Tauira tauhohenga catalytic. catalysis ōrite me heterogeneous

Matū - te pūtaiao o ngā matū, me o ratou panoni, me te tukanga hoki ratou faaineineraa. Ahakoa i roto i te hōtaka kura auau te whakaaro he taua take nui, momo e rua o tauhohe. Classification, ki nei e whakaurua ngā ākonga ki te taumata taketake, e ki pūkete te huringa o te rere wāhanga piti hāora, a pera te huarahi tukanga. D. I tua atu, kua wehea nga tukanga matū katoa ki tauhohe catalytic me kore-catalytic. Tauira o panoni e puta ki tutuki te whakakōkī he tangata i roto i te ora ia rā: FERMENTATION, putrefaction. faafariuraa Non-catalytic, he nui iti noa tatou.

He aha te mea he whakakōkī

Tenei matū, i te mea e taea ki te huri i te tere o te tauhohenga, engari e kore e te iho i te reira whai wāhi. I roto i te take i reira te whakakōkī e wahi mā te whakatere tukanga, e pā ana te reira ki te catalysis pai. I roto i taua take, ki te te kaihoko tapiritia i roto i te tukanga whakaiti te auau tauhohe, huaina reira ko te inhibitor.

momo o te catalysis

rerekē catalysis ōrite, me te heterogeneous i roto i te wāhanga, i roto i nei i reira e tīmata rauemi. Ki te nga wāhanga tīmata, tangohia ki taunekeneke, tae atu i te whakakōkī, kei roto i te āhua whakahiato taua, rere catalysis ōrite. I roto i te take i reira tae te tauhohenga e wāhanga rerekē o te mea, he catalysis heterogeneous.

Ko te selectivity o te mahi

e kore te mea he tikanga tika o te whakapai ake i te mahi o te taputapu Catalysis, te mea he pānga pai i runga i te kounga o te hua. Ka taea te faataa te āhuatanga rite i te meka e tika ana ki te whiriwhiri (whiriwhiri) mahi o te nuinga o kaiwhakakökï whakatere e te tukanga taha tauhohenga iti tika. I te pae hopea, te hua whiwhi i kore te mea e tika ana i te viivii ore teitei ki pure atu te taonga. Ko te selectivity o te mahi o te whakakōkī homai whakaiti whai hua o utu kore-hua o ngā rauemi mata, hua ōhanga pai.

Painga o tono i roto i te hanga o te whakakōkī

He aha atu e āhuatanga e tauhohenga catalytic? Tauira tirohia i roto i te kura nui tikanga, tohu e te whakamahi o te whakakōkī taea te tukanga i pāmahana o raro. whakaatu ngā e taea te whakamahi i te reira ki te tatau i runga i te whakaiti nui i roto i ngā utu pūngao. He tino nui i roto i te mau huru reira tenei, ka reira te mea he kaimahi o ngā rauemi pūngao i roto i te ao.

Tauira o te catalytic manufactures

Ko tēhea ahumahi whakamahi i te tauhohenga catalytic? Tauira o taua tipu: hanga o te hauota, me te waikawa pungatara, hauwai, haukini, waerau me te hinu tukatuka. whakamahia whānuitia catalysis i te faaineineraa o ngā waikawa waro, monohydric me waiwaihā polyhydric, resins phenol, waikano, ngā rongoā.

He aha te mea te whakakōkī

Ko te kaiwhakakökï taea mahi maha matū reira i roto i te pūnaha wā o ngā āhuatanga matū Dmitriya Ivanovicha Mendeleeva, me o ratou pūhui. I roto i te accelerators tino noa taratahi: waikura konukōreko, rino, konukawata, konukurahina, alumosilicates, konupora.

āhuatanga kaiwhakakökï

I whai tua ki te kaiwhakakökï mahi whiriwhiri pai mīhini kaha, ka taea e ratou te tu atu paihana catalytic, ngāwari regenerated (faaho'ihia mai).

Ko te wāhanga o catalytic tauhohe ōrite e wehea ki wāhanga hau me te wāhanga wai.

He āta titiro ki enei momo o tauhohe. I roto i te rongoā o te whakatere faafariuraa matū protrude tīhiko hauwai H +, katote turanga waihā OH-, tīhiko whakarewa, M +, me matū e whakatairanga te hanganga o Radicals free.

Ko te ngako o te catalysis

Tikanga Catalysis mā te tauhohe i ngā waikawa me nga turanga, ko e reira ko he utu i waenganui i te matū pāhekoheko me te whakakōkī katote pai (iraoho). Ko te kupu tango panoni intramolecular wahi. Hoki tenei momo o te tauhohenga e:

• maroketanga (uncoupling wai);
• hydration (tāpiritanga o ngā rāpoi ngota wai);
• hākawatanga (hanganga o te hākawa i waipiro me ngā waikawa);
• polycondensation (waerau hanganga i te wāhinga ki te wai).

whakamārama te ariā o catalysis te tukanga e kore anake, engari ano hoki i te panoni taha taea. I roto i te take o te tukanga catalysis heterogeneous hanga te whakatere wāhanga motuhake, i te tahi mau āhuatanga catalytic i runga i nga ngā mata o te matū hohe whai wāhi te mata katoa te ranei.

He he he tukanga microheterogeneous e whai wāhi te kimi i te whakakōkī i roto i te āhua colloidal. Tenei kōwhiringa Ko te āhua whakawhiti i ōrite ki te mahara catalysis heterogeneous. Te nuinga o enei tukanga puta i waenganui i matū haurehu waihā te whakamahi i kaiwhakakökï mārō. kia waiho ratou i roto i te puka o pire, papa, purapura.

Tohatoha o catalysis i roto i te natura

Kei te whānui tohaina catalysis paru i roto i te natura. puta te reira mā biocatalysts ariā o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, pākia whakamana i roto i te kaiao ora. Tetahi o tukanga koiora e pā ana kaiao ora, e kore nunumi atu i te tauhohenga catalytic. Tauira o ngā tukanga faufaa: ariā o waikawa amino i pūmua motuhake mo te rauropi; te rärangi o te ngako, pūmua, te warowaihā.

hātepe catalysis

A feruri i te huarahi o te catalysis. Tenei tukanga tupu i runga i maiengi accelerators mārō ngā matū, ngā reira e rave rahi kaupae taketake:

• tūringiringi o nga matū hohe ki te mata o nga purapura whakakōkī i te awa o te pata;
• tūringiringi o matū hohe ki te kōputaputa whakakōkī;
• chemisorption (adsorption whakahohe) i runga i te mata o te whakatere matū tauhohe i ki te haerenga mai o ngā matū matū mata - complexes whakahohe "tauhohenga whakakōkī";
• whakatikatika o ngota ki te takanga o ngā mata "whakakōkī-hua";
• tūringiringi i roto i nga kōputaputa o te whakatere o te hua tauhohe;
• tūringiringi hua i te mata o te rere witi i roto i te matua tauhohe whakatere.

E mea faufaa tauhohe catalytic me kore-catalytic e kaiputaiao i runga i te tau tonu te rangahau i roto i tenei rohe.

A, no te catalysis ōrite kahore he hiahia ki te hanga whakaaro motuhake. catalysis pūmua whākōkī i roto i te kē heterogeneous whai wāhi te whakamahi o te taputapu kanorau, me te motuhake. Hoki tona rere whakawhanakehia whakaaro whakapā motuhake, roherohea runga te mata whakapā (i roto i te ngongo, i runga i nga taiepa o reti te whakakōkī); he apa tātari; slurry moenga; heke ana ki te whakakōkī pokarekarenga.

whakatinana whakawhiti Heat i roto i te taputapu e i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē:

• na roto i te faaohiparaa i te mamao (waho) exchangers wera;
• mā exchangers wera, tāmau i roto i te taputapu whakapā.

Tātari i te tātai o te matū, ka taea te kitea i taua tauhohenga i roto i nei mahi i te whakakōkī rite tetahi o nga hua whakamutunga, i hanga nei i roto i te pāhekoheko matū o te wae tuatahi.

E huaina taua tukanga autocatalytic, te āhuatanga i roto i te matū i huaina autocatalysis.

Tere maha taunekeneke tika ki te aroaro i roto i te ranunga tauhohe o etahi matū. Ratou matū tātai mo'ehia, e whakakapi e te kupu "whakakōkī" ranei tona whakarāpopototanga mō tenei. e kore e ratou ngā te stereochemistry whakamutunga o te whārite, mai ratou, i muri i te otinga o te tauhohenga e kore te huri i te wāhi ine o te tirohanga. I roto i ētahi wā, makona moni iti o matū e tino pā te auau o te tukanga haere tonu. Ko reira whakaaetia me ngā āhuatanga pērā i ka mahi te whakatere ngā matū ano oko tauhohenga.

Ko te ngako o te mana whakakōkī i runga i te auau huringa o te tukanga matū ko e ngā te taonga kei te i roto i te hanganga o te matatini kaha, a na reira e taui i te pūngao whakahohenga o te ngā matū.

I roto i te pirau o te houtanga whakakōkī matatini kitea te. Ko te rārangi raro ko e kore e kia pau te reira, ka noho tonu i muri i te nui o ngā. Ko reira hoki tenei take, ko te nui rahinga iti o te taonga kaha ki te ariu ki te tïpako (tauhohenga kaiwhakahohe). I roto i te vairaa mau, he nui iti o te whakakōkī i roto i ngā tukanga matū otiia pau, rite kia kia ngā tukanga tuarua: reira pau tukanga mate, te huringa o te āhua mata o te whakakōkī totoka. Tātai o te matū kore e whai wāhi kaute whakakōkī.

mutunga

Tauhohenga, i whai wāhi te whakauru hohe (whakakōkī) karapotia te tangata, haunga rere ratou i roto i tona tinana. He nui iti noa atu i ngā heterogeneous tauhohe ōrite. I roto i tetahi take, tuatahi te hanganga o complexes takawaenga, e he iu, āta wahia iho me te mahi whakaora i reira (fakafoki mai) o te whakatere o te tukanga matū. Hei tauira, te pāhekoheko o te waikawa metaphosphoric ki konurehu persulfate rite whakakōkī mahi waikawa hydriodic. A, no te tāpiri ki te matū hohe i hanga he otinga kōwhai. Ka rite ki whakatata tatou i te mutunga o nga memenge tukanga Whaitae. Ka rite ki te hua takawaenga i roto i tenei take, ko te iodine, ka e wahi te tukanga i roto i rua ngā wāhanga. Otira, i te taenga e hoki mai whakakōkī rite synthesized waikawa metaphosphoric te ki tona āhua taketake. He mahuinga ia kaiwhakakökï i te ahumahi, te āwhina ratou ki te whakatere i te hurihanga ki te whiwhi hua-te kounga tiketike o te tauhohenga. He kore taea kahore ratou whai wāhitanga me ngā tukanga matüora i roto i te tinana.