tonu he moheni tōrangapū "Internationale." kihai i Rose whai wa ki te tuhituhi toku tuhinga tuatahi mō tēnei putanga rite i hopukina ano reira ka hoatu i roto i te whare herehere i roto i Berlin.

I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1915, ia whiwhi kotahi ano ki nga wahi o te mau herehere ana mō te korero i te hui tū i roto i Frankfurt am Main. He tau i muri mai, i tukua ia, engari e toru nga marama i muri mai i hopukina ano. Tenei wa, ka hoatu ia i runga i te wā roa - tau e rua me te hawhe. I taua wa he kore taitamariki, haunga te mate, me te mokemoke ia, engari, whakaaro e te tākuta pai ko te mahi, i tuhituhi Rose he rota, e noho ana i roto i te whare herehere.

Creation o te Pāti Communist o Germany

A, no te haere mai te whawhai, e kitea e ia he piri u'ana o te taua, rite ko ia, i roto i te mata o te tahae Karla Libknehta. Fakataha, te hanga ratou i te whakahaere hou - "Spartacus League". I roto i te Hakihea 1918, i ano huihui riro ratou nga kaiwhakatū o te German Party Communist.

I te Congress tuatahi o te whakahaere hou i hanga Roza Lyuksemburg he pūrongo, e te tino pakeke whakahē nga mua Russian ki whakapumautia tonotono kotahi-rōpū te whenua o e, i roto i tona tirohanga, etaeta meinga ana i runga i ngaahi tau'atāina manapori, me te whai wāhi ki te pehanga o ngā rōpū pato'iraa katoa.

Revolution maita nanakia

A, no te mea kua he wahine ka kotahi ano i roto o te whare herehere i roto i te 1918, ko te kua tenei wa i roto i Germany roto i te tārere tonu ngangau Whiringa Revolution. i tino ngaro Mana i runga i te āhuatanga tūmatanui, a mooni maringi wehi toto i roto i ki te ara, e mau ana ki a ratou te riri katoa putu e kua runga i nga tau o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao.

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, he whakamataku i roto i taua e kore e te reira wehe iwi i runga i te matau me te he tetahi revolution, a fakamālohii katoa e haere mai ana i raro i tona ara maita toto. Na te aamu o te tohu Rosa Luxemburg o. ka ia tetahi o nga patunga rite ratou hoa o mua i roto i te rōpū, hohoro nei hohoro, pera ki te korero, i runga i te ngautuara, kia whakakahoretia atu o te raruraru, a ka ore hoa.

Ko te mate o te orurehau

15 Kohitātea 1919 Luxembourg, tahi ki tona hoa Karlom Libknehtom i mauheretia, ka tangohia ki te hotera "Erene". I te tomokanga ki te whare i tutaki ia e te mano titoa katoa o hoia me rangatira, e timata ana ki te hoatu nui oati te wahine kupu. Na ka waiho i raro ia ki te uiui rawa haaviivii, i muri nei i te reira, i raro i te take o te whare i roto i te whare herehere Moabit, arahina ki te putanga o te hotera.

A, no te arahina te wahine me te kauhanga roa, i whakaekea ia e tetahi o nga hoia, ka patua e rua i roto i te upoko. A, no te hinga ia, tangohia ia nga kaitiaki ki runga, ka kawea ki roto ki te waka, te wahi tonu te patu. Kohuru o Rosa Luxemburg i roto i tenei motokā, i te ara ki te whare herehere, no te pae hopea ki te tikanga tawaia koperea te wahine ona kaiwhakamamae, ka maka te tinana ki roto ki te awa Landverskogo wai. Anake i te marama torutoru i muri, ara Pipiri 1, i kitea ona kōiwi, me hī i roto o te wai. tanumia orurehau i muri i 13 ra i te Berlin urupā Friedrichsfelde.