Tātai hāora. tepu Periodic - hāora

huānga matū hāora rongoa i roto i te rōpū matua wā tuarua VI-th o tawhitotia te putanga poto o te Taka Pūmotu. E ai ki nga paerewa tauanga hou - ko te rōpū 16. I hanga te whakatau hāngai e IUPAC i 1988. Hāora rite te taonga ohie o te tātai - e _2. A feruri i ona āhuatanga matua, tūranga i roto i te āhua ōhanga me te. timata tatou ki te whakamārama o te rōpū katoa o te pūnaha wā, ahu nei i te hāora. rerekē Huānga i ona congeners he te chalcogen, a he rerekē i hauwai wai te pūhui o whanariki, selenium me tellurium. Ko te whakamārama o te huru katoa ki te kia kitea, anake ki te ako e pā ana ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te ngota.

Chalcogens - huānga e pā ana hāora

āhuatanga e rite o nga ngota hanga he rōpū kotahi i roto i te pūnaha wā. upoko hāora e te hapu o chalcogens, engari rerekē i ratou i roto i te maha o ngā āhuatanga.

Ko te papatipu ngota o te hāora - te rōpū tupuna - ko te 16 he. .. E m chalcogen pūhui ki te hanganga o te hauwai me konganuku whakaatu ratou āhua pitihāoratanga noa -2. Hei tauira, tito o te wai (H ₂ E) tau pitihāoratanga o te hāora, ko te -2.

Composition o angamaheni pūhui hauwai chalcogen o te tātai whānui: H ₂ waikawa R. te whakakorenga o enei matū e hanga e. Anake hauwai hononga hāora - wai - he āhuatanga motuhake. E ai ki nga kitenga o pūtaiao, tenei taonga, ko te waikawa rerekē, me te rawa ngoikore, me te turanga rawa ngoikore.

Whanariki, selenium me tellurium whai āhua angamaheni pai hāora (+4, +6) i roto i ngā pūhui ki te hāora, me te tahi atu-konganuku kore he electronegativity nui (eo). whakaata waikura Composition chalcogen te tātai whānui: RO _2, RO _3. E ratou he hanganga hāngai waikawa: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Elements hāngai ki matū ohie: hāora, whanariki, selenium, tellurium me polonium. whakaatu i te mema o te tuatahi e toru ngā āhuatanga konganuku. Hāora Tātai - Mō _2. whakarereke Allotropic o te huānga kotahi - pekerangi (e _3). putanga rua he hau. Whanariki me te selenium - Mārō kore-konganuku. Tellurium - metalloid taonga, he pēne o nāianei hiko, polonium - whakarewa.

Hāora - te huānga nui tino

Ko te ihirangi katoa o ngā ngota o te pūmotu i te kirinuku o te whenua, ko te pā ana ki 47% (e taimaha). kitea hāora i roto i te puka noa, hei wāhanga o hononga maha ranei. taonga Simple, tona tātai o e ₂ kei roto i te hanganga o te kōhauhau, whakatu 21% rangi (i te rōrahi). memeha hāora rāpoi te i roto i te wai, ko reira i waenganui i te matūriki oneone.

Tatou e matau kua i reira ko tetahi ahua o te oraraa o te huānga matū taua i roto i te ahua o te taonga ohie. Tenei pekerangi - hau hanga i pā ana ki 30 km i te apa mata, maha i huaina ozone mata. hāora Herea tomo te rāpoi ngota wai i roto i te kamaka maha me ngā kohuke, ngā pūhui matū waro.

Hanganga ngota hāora

Kei tepu Periodic oti mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hāora:

1. Ko te tau rangatū o te huānga - 8.
2. tiaki karihi - +8.
3. Ko te katoa maha o irahiko - 8.
4. tātai hāora Electronic - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

I roto i te natura, i reira e toru kanoirite pūmau, e whai te tau kotahi raupapa i roto i te Periodic Ripanga, he hanganga ōrite o ngā iraoho me ngā irahiko, engari he maha rerekē o ngā iramoe. E denoted kanoirite e te tohu taua - O. hoki tūtohi whakarite e whakaatu ana i te hanganga o toru kanoirite hāora:

Āhuatanga o te hāora - he āhuatanga matū

I te 2p ngota sublevel e rua irahiko unpaired, e whakamārama te ahua o te piti hāora -2 me +2. e kore e taea e rua irahiko takirua momotu, ki nui haere te tohu o te hāora ki te wha rite i roto i te whanariki, me te tahi atu chalcogenides. Ko te take - te kore o te sublayer free. Na reira, e kore e nga pūhui o te huānga matū whakaatu hāora honohono, me te tau rite rōpū kāwanatanga hāora i roto i te putanga poto o te pūnaha wā (6). tau pitihāoratanga Toharite he -2 hoki ia.

Anake ki te pūhui köwhai whakaaturia hāora uncharacteristic āhua pitihāoratanga pai o +2 hoki ia. uara eo o kaha rerekē nonmetals e rua: EA (D) = 3.5; EE (F) = 4. Ka rite ki te huānga ake electronegative, fluoro kaha mau tonu tana irahiko honohono, me te rata ana te matūriki ki te taumata pūngao waho o te ngota hāora. Na reira, i roto i te tauhohe ki te hau köwhai ko reira hāora whakaiti kaihoko ngaro irahiko.

Hāora - he taonga ohie

D. English kairangahau Priestley i 1774 i roto i te akoranga o ngā tāutuhia hau i te whāwehe o mēkuri waikura. E rua tau i mua, te taonga kotahi i roto i tona ahua parakore a K. Scheele. Anake i te tau torutoru i muri, ka kitea e te kēmihi French Antoine Lavoisier e hoki hau ko te wahi o te rangi, a ka ako ngā āhuatanga. tātai hāora Chemical - e _2. Whakaata tuhi hanganga o ngā irahiko mea whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o te here kotuari kore-neke - e, e ::. Whakakapia ia rua hononga irahiko ki kotahi aho: e = O. mārama whakaatu tātai hāora taua e hono te ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota e rua takirua irahiko noa.

Te mahi tātaitanga ohie, me te whakatau he aha te mea te papatipu rāpoi-ngota o te hāora: Mr (e ₂₎ = Ara (e) x 2 = 16 x 2 = 32. No te whakarite: (. Air) Mr = 29. hāora Chemical tātai rerekē i te pekerangi kotahi ngota hāora. No reira, Mr (e ₃₎ = Ara (e) x 3 = 48. Ozone i roto i te hāora, ko te 1.5 wa taimaha.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Hāora - he hau kahore tae, reka, me te kakara (i pāmahana paerewa, me te pēhanga rite ki te pēhanga kōhauhau). Ko paku taimaha ake i te hau i te rawa; wairewa i roto i te wai, engari i roto i rahinga iti. he kino ira whakakoero hāora, me te ko -218,3 ° C. Ko te wāhi i i tahuri hāora wai te hoki ki hau - ko tona pāmahana e koropupu ana. Hoki e ₂ rāpoi uara o tenei inenga ā-tae -182,96 ° C. riro te hāora wai, me te totoka i te tae marama-puru.

Whiwhi hāora i roto i te taiwhanga

A, no te hana, te hāora-kei roto matū pērā i te pāhare, tohaina te he hau te huitahi e taea te kohia i roto i te pounamu ngongo ranei. Ki te hanga e koe i roto i te rama hāora parakore tahuna, kaitahu reira atu ngingila atu i roto i te rangi. E rua atu tikanga taiwhanga mō te whakaputa hāora - whāwehe o te hauwai me te konurehu chlorate (pāhare pāporo chlorate). A feruri i te pūrere ara iahiko, te whakamahia nei mo te whāwehe waiariki.

I roto i te ipuipu te pounamu a tawhio-raro ranei he tika ki te ringihia he chlorate pāhare pāporo iti, kati te puru ki te ngongo hau putanga. kia tōna mutunga ritenga kia tonoa (raro) kōaro ka huripokitia e i roto i te puoto. kia mahue te kaki i roto i te whakaata i pokepokea ai ranei ki tonu i te wai. A, no te tukua hāora wera te i te tote ngongo chlorate. Ka rite ki tomo te reira i te ngongo kohu ki te taha, displacing wai i reira. A, no te ki tonu te umanga i te hau, stoppered tona raro kati me kōaro. Whiwhi i roto i tenei whakamātau taiwhanga, e taea te whakamahi hāora ki te ako i te āhuatanga matū o te taonga ohie.

tahunga

Ki te maua e te taiwhanga i te ngingiha o matū i roto i te hāora, he mea e tika ana ki te mohio me te ū ki te ture ahi. ngingihatia hauwai te hangatonu i te rangi, i konatunatua ki te hāora i roto i te ōwehenga o te 2: 1, ko reira taikaha. Ko nui atu kaha atu i roto i te rangi matū parariraa i roto i te hāora parakore. faataa tenei e te āhuatanga o te rangi hanganga. he iti ake i te 1.5 wahi (21%) te hāora i roto i te huru. Ngingiha - he matū tauhohe ki te hāora, me te hua i roto i ngā hua rerekē, te nuinga waikura o konganuku me nonmetals. ranunga Oxidising o e ₂ ki matū pūkākā, i tua atu, i te pūhui hua taea e paitini.

Te tahu rama tikanga (ranei kēmu) tahi e te hanganga o te hauhā. Ka taea te whakamana te whakamātau e whai ake nei i te kāinga. Ki te ki te taonga tahu i raro i te oko karaihe te kapu nui ranei, ka mutu te ngingiha kotahi pau te hāora katoa te. e kore Nitrogen e tautoko i manawa me te ngingiha. Hauhā - hua pitihāoratanga - kore tauhohe ki te hāora. Puata limewater taea kitea te aroaro o te hauhā ki runga ki tahu rama. Ki te haere ngā hua parariraa roto i te waihā konupūmā, riro kapua te otinga. puta ai te tauhohenga matū i waenganui i te wai kotakota me te hauhā, whiwhi konupūmā pākawa waro rewa.

Te faaineineraa o te hāora i runga i te tauine ahumahi

Te tukanga na'ina'i, i roto i nei e whiwhi rāpoi noa o te rangi, e _2, e kore e pā ana ki te whakahaere i tauhohe matū. I roto i te ahumahi, hei tauira, i roto i mira maitai, te hau i iti pāmahana me te pēhanga teitei liquefied. Taua wāhanga kōhauhau nui pērā i te hāora me te hauota, whewhe i pāmahana rerekē. Wehe i te ranunga rangi ki mahana māmālie ki ambient pāmahana. Tuatahi, he rāpoi ngota hauota taiea, me ka hāora. Ko te tikanga o te wehenga e hāngai ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga tinana o matū ohie. Tātai taonga ohie o te hāora, ko te taua rite i reira i te aroaro o te tautauā me aro o te rangi, - e _2.

Ka rite ki te hua, etahi o tauhohe-iahiko, rawa, te hāora, kohia te i runga i te kawehiko hāngai. hiahia Gas o ahumahi, kamupene hanga i roto i te buka nui. Kei te tipu haere tonu te hāora tono, rawa me te reira i te ahumahi matū. hau hua Penapena mō ngā take ahumahi me te hauora i roto i ipurau maitai, rite rawa ki te tohu. He tank hāora poke i roto i te te tae puru puru ranei ki te wehewehe i te reira i te tahi atu hau liquified - hauota, mewaro, haukini.

tātaitanga matū e hāngai ana i runga i tātai me ngā whārite o ngā tauhohe e pā e ₂ rāpoi ngota

Ko te uara ā-tau o te papatipu titiwha o te hāora hāngai ki tētahi atu rahinga - whanaunga papatipu rāpoi. Anake i roto i te take tuatahi, i reira he wae. Me tuhituhi tātai poto hāora taonga me tona taimaha rāpoi rite: M (e ₂₎ = 32 g / mol. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa kamiriona o tetahi rōrahi hau hāngai ki 22.4 rita. No reira, 1 mol o e ₂ - he 22.4 rita taonga 2 kiore e ₂ - 44.8 rita. E ai ki te whārite o te tauhohenga i waenga i te hauwai me te hāora e taea te kite e tauhohe 2 kiore o hauwai me te kotahi kamiriona o te hāora:

Ki te te tākaro o te tauhohe o te 1 mol o hauwai, te nui hāora o 0.5 mol • 22,4 l / mol = 11.2 rita.

Ko te tūranga o e ₂ ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te āhua me te ora te tangata

Ko te hāora pau e kaiao ora i runga i te whenua, a ka kua whai wāhi i roto i te tohanga o ngā matū i roto i te i te taikaha o te 3 piriona tau. Ko te taonga matua mō te respiration me te pākia tenei, ka taea e popo reira rāpoi ngā matūkai synthesized e te tinana hiahia pūngao. Kei te pau te hāora tonu i roto i te ao, engari kei te ona rāhui whakakiia roto i te ahotakakame. pūtaiao Russian K. Timiryazev whakapono e tika ana ki tenei tukanga reira he tonu te ora i runga i to tatou paraneta.

He nui ko te tūranga o te hāora i roto i te natura ōhanga me te:

• whenumi i roto i respiration ora kaiao;
• whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohenga o te ahotakakame i ngā tipu;
• wahi o te rāpoi ngota waro;
• tukanga pirau, FERMENTATION, rusting puta ki te whai wāhitanga o te hāora te tavini rite āpitihāora;
• whakamahia mō te ariā o ngā hua whaiwaro.

Kei te whakamahia te ipurau hāora liquefied mō te tapahi, me te kakano ia konganuku i pāmahana teitei. E kawea ēnei tukanga i roto i te otaota mīhini-hanga, i roto i te waka, me te hanga kamupene. Hoki te mahi i raro i te wai, raro, i teitei tiketike i roto i te korehau Me hoki te iwi i te e ₂ rāpoi ngota. Hāora tāke e whakamahia i roto i te rongoa ki te whakarangatira i te hanganga o te rangi hau e te iwi te hunga e mate ana. Gas mō ngā take hauora, āhuatanga e te kore tata oti o poke hangarau, kakara.

Hāora - te oxidizer tino

pūhui hāora mohiotia ki ngā āhuatanga matū katoa o te taka pūmotu, ki te kahore hoki te māngai tuatahi o te hapu o haurehu onge. tika tauhohe maha matū ki ngota hāora, hāunga kōnakonako, koura, me te konukawata. O te faufaa rahi e te ari whai wāhi hāora, e kua haere tahi e te tuku o te marama, me te wera. Kei te whānui peheé tukanga whakamahia i roto i te whare, me te ahumahi. Ko te tokahuke whakarewa te tauhohe i ki te hāora i huaina pupuhi. konatunatua ore mua-whenua i te rangi hāora-taonga. I pāmahana teitei te ora o konganuku i sulfide ki matū ohie. Ko te kupu whiwhi rino, me etahi konganuku kore-ferrous. Ko te aroaro o te hāora parakore whakarei te auau o ngā tukanga production i roto i nga manga rerekē o te matū, engineering me metallurgy.

Ko te ahua o te tikanga cheap mō te whakaputa hāora i te hau na roto i te te wehenga ki ona wāhanga i iti te pāmahana, kua whakaongaongatia te whanaketanga o maha ngā wāhanga o production ahumahi. Whārangi whakapono e rāpoi ngota ₂ me te e ngota āpiha oxidizing pai. Ko ēnei rauemi māori, e tonu whakahoutia ratou i roto i te natura, e kore e whakapokea te taiao. I tua atu, tauhohe matū e pā ana hāora maha mutu ki te kōtuitui o ano tetahi atu hua tūturu me haumaru - wai. Ko te tūranga o te e ₂ i roto i te tango o te paitini purenga ahumahi wai ururua i poke. I tua atu kei te whakamahia hāora mō te disinfection o ona akatuke'anga allotropic - pekerangi. Tenei taonga ohie roaa mahi oxidizing tiketike. A, no te ozonization wai hanehane pollutants. Ko hoki ozone pānga te waipiro i runga i microflora pathogenic.