Tauira o ngā papā. momo o te pakanga

He wāhi o te hapori hou ko te pakanga pāpori i roto i tona kanorau katoa. Tauira o ngā papā tatou whakatau nga wahi katoa, tīmata ki tautohetohe iti, me te mutu aroraa ao. whakaaro i runga i te tauine o tetahi o raruraru nui o te ao, e rohe ki te riri o te Ao War III - He putanga o tetahi o enei riri - fundamentalism Islamic. Heoi, Kua whakaaturia ngā i roto i te mara o te pau o te pakanga rite te āhuatanga pāpori-hinengaro e ko te reira makona ariā whānui, me te matatini ki te arotake i tona tirohanga ahurei haamou.

Ko te ariā o te pakanga

Ko te tino noa i roto i te matauranga pūtaiao e whakaaro ki te kia rua nga huarahi ki te āhua o te pakanga (Antsupov AY). Ko te tuatahi tautuhi te pakanga rite te taupatupatunga o ngā rōpū, whakaaro ope ranei; tuarua - rite te tukinga ritenga tūranga, ngā whāinga, ngā ngākau nuitanga me ngā whakaaro ngaahi taumu◊a ko ngā taunekeneke. Ko te kupu, i roto i te take tuatahi whakaaro tauira o pakanga uara whānui tupu i roto i rua Whakahākori me āhua popohe. I roto i te take tuarua i reira ko te papā rōpū plurilateral o te iwi. Ko te kupu ngā tetahi pakanga etahi ngā rārangi i waenganui i ngā kaupapa (rōpū o ngā kaupapa ranei) e whakawhanake ana ki mauāhara.

Hanganga me te pū o te pakanga

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te tauira pakanga i roto i reia whānui whakaaro L. Coser. Ko tētahi o nga painga o tona ariā ko te aronga e reira he tauira o papā o uara pai mahi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, tohe Coser e kore ko te pakanga tonu te āhuatanga kino - i reira he take te wahi he reira faufaa mo te hanganga o ngā hononga ā-roto o te pūnaha ngā, mo te tiaki o te piringa pāpori ranei.

Hanganga puka papā kaiuru (hoariri ātete taha), me o ratou mahi, he kaupapa huru / āhuatanga o te pakanga (hei tauira - kuru i roto i te waka tūmatanui), me tona putanga. Kei te nuinga o te wā tata hono te kaupapa o te pakanga ki nga hiahia o nga taha e whai wāhi, me o nei te mea he pakanga mo te utu. Ngātahi taea te whakarōpū ratou ki ngā rōpū e toru matua: tinana, pāpori (tūnga-tūranga) me te pae varua. Käore ki tetahi ranei tetahi nui mo te tangata (s) Me taea te kite i rite te take o te pakanga.

Tauira o ngā papā typology

Kia pehea te tuhipoka NV Grishina i te mahara rā o pakanga tauira ngā rawa i te whānui o ngā tūmomo - i pakanga patu, me te riri i waenganui i etahi rōpū pāpori, me te ake ki te ngangare faaipoiporaa. Aita e hi'oraa e, ahakoa he mea he tautohe i roto i te Pāremata, te pakanga o hiahia whaiaro ranei. I roto i te tenei ra ka taea e naukoznanii kitea he maha nui o whakarōpūtanga rerekē, me kahore pārōnaki mārama i waenganui i nga ariā o "momo" me "momo" o papā. Tauira o ngā rōpū e rua maha whakamahia rite taurite. Na, i roto i to tatou whakaaro, he pai ki te tohatoha e toru ngā āhuatanga matua ki te typology o papā:

• momo o papā;
• momo o papā;
• puka o te pakanga.

Ko te whānui tino te āhuatanga tuatahi i te rōrahi. Ia momo kia ngā rave rahi ngā momo o pakanga, i, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea e te tango i te wahi i roto i te kotahi te ahua ranei tetahi.

Types me Papā

Ko te momo matua o pakanga e whai ake nei:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
• pāhekoheko (waenga);
• intergroup;
• pakanga i waenganui i te takitahi me te rōpū.

Ko te kupu, Ko te aronga i roto i tenei take i runga i ngā kaupapa (ngā mema) o te pakanga. I roto i te tahuri pāhekoheko, papā intergroup me pakanga i waenganui i te takitahi me te rōpū he tauira o papā pāpori. Ko te pāpori pakanga tuatahi, me ki intrapersonal me zookonfliktom, motuhia atu rite te momo motuhake o te sociologist German Georg Simmel. I roto i te tahi mau ariā atu tata o te pakanga intrapersonal te whakaurua hoki te reira i roto i te ariā o te pāpori, e, Heoi, ko te wāhi taupatupatu.

I roto i te take nui o te pakanga pāpori e manakohia ki te tohatoha iti rauemi, ngā rerekētanga i roto i ngā uara o te tangata me te horopaki pū, ngā rerekētanga i roto i te wheako te ora, me te huru, te whāititanga o etahi āhuatanga o te konä tangata, me etahi atu.

pakanga intrapersonal

titau tumu ite te reira i misalignment o etahi ngā i roto i te mahara o te takitahi (ngā aromatawai, waiaro, ngā ngākau nuitanga, me te D. na i runga i.), te pāhekoheko me ia atu i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ko reira he tutukinga whakahihiko etahi ngā, e kore e taea te makona (kitenga) te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, e kore e taea e te tangata e aroha to koutou mahi, engari wehi ki te waiho hoki o nga opuaraa o toe kore mahi. kia kia whakamatautauria te tamaiti ki te kia noho motu ke i te piha haapiiraa, a i te wa ano wehi o te whiua hoki reira, a na i runga i. D.

I roto i te tahuri, tenei momo o te pakanga e taea e te momo e whai ake nei (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):

• hihiri ( "ahau e hiahia ana" ka "e hiahia ana");
• pakanga o takarepa te kiritau-( "taea ahau" me "taea");
• tūranga-te whakatangi ( "me" me te "me");
• pakanga holi käore ( "e hiahia ana ahau" a "e ahau");
• morare ( "e hiahia ana ahau" me "pau");
• urutaunga ( "pau", "taea").

Ko te kupu, titore tenei whakarōpū toru matua hanganga wāhanga tuakiri, tutuku ki ia atu: "e ahau e hiahia ana ki te" (e hiahia ana ahau), "i ahau" (kia reira) me "Ko ahau" (ahau). Ki te whakarite tatou i tenei ariā ki te tetahi hanganga tuakiri, whakawhanakehia e Sigmund Freud i psychoanalysis, ka taea e tatou mau te Eid pakanga (e hiahia ana), huru (ahau) me te superego (e tika ana). i roto i tenei take ano hoki he tika ki te haamana'o i te reira tātari take Erika Berna ka tohaina ratou ki tūranga e toru o te takitahi: tamaiti (rawakore), Pakeke (ahau), matua (ko reira e tika ana).

pakanga pāhekoheko

puta tenei momo i roto i te take o peapea me pakanga i waenganui i takitahi. I roto i te āhuatanga e taea te tuhia te reira e te reira wahi i runga i te "ki konei, a inaianei" taea e rua take whāinga, me te tuakiri, me, rite ki te tikanga, āhuatanga e kare teitei wāhi. taea hoki te wehea momo Interpersonal ki ngā momo motuhake o papā.

Hei tauira, i runga i nga pau o te hononga o te subordination i waenganui i nga rōpū rānei, e taea te wehea pakanga waenga ki "poutū" pakanga, "whakapae" me "Hauroki". I roto i te take tuatahi e mahi tatou ki te hononga tuarua, hei tauira, te upoko o - he kaimahi, he kaiako - akonga. puta te take tuarua, ka te rōpū ki te pakanga i runga i te taahiraa rite, me e kore e raro ki tahi i te tahi - .. Co-kaimahi, faaipoipo, e tu, iwi i roto i te rārangi, me ētahi atu Taupatupatu hauroki kia ara ake i waenganui i hoariri e te hunga i roto i te subordination autaki - i waenganui i rangatira ratonga, me te i runga i-ohipa wahi i waenganui i te etc. matua, me te teina i roto i. (ina he kaiuru i tūranga taumata rerekē, engari whakaute kaimahi e kore ngā ki ia atu).

papā Interpersonal taea ngā kite tatou wa katoa puta te tukinga i roto i te hanganga hanga ngā o momo pērā i te whānau (pakanga faaipoiporaa, matua-tamaiti i waenganui i taea'ee te mau tuahine), te kāinga, te pakanga i roto i te whakahaere (te tauira o te pakanga whakahaere i waenganui i ona hinonga i roto i ngā papamahi), me ētahi atu.

papā intergroup

Hoki pakanga intergroup e manakohia ki te tutukinga i waenganui i ngā mema o te takitahi o rerekē rōpū pāpori (nui, iti, me te reo-rahi), me te i waenganui i enei rōpū rite te katoa. I roto i tenei take ano taea ki te tohatoha i te taua ahua rite te pakanga i roto i te whakahaere, te whare (ka te pakanga e pā e rave rahi māngai o te rōpū e rua, neke atu rānei (tauira I waenganui kaimahi me te whakahaere, whakahaere me te uniana, ngā ākonga me ngā kaiako, etc..) - no te tauira i roto i terenga whaitua, i roto i te tahuri, te ikiiki tūmatanui, me te pera i runga i. d.).

Ka taea hoki te tīpako i enei tauira o pakanga pāpori i roto i te taumata ā-rōpū rite te ao, Intercultural me te karakia. Ia o enei momo o e hipokina rāngai whanui o te taupori, me te āhuatanga e te roa nui o te wā. I tua atu, kia whai i te pūāhua crossover nga momo tīpakohia. He kāwai motuhake he pakanga ao (tauira o e tatou kite tonu i roto i te rongo), tae atu i waenganui i te āhua takitahi, me o ratou coalitions.

Ko te pakanga i waenganui i te takitahi me te rōpū

Ko noa puta i roto i te take i reira he takitahi kotahi i roto i te rōpū e pai ki te mahi rite te toe ngā kaiuru, ko te kupu whakaatu whanonga korokē tenei momo. Rānei mahia e ia etahi mahi whakaaro nei ki te kia Kāore e he whakapatari pakanga: i roto i te rōpū. Ka rite ki te tauira, ka taea e te kiriata āhuatanga mahi Roland Bykov "puru" (1983), ai te pūāhua matua, ko Lena Bessoltseva i pakanga ki te piha haapiiraa. patu hoki tauira o te whanonga i roto i te rōpū korokē whakapataritari pakanga he fakamamahi whakarau philosopho Italian Giordano Bruno.

momo o te pakanga

titau tēnei kāwai te tetahi pū o te mahi e hanga te pakanga. I roto i te puka taketake i roto i nei te taea o takanga o te pakanga, ko te whai ake (Samsonova N. V.): tautohetohe (tautohetohe) kerēme, te whakatau he, kia kaua, patu, auru huna, patu, tūkino (tūkino), rarangi, riri, te mauahara, auraratanga , tųkinotanga, huaki, whawhai (pakanga tōrangapū). taea hoki te kitea tautohe tauira me te totohe i roto i nga hapori pūtaiao, e io kotahi ano te taea o te pakanga mārohirohi.

Hoki ngā momo katoa o pakanga, ka taea e koe te whakaaro e toru huarahi matua ariā:

• hihiri;
• -a;
• -hinengaro.

huarahi whakahihiko

I roto i ngā o tenei huarahi, te riri o te tangata tetahi rōpū ranei kei runga ake te whakaata katoa o ona raruraru ā-. Hei tauira, ki a Freud tūranga autogruppovaya mauahara he huru mooni mo tetahi pāhekoheko ā-rōpū, he ao. Ko te mahi matua o tenei riri - he tikanga o te pupuri i pūmautanga ā-me te piringatahi o te rōpū. He wahi motuhake i roto i tenei take nohoia e te pakanga tōrangapū. Ka taea e tauira te kitea i roto i te aamu o te hanganga o te kaupapa Fascist i roto i Tiamana me Itari (te whakaaro o te painga i iwi), me te rite i roto i te aamu o te pakanga ki "hoariri o te iwi" i roto i te wā o repressions a Stalin. Freud e pā ana te autogruppovoy mauahara hanganga tikanga ki "ke" ki te matatini Oedipus, te parapara o te fakaaoao me tautuhi aronganui ki te rangatira o te rōpū - e kore e taea te whakaaro te "papa", me ētahi atu i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te morare taua meka rite te pakanga mārohirohi.. Tauira wehi iwi, me te papatipu, Heoi, āta whakaatu te taea o faaitoito ra i te mau melo o te o tetahi rōpū i roto i te tautohetohe ki te atu.

Ko te fakaaoao o te ariā ariā o te kaimātai hinengaro American Leonard Berkowitz rite tetahi o nga āhuatanga matua o pakanga intergroup i manakohia fakamasiva whanaunga. Ko tetahi o nga rōpū arotake ratou tūranga i roto i te hapori me te mea he tūranga ake rawakore i roto i rite ki ētahi atu rōpū. I roto i tenei fakamasiva ko whanaunga, rite kore ai te tūranga rawakore i roto i te vairaa mau e tika.

huarahi-a

arotahi ana tēnei huarahi i runga i ngā āhuatanga o waho, te āhuatanga meinga te takanga me te pū o te pakanga. Ko te kupu, i roto i te kaimātai hinengaro Turkish kua kitea rangahau Muzaffer Sheriff o e te nui heke te riri o tetahi rōpū ki tetahi, ki te, hei utu o te taiao whakataetae e whakaratohia ratou ki ngā āhuatanga mō te mahi tahi (te hiahia ki te whakatinana i ngā mahi tahi i roto i nei te putanga tei runga i te mau tautooraa noa o ngā kaiuru katoa). Ko te kupu, kua kite i te Heriwhi e nga āhuatanga o te āhuatanga, i roto i nei te rōpū taunekeneke, he whakatakotoria i roto i te whakatau i te āhua ohu whakataetae ranei o intergroup pāhekoheko.

huarahi hinengaro

I roto i tenei take, ko te aronga i runga i te tūranga tino o-hinengaro (hinengaro) pūnaha whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga ki tetahi ki tetahi. Na, i roto i te āhuatanga o te pakanga intergroup riri o tetahi rōpū ki tetahi e kore e tika meinga e te pakanga whāinga o ngā ngākau nuitanga (kī nei i roto i te ariā kiko o pakanga i roto i te anga o te huarahi-a). Fakatatau ki ai, kahore paheko / āhua whakataetae o te āhuatanga riro te take whakatakotoria i roto i te intergroup me taunekeneke pāhekoheko, me te tupu i roto i ana tautuhinga rōpū. E ratou, nga whāinga whānui e ki te whakatau i ngā papā i waenganui i hoariri - tei reira ki runga ki te hanganga o te waiaro pāpori e whakakotahi i te rōpū, me te whai wāhi ki te hinga ratou pato'iraa.

Tedzhfel Turner ka whakawhanakehia te ariā o te tuakiri pāpori, ai pakanga i waenganui i te rōpū e kore e he hopearaa tika o te parau-tia ore pāpori (pērā huarahi whakahihiko). Fehangahangai mo tenei he tutu, mau taata i te whai wāhi ki te whiriwhiri tetahi atu ranei ara ki te hinga i te reira.

ahurea Conflictological o te tuakiri

Ahakoa o ahakoa i reira he pakanga ao, tauira o nei e tino mārama faaite kino taha whanonga pakanga; ranei ahakoa e korero tatou e pā ana ki te whawhai iti i waenganui i te hoa e tino nui āhua i te ara pai i roto i. Ko te kaha o te taha taha e ki te kitea he ngātahitia i roto i te āhuatanga papā uaua, ki pehi ratou ake whanonga kino, kite i te opuaraa taea o te mahi tahi atu ki enei hoariri - katoa o enei āhuatanga ko te kī ki te putanga pai taea. I te wa ano, noa'tu te nui ko te katoa o te kaupapa here tūmatanui, pūnaha ōhanga, ahurea, me te ture i roto i te hapori, i te takenga mai o tenei au ko te tahi mau mau taata motuhake. Just rite haamata te awa i manga iti.

Ko reira e pā ana ki te tuakiri ahurea conflictological. Hāngai ariā ngā te kaha me te hiahia o te tangata takitahi ki te ārai me te taumira o pakanga pāpori (Samsonova N. V.). I roto i tenei take he mea tika ki te haamana'o i te ariā o "pakanga mārohirohi". Tauira o pakanga nāianei (whakaaro ratou natura te oro, me te whānui) whakaatu, kaua, te ngaro o tetahi ngā papā mārohirohi. I roto i tenei whakaaro, me whakaaro te ariā o te tuakiri ahurea conflictological kore anake, me te kore rawa tetahi o nga tikanga mo taumira ikeiketanga o tautohe i roto i te hapori, engari ano hoki i rite te take nui o te whakawhanaunga o nga takitahi hou.