Tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga: hātepe

He maha ngā tukanga matū whakamatauria ki te huringa nekehanga o piti hāora o te ngota e hanga i te pūhui urupare. Kei te maha haere tahi tuhi whārite tauhohe momo, pitihāoratanga i te fifi i roto i te whakatakoto i te tau whakarea i te aroaro o ia matū tātai. Hoki tenei whakaaro, kua whakawhanakehia tikanga e pā ana ki te toenga tiaki tohatoha hiko ranei hiko-katote. E whakaahua ana te tuhinga i te ara tuarua ake nga whārite.

tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga, te uho o

ka karanga ano hoki e ia irahiko-katote multipliers tohatoha toenga whakarea. I runga tikanga o whakawhitiwhiti matūriki tōraro whakatupato i waenganui i ng ngota tīhiko ranei i roto i te reo whakakorenga ki uara pH rerekē.

I roto i te tauhohe o te oxidative me momo electrolytes reductive wāhi ki ngā katote kino tiaki pai ranei. Equations momo katote rāpoi, kua whai wāhi tikanga tauhohenga hawhe e hāngai ana, āta whakaatu te uho o tetahi tukanga.

Ki te hanga i te toenga o electrolytes te whakamahi i te momotuhi hono kaha motuhake rite matūriki katote me ngā hononga wewete, me putunga hau i roto i te puka o rāpoi undissociated. Me tohu te hanganga iahiko matūriki e huri ratou tohu o piti hāora. Hei whakatau i te reo whakakorenga i roto i te pauna rawea, waikawa (H ^+), alkali (OH ^-) me te kūpapa (H ₂ E) tikanga.

Hoki te aha whakamahi?

whakahaua te tikanga Manatuu te ki whārite hawhe-tauhohenga te tuhi ngota motuhake mō ngā tukanga pitihāoratanga me te tangohāoratanga. Ka waiho te toenga whakamutunga ratou moni.

wāhanga whakatinanatanga

Writing he ona ake peculiarities tikanga hawhe tauhohenga. Kei roto te hātepe te whai i ēnei:

- Ko te mahi tuatahi, ko te ki te tuhituhi ki raro tātai mō hohe katoa. Hei tauira:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Na e hiahia ana koe ki te tāuta i te āhuatanga i te wāhi matū o te tirohanga, ia wāhanga o te tukanga. I roto i tenei tauhohenga, KMnO ₄ mahi rite oxidizer, H ₂ S ko te kaihoko whakaiti me tautuhi HCl te taiao waikawa.

- kia te taahiraa tuatoru kia tuhituhia i runga i te tātai rārangi hou pūhui katote te tauhohe i ki te pūmanawa kawehiko kaha i roto i te ngā ngota o e reira ko te huringa o nga nekehanga o te piti hāora. I roto i tēnei tauhohenga MnO ₄ ^- mahi hei kaihoko oxidizing, H ₂ S ko te kaiwhakahohe whakaiti me H ⁺ oxonium te māraa H ranei ₃ E ⁺ tautuhi tētahi taiao waikawa. Ua faaite te haurehu waihā, mārō ngoikore ranei pūhui -hiko tātai rāpoi tonu.

E matau nga wae tīmata, ki te tamata i te whakatau he aha te ahua o te oxidizing me kaihoko whakaiti ka iti, ka oxidized puka, aua. I te tahi taime kua oti tohua matū whakamutunga i roto i nga tikanga, i ngä te mahi. Ko te whārite e whai ake nei e tohu whakawhitinga H ₂ S (hauwai sulfide) ki S (whanariki), me anion MnO ₄ ^- i Mn ²⁺ te māraa.

Hoki te toenga o te matūriki ngota i roto i te wahi maui, me te tika i roto i te taiao waikawa te tāpiri hauwai te māraa H ⁺ ranei te wai rāpoi. Ko te otinga kawakore i honoa ngā katote waihā OH ^- H ₂ O. ranei

MnO ₄ ^- → Mn ²⁺

I roto i te otinga o te ngota hāora tahi me ngā katote manganatnyh H ⁺ puka rāpoi ngota wai. Hei whakaōrite i te maha o ngā huānga kua tuhituhia rite te whārite: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ E + Mn ^2+.

Na, kawea whärite te hiko. Ki te mahi i tenei, whakaaro te tapeke o te tiaki i mahue i roto i te rohe, huri i te reira e whitu, a ka ki te taha ki matau, e rua putanga. Hei taurite te tukanga e tapiritia ki te rauemi tīmata matūriki kino rima: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ E + Mn ^2+. Huri i te reira i roto i te hawhe-tauhohenga ora.

Na whakaōrite te maha o ngota ki te hei tukanga piti hāora. Ki tenei te tapiritia ki matau nga tīhiko hauwai taha: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

I muri equalizing tiaki whakamana te: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. te kite te reira i e te pūhui tīmatanga e kai ana e rua matūriki kino. Huri i te reira i roto i te hawhe tauhohe o te tukanga pitihāoratanga.

Tuhia te whārite e rua i roto i te tīwae, me te raina i te maka me utu whakaaetia. E ai ki te ture tīpakohia te faaotiraa o te maha iti rawa te hoki ia hawhe-tauhohenga koutou whakanui. Kei te whakanuia te reira na roto i te oxidative me whārite reductive.

Na ko reira taea ki te kawe i te aofangatuku o nga pepa e rua, takai taha maui, me te tika tahi me te whakaiti i te maha o ngā momo hiko.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ E + Mn ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{E + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5s

Ka taea e te whārite hua whakaiti i te maha o H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ E + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5s.

tirohia tatou i te tika o te toenga katote i tatau i te maha o ngā ngota hāora ki te pere, me muri i te reira, e te mea rite ki te 8. He tika ano hoki te reira ki te manatoko i te utu whakamutunga, me te wahi tuatahi o te pauna: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Ki te ōrite katoa, kua tika te tuhituhi i te reira.

mutu tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga ki te whakawhiti i te tuhi katote rāpoi ki te whārite. Hoki ia matūriki te anion me te māraa wahi o te toenga i mahue i runga i te tiaki ritenga katote tīpakohia. Na e whakawhiti ratou ki te taha ki matau, i roto i te moni kotahi. Na, e taea te hono te katote ki te rāpoi ngota katoa.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ E + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5s

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ E + 2MnCl ₂ + 5s + 2KCl.

Te whakamahi i te tikanga o te hawhe-tauhohe, te hātepe i te ki te tuhituhi i te whārite rāpoi, taea reira me ki te momo tuhituhi hiko pauna.

Whakatau i o āpiha oxidizing

He wāhi taua e hinonga katote, ngota rāpoi ranei e riro irahiko tōraro i ako. matū Oxidising mamae fakafoki mai i roto i te tauhohe. E ratou drawback hiko, e taea te ngāwari ki tonu. Taua tukanga ngā pitihāoratanga hawhe tauhohenga.

Ehara i matū katoa i te kaha ki te tāpiri irahiko. Na roto i te tauhohenga oxidizing kaha ngā:

• māngai kōnakonako;
• waikawa pērā i hauota, pungatara me te selenium;
• pāhare, pākatirua pūmura, manganatny, pākati pūmura;
• konupora tetravalent me waikura mata;
• hiriwa, me te katote koura;
• hāora haurehu waihā pūhui;
• divalent waikura parahi, me te hiriwa monovalent;
• māota-kei roto wae tote;
• vodka kingi;
• hauwai waikuratei.

Faaotiraa o te whakaiti

E tūranga no ki te ngota, matūriki ngota rāpoi ranei, e hoatu i te tiaki kino. I roto i te tauhohe whakaiti matū mamae pānga oxidative ki runga ki wāhinga o irahiko.

Whai āhuatanga whakaiti :

• Māngai o konganuku maha;
• pūhui whanariki tetravalent me hauwai sulfide;
• waikawa kōnakonako;
• rino, chromium, me pūkawa ngāwha konupora;
• pūhaumāota stannous;
• hauota-kei roto āpiha pērā i Sinks waikawa, waikura stannous, hydrazine me te haukini;
• waro tūturu me te ōkai divalent;
• hauwai rāpoi ngota;
• waikawa phosphorous.

Painga o te tikanga o te irahiko-katote

Hei tuhituhi i te tauhohenga pitihāoratanga, whakamahia tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga te atu pinepine atu i te momo toenga hiko.

Ko e tika ana ki te painga tenei tikanga irahiko-katote :

1. I te wa o te tuhi i te whārite whakaaro nga katote tūturu me pūhui e tīari hei wāhanga o te otinga.
2. e kore e taea e te tīmatanga e whai mōhiohio koe e pā ana ki te fariiraa i te pūhui, kua oti te whakarite e ratou i roto i te wāhanga whakamutunga.
3. Ehara i te mea tonu raraunga e tika ana i runga i te tohu o te piti hāora.
4. Nā ki te huarahi ka taea ki te mohio te maha o ngā irahiko whai wāhi i roto i te hawhe-tauhohenga rite te huri i te uara pH o te otinga.
5. E te whārite heke momo katote ako āhuatanga o ngā tukanga, me te hanganga o nga pūhui hua.

Hawhe-tauhohenga i roto i te otinga waikawa

A amo i te tātaitanga ki te katote hauwai te taikaha e rongo te hātepe taketake. Tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga i roto i te reo waikawa ki te tuhi tīmata wahi o tetahi tukanga. Na ka ka whakahuatia ratou i roto i te puka o te whārite o te momo katote i roto i te hanganga ture ki te toenga o te tiaki ngota, me te hiko. tuhia wehe tukanga o oxidative me huru reductive.

Hei hāngai te hāora ngota ki te taha tauhohenga ki te taikaha kawea ona tīhiko hauwai. kia rawaka ki te whiwhi i te wai rāpoi nga moni o H ^+. Peka pēnei hāora hē H ₂ O.

Katahi ka kawea i roto i te toenga o ngā ngota hauwai me ngā irahiko.

Hanga he aofangatuku o whārite i mua, me te i muri i te pere ki te whakaritenga o te tau whakarea.

Te mahi i te taua whakaiti o ngā katote me ngā rāpoi ngota. Na roto i te tauhohenga tuhia kē i roto i te katoa tua o ngaro whārite whakahaere anionic me momo cationic. Ratou maha i mua i a muri me ōrite te pere.

Whārite TUHIR (tikanga hawhe-tauhohenga) te whakaaro kia rite ki te ka tuhi i te faaiteraa oti o nga momo rāpoi. Muri ki ia wae me waiho he tetahi take.

Tauira o ngā āhuatanga waikawa

Ko te tauhohenga o te konutai nitrite ki te waikawa chloric arata'i ki te hanga o te konutai pākawa me te waikawa pūmāota. Hoki te whakaritenga o te tau whakarea mā te whakamahi i te tikanga o te hawhe-tauhohe, tauira o whārite tuhituhi e pā ana ki te tohu o te taiao waikawa.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → Nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ E + Cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ E ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ E + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ E + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

I roto i tenei tukanga, kua whiwhi te nitrite o konutai pākawa, a i hanga i te waikawa chloric te tote. huringa hāpiri tohu ki te hauota 3 ki te 5, me te tiaki māota 5 riro -1. e kore e hua e rua te hanga i te hohenga.

Hawhe-tauhohenga ki te taiao kawakore

Whakahaere tātaitanga ka hāngai ngā katote waihā te taikaha ki te tātai mō rongoā waikawa. timata hoki Tikanga hawhe tauhohenga i roto i te reo kawakore ki te whakapuaki i ngā wāhanga o te tukanga i roto i te puka o whārite katote. Rerekētanga kitea i roto i te tīaroaro o te hāora ngota. Ko te kupu, peka i tona tauhohe ki rāpoi te taikaha kawe i te wai, a ka ki te taha ki te ritenga atu Ka āpiti tīhiko waihā.

Ko te tau whakarea o te rāpoi ngota o te H ₂ E tohu te rerekētanga i roto i te nui o te hāora i mua, me te i muri i te pere, a ka hoki katote OH ^- reira rua. I roto i māngai piti hāora mahi rite whakaiti kaihoko e E te ngota e tīhiko hydroxyl.

Tikanga hawhe tauhohenga mutu e mahi ana i te toe takahanga o te hātepe, i hāngai ki te tukanga i whai he taikaha o te waikawa. Ko te hua mutunga ko te whārite o te momo rāpoi.

Tauira mō te reo kawakore

A, no te uaua iodine ki te konutai waihā i hanga konutai konutawa me iodate, o ngā rāpoi ngota wai. Hoki tukanga toenga te whakamahi i te hawhe tikanga tauhohenga. Tauira o rongoā alkali i pā ana ki te aifaitoraa o te hāora ngota ratou pau.

NaOH + ahau ₂ → NAI + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ e

+ Ahau e ^- → ahau ^- | 5

^{6OH - + ahau - 5e - →} ahau - + 3H ₂ E + IO ₃ ^- | 1

+ Ahau 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ E + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3E ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

Ko te hua o te tauhohenga ko te ngaro o te Whaitae puru o iodine rāpoi. He he he āhua huringa piti hāora o te huānga i 0 ki te 1 me te 5 ki te hanga i konutawa, me te konutai iodate.

Tauhohenga i roto i te taiao kūpapa

Tikanga pā reira ki tukanga tupu i roto i te paparetanga ki te hanga i tai waikawa ngoikore (ki uara pH i waenganui i 6 me 7) ranei paku taketake (ki te pH 7 ki te 8) otinga.

tuhia hawhe tikanga tauhohenga i roto i te reo kūpapa te i roto i te maha o ngā putanga.

I roto i te tikanga tuatahi e kore e tangohia ki pūkete te paparetanga tote. tangohia te reo kei te rite te kūpapa me ki te maui o te pere huanga wai rāpoi. I roto i tenei whakatinanatanga, tangohia te hawhe-tauhohe mō te waikawa, me tetahi atu - no te kawakore.

he pai hoki ngā tukanga i roto i te mea e taea ki te whakatū i te uara pH āwhiwhiwhi te tikanga tuarua. Katahi te tauhohenga mō te tikanga o te katote-irahiko i titiro i roto i te otinga kawakore waikawa ranei.

TAUIRA reo kūpapa

A, no te whiwhi hauwai sulfide pūhui ki konutai pākatirua pūmura i roto i te wai te hohenga whanariki, konutai me te trivalent chromium waihā. Ko te whakautu angamaheni mo te otinga kūpapa tenei.

Na ₂ Cr ₂ E ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7h ₂ E + Cr ₂ E ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7h ₂ E + 3H ₂ S + Cr ₂ E ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + 3s + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. tīhiko hauwai me ng ngota waihā ka ngā, i whai ahua ai te 6 ngā rāpoi ngota o te wai. Ka taea te nekehia atu ratou i roto i te matau, ka mahue, ka mahue te taikaha ki te pere.

H ₂ E + 3H ₂ S + Cr ₂ E ₇ ^2- → 3s + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2Aue ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Cr ₂ E ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ E → 2NaOH + 3s + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

I te mutunga o te tauhohenga te hohenga o ngā tae chromium waihā puru, me te kowhai whanariki i roto i te otinga kawakore ki konutai waihā. Ko te mana oxidative o te S huānga riro -2 ki 0, ka whakatupato ki te chromium +6 tahuri ki 3.