Te tūhura D: ngā wāhanga me kaupae

Geology rite te pūtaiao i tino he roa, me te ara tataramoa, tonu te whakawhanake i runga i te pūtake o tau o te wheako nga kaimahi maia me te tamau. Mai nga wa onamata, tohua e ratou te timatanga o te mahi o maina i te whenua, āta tutei rauemi hou, me te whakatuwhera tikanga o te hanga. haere tohunga pūtaiao to'utangata tawhiti i mua i roto i ngā o te matauranga, me te hangarau. Heoi, ahakoa tenei ahunga whakamua katoa, titau tonu tenei mahi he rota o utu hinengaro, tinana, me te pūtea.

whānuitanga rōrahi o ngā mahi mo te whāinga rautaki

Te rapu, rapunga me taka hangarau matatini mo te whanaketanga atu o putunga kohuke - e ko te whakaahuatanga tino te horo o te matatini katoa o te tūhura arowhenua, hanganga matatini me te maha-faceted o e hanga tenei wāhi rawa kati ki te hunga e kore e nei i te matauranga motuhake iti.

Ko te whāinga matua o te tūhura, ko te ki te ako ara o te tūhura me te maina ngā mahi ki te kakama mōrahi me hua öhanga kouma. I te wa ano me tango reira ki pūkete me te taiao - meinga whakaiti tona kino te mahi ture tūhura te.

I tua atu, he maha ngā ratonga arowhenua me ngā whakahaere pātata ratonga ako subsoil mo te hanganga o ngā hanganga raro, whakahaere engineering me te ako pūtaiao o ngā wāhi takitahi i roto i tūmataiti, wahi te whakarite kinokore akiritia o ururua ahumahi mōrearea.

He tirohanga whānui hītori poto

Rapu me te tūhura o ngā rauemi kohuke (i roto i ngā, utu nui, me te kore-ferrous konganuku, a muri tonu, a mangu) kawea atu tangata mai i nga wa onamata. Ko te wheako tuatahi me oti mō ngā mahi tūhura i runga i nga whenua o wharekarakia Europe aroaro i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, te pūtaiao Tiamana Georg Agricola.

Ko te tūhura tuhia tuatahi i roto i Russia kua kawea i roto i runga i te awa Pechora i 1491. Kua te hiringa kaha tino ki te whanaketanga o tenei ahumahi i roto i te mahi kāinga, kua homai o tenetere anake te tokorua i muri, i roto i te 1700. I whakahaerehia tēnei e te whakaputanga "take Order rudokopnyh" o Pita I. kōhuri atu i runga i te pūtake ake pūtaiao mō te tūhura papawhenua Russian i whakaturia Mihailom Lomonosovym. I te 1882 i hanga e ia te āhua institution arowhenua tuatahi i roto i Russia - Komiti Geological. Ko tōna te taua i roto i te 1892 kaimahi i te tekau tau te tau i muri mai, te whakahaere ki te waihanga i te mahere arowhenua tuatahi o te wahi Pākehā o te whenua i runga i te tauine o te 1: 2520 000. I e pā ana ki te wā taua, haamata te reira ki te hanga i te ariā o te tūhura hinu, te wai raro, toka pakeke me putunga parawai o ngā kohuke.

Ki te taeraa mai o te Soviet wā, te arowhenua kua oti ratonga huringa nui. ngā kaupapa matua Kāwanatanga neke atu ki te rapu mo te hinu, i hua i roto i kore whakawhānui anake te hinu, me te hau wāhi tawhito (i roto i ngā, i te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus), engari torotoro ano hoki mara hou. Na, i roto i te 1929, i tohatoha ia i runga i te tūhura o te rohe Täingäwai-Ural, paingia pai-mohiotia rite te "Baku Tuarua."

Na roto i te tīmatanga o 1941, whakakake te Soviet Geology hua rawa faahiahia: i tūhuratia, ka rite hoki te mahi o te nuinga o nga rauemi kohuke mohiotia mara. I roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic i koimutu whakawhitia (1941-1945) tūhura ki te tere ake te rapu me te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi ki te nui tino i te wāhi rautaki o te tirohanga o ngā rauemi (i roto i ngā, i roto i nga Urals, Siberia, Central Asia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti). Ko te hua i tino whakanuia te hinu, ore rino, konukōreko, he tine, me te konupora. I roto i te tau kaumātua fraying putunga wāhikē e te whanaketanga kaha o te hunga hou.

I roto i te hou Russian tūhura kāwanatanga arotahi kua neke ake i runga i te haumi tūmataiti. Heoi, ka taea hoki te wahi o te pūtea tatou ki te hanga hōtaka rautaki wā roa-mo te whanaketanga o te kohuke kāinga rāhui rauemi raw o te whenua. Na, kua tūmanakohia hoki te wā 2005-2020 i te rihīti taonga i runga i rangahau arowhenua i roto i te tapeke o te 540 piriona moni. Tata e arotahi hawhe o ratou i runga i te tohanga o te tūhura o waiwaro.

Wāhanga Kotahi - teuteu Initial

tāpiri ngā wāhanga katoa o te atamira tūhura me i roto i te katoa ki runga ki te toru huinga karapīpiti o mahi.

Tuatahi - te wā tuatahi - ngā anake te mahi geophysical i roto i ngā wāhi ki te wāhi arowhenua me te kiriata. I roto i tenei take i te kōhao kei te maha kawea i roto i puna tohutoro. whakaaro te rohe katoa kei te i raro i te aroturuki tata, tae atu i te taea o ngā rū whenua, me te tahi atu āhuatanga kino mō te tūhura.

Ko te hua ko te tāutu-mua o mara whaihua. I roto i tenei take, he mea tino ki te whakaturia te mahere whenua riro i hanga e te hōkai rerekē, me te whakaaro. tata ano hoki te āhua o te taiao arowhenua i runga i te pūmautanga me te taea o tona huringa.

Ko te wāhanga tuarua - te mara rapu me ratou aromatawai

He kohinga hohonu me te ake taipitopito o putunga kohuke i runga i te tauine o te tetahi wāhi o te kōrero tīmata ki tenei taahiraa.

Wāhanga 2 Ko ki te mahi i runga i te āhua torotoro o nga hua whaihua o te wāhanga tuatahi o te rohe: te tāututanga o putunga kohuke motuhake, he tata tika atu o ratou buka. Ko te matatini o te mahi arowhenua, geophysical me geochemical wetemuna aerokosmomaterialy, hangaia boreholes (ranei hanga noa te whakatupuranga mata) mo te ako taipitopito o te kamaka whakakaupapa. Ko te hua ko te huinga i muri o mahere arowhenua (tauine 1: 50,000 - 1: 100,000), whiwhi o koutou ringa tohunga pūtaiao i runga i ngā pūrongo tauanga taipitopito.

I te toru o nga wā o te mahi tūhura whakaritea te whaihuanga o atu tūhura kitea putunga. Ko reira i enei hua ka whakawhirinaki i runga i te atamira i muri, i roto i nei haamata hanga o te rauemi e hiahiatia ana. Tohunga pūtaiao whakatau tata i te pūmanawa ōhanga o mara kitea, whakareretanga kāhui netsennye katoa.

No iti nui ko te meka e muri i tenei huinga o mahi, rite he ako whaihuanga mo te uara whakaaro putunga. Na anake i nga hua pai o te ahanoa hopea whakawhiti ki te tūhura anō me te faaohiparaa i.

Ko te whakamutunga (tuatoru) atamira - whanaketanga

Te tahi mea hoki e ka whakahaere kohinga teimaha o te mōhiohio arowhenua i runga i putunga mohiotia. Ko te take ki te tikanga o mua o te mahi tūhura Ka rite ki te tahuri iho hoki tenei wā ki e rua ngā wāhanga.

4, taahiraa (tūhura) tīmata anake i runga i mara otsenonnyh (te hunga i mohio whanaketanga öhanga whaihua). Tohua i roto i te taipitopito e whanganga te hanganga arowhenua o te ahanoa tikanga geotechnical mo tona maina atu, whakawakia nga āhuatanga hangarau o putunga kohuke kei roto i te reira. Ka rite ki te hua, putunga otsenonnye katoa i ki kia tū rite mō te whakamahi anō. No iti nui i roto i te tūhura o te kōrero moni tāpui ki te tango ki roto ki pūkete nga rauemi e hinga i raro i kāwai A, B, C1 me C2.

I te pae hopea, i roto i te rima te wā o te mahi tūhura kawea i roto i te maramarama whakahaere. ni'ai te reira i te wā katoa o te whanaketanga o te parae, kia e taea ki te whai raraunga pono i runga i te putunga ngā (Morphology, hanganga ā-me te huru o putunga kohuke) tohunga.

I roto i te rapu o te wai raro

Na roto i te faaauraa ki te tangohanga o kohuke totoka tū mahi tūhura i runga i te wai rite te wha wāhanga taua (whakamātautau papawhenua rohe o haurapa matatini, te aromātai, me te tūhura). Heoi, e tika ana ki te āhua o te rauemi me te tikanga mo tona hanganga, kawea tangohanga i roto i ki te rota o onäianei.

I roto i ngā, e kiia kai wai whakahaere a te whakau rawa i roto i te tahi atu wae. whakaata ratou te rōrahi o te rauemi e taea te tangohia i roto i ngā āhuatanga i homai ia te wā wae - m ³ / ra; l / s, me t. d.

Exploration kaiwhakamahi Modern tāutu 4 momo o manawa whenua :

1. Inu me te hangarau - e whakamahia ratou i roto i ngā pūnaha supply wai, irrigation o te oneone hua, haereerenga makuku.
2. wai kohuke ki ngā āhuatanga haumanu - whakamahia taua momo i roto i te hanga o te inu, me te hoki mō ngā take ārai.
3. Heat me te mana (te tokomaha taua i roto i tenei momo iti ngā ranunga mamaoa-wai) - whakamahia mō te whakawera o te whakamahi ahumahi, ahuwhenua, me te ture.
4. wai Industrial - tavini rite te puna mo te tangohanga muri o matū tino i reira, me nga wāhanga (tai, konganuku, me ngā āhuatanga wahi matū).

mahinga mōrearea High, ngā me hopearaa ētahi wā catastrophic o tonu akina ngā manukanuka ki te faatura i te haumaru o mahi arowhenua e hāngai ana te rapu mo te manawa whenua. maha e taea te haere tahi Development o tuwhera te poka mara i suffosion, horo, horonga huka me te tiango. E rongoa nei i keri raro tonu e taea te whai pānga i te reira ki te inrush ohorere o te wai, floaters me waipuke. Haunga te ati kitea ki te tangata, me e pängia ana ki te pānga kino o te tautau tata o te tahi atu kohuke - ratou waiwai noa.

motuhake e rawa ki te rapu hoki te hinu, me te hau

Kei te wehea Extraction o enei rauemi ki e rua ngā wāhanga. Ko te tuatahi - te rapu - e hāngai ana ki te whiwhi raraunga i runga i matatoka hinga i raro i te kāwai C1 me C2. I te wa ano e homai hoki aromatawai arowhenua me ōhanga o te tikanga mo o te whanaketanga o etahi putunga. kawea te atamira rawa i roto i te toru ngā wāhanga i roto i te tahuri:

1. mahi arowhenua me geophysical o te mahere ā-rohe - ngā-tauine iti wāhi ako rangahau. kawea te reira i roto i te aro mātai kounga, me te ine o te hinu, me te hau opuaraa i roto i te rohe ako. I runga i te pūtake o tenei raraunga tomu'a te ahanoa matua mō te tūhura o te hinu, me te hau.
2. Whakapaia te whenua mō te kōhao tūhura hohonu - i roto i tīpakohia te tuatahi whakaae tohuwāhi wahi poka torotoro. kau whakahaere te reira i te rangahau rū taipitopito, i roto i ētahi wā, atu me te kirikiri / haurapa hiko.
3. Rapu o te mahi - i roto i te akoranga o te kōhao me whakamātautau o puna hōpara me te tata hinu, me te hau opuaraa me ngā āhuatanga, kitea rāhui tātai putunga. I tua atu, huri i te reira i roto i ngā āhuatanga arowhenua me geophysical o nga Horizons ngā papa e karapoti ana me.

titau hoki tetahi mahi tūhura kaupapa te kaha ki te whakahaere he kōhao i mara ngā. Tenei taea ki a koe te rapu atu putunga i runga i ngā wāhi whakahaere i te hunga i roto i te atamira torotoro mō take maha i taea te kite.

Ko te atamira i muri - tūhura. Kei te tū te reira i roto i te tikanga ki te faaineine i kitea katoa hinu, me te hau mara fafau ki te whanaketanga atu. Uiui i roto i te taipitopito te hanganga o harotoroto kitea, kite Faarii me tātai tawhā condensates, pēhanga manawa whenua, me te maha atu tawhā.

Ko te hua o te atamira tūhura - tātai o te hinu, me te hau rāhui. I tenei kaupapa, ka whakaoti i te whaihuanga ōhanga o te faaohiparaa i atu.

raro Aue nga opuaraa mō te tūhura ranei?

Moana me ngā moana, ahakoa tona kore whanaunga o te ako i roto i to tatou wa, ka rite ki te pai taukei. Tuatahi o te katoa, he pa'epa'e raro ko opuaraa rawa mīharo mo te tangohanga o ngā tai kohuke (hei tauira, te tote moana, amipere me te t. D.), hinu, me te hau. E wehea kohuke taua wāhi katoa ki toru ngā momo:

1. Roto i roto i te vairaa pape.
2. rauemi Mārō e kua kei i runga i te raro / paparanga raro.
3. Fluids (hinu ki te hau, te wai wera), e takoto ana i roto i nga hohonu o te kirinuku continental me aumoana o te whenua.

E ai ki to ratou wāhi whakarōpūtia te rite:

• Putunga e tata ana a tawhiti moutere.
• Putunga o ngā rua hohonu-moana.

I te raro o te tūhura moana mo te hinu, me te hau production e kawea i roto i anake i te kōhao. Tikanga, kei te tū enei rauemi kore iti iho i te 2-3 kiromita hohonu ki te papa. Ka mau ia ki pūkete te tawhiti ki nga mara, mā te whakamahi i ngā momo rerekē o tüäpapa, ka i te wahi e kawea ai i roto i te tūhura arowhenua:

• Ki te hohonu o te 120 mita - puranga turanga.
• I te hohonu o te 150-200 mita - tere tūāpapa ki te punga i te pūnaha.
• Rau o mita / o kiromita te tokorua - māngi repo kōhao.

mahi Western o pakihi tūmataiti

Abroad, kawea tūhura arowhenua o ngā rauemi kohuke i roto i te nuinga ki te kaupapa umanga tūmataiti, mahue te kāwanatanga me te rangahau arowhenua pūnahanaha, me te mahi tūhura i te taumata-rohe. Tukanga mō te faaineine i te mara mo ratou whanaketanga atu i roto i te nuinga tīmata i muri anake i te hua pai tuatahi i arearenga hōpara (kōwhao āwenewene hanga i roto i te kirinuku i hanga kia rite ki te hua o te tūhura).

Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, i raro ki te kōhao taipitopito me te whakatuwheratanga o te putunga nui rawa, mō te whanaketanga ahumahi e ka rapua e haumi pūtea nui. A, no te mau ana i roto i te maramarama whakahaere kāwai teitei o ngā rauemi e nui haere anake i roto i te hunga pukapuka e kua hiahiatia hoki hanga nāianei. E kore e te hohonu i i kawea te mahi i roto i, i raro i taua take mua nui 2-3 pae whakahaere (huinga o te arearenga torotoro i runga i tetahi taumata).

Heoi, ko te tika o taua mea he ia tapao e kore e tenei mahi kī kapinga o miscalculations nui me hape i roto i te rapu mō putunga kohuke. Ka huarahi Western ki tūhuratanga e me nui iti ki te tangohanga o te kōrero i runga i te pūtake o te mara kitea kia aromatawaitia i roto i tona whaihuanga ōhanga me, ki te angitu, hoatu tonu ki te mahi. I roto i tenei whakaaro, i runga i te ahanoa ki te tautuhi i te nui mōrahi taea o nga mea katoa o kohuke, me te ki te matapae i te rauemi mo nga rahui tirotiro ko reira kaua mahi raruraru.

Rauemi o te pūtea o te tūhura arowhenua i Russia

Ka taea te kawea te mahi Russian o tūhura kohuke i roto i ki te tautoko kāwanatanga, me i te utu o te haumi tūmataiti. I roto i te wā e pā ana i te āhua me te mahi tūhura katoa e whakaratohia i roto i te puka o whakahau. Tei runga i te aronga me te rōrahi, rite kaikirimana i te tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te pūtea taumata: e hānga ana, ā-rohe ranei.

I mua i te timatanga o te tūhura arowhenua i roto i tetahi rohe o te pire pūtea kōwhiria e te kāwanatanga kaitono i runga i te pūtake whakataetae. Ko te tukanga iho he tino ohie:

1. Kei te whakatakotoria ia rohe i reira mahere te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere te mahi tūhura ki te whakataetae e tika ana. I roto i tenei take, i te kiritaki (hinonga kāwanatanga) whakawhanakehia te tautuhinga arowhenua me te utu tīmatanga mo nga hua e tūmanakohia ana o te kaupapa i te mahi tūhura. E te reira ki pūkete e rua nga utu ture o production me te taumata whakaritea o te pai.
2. raihana Winner, e whakaekea te mahi tino tika mo te utu tino utu, i roto i te tikanga hoki kua ki te kawe i nga mahi i roto i te ahanoa homai.
3. I te wa o te issuance o te tukua e te me te kiritaki tohu he kirimana ki te toa o te whakataetae mo te tūhura arowhenua. takoto wā mahi e rānei i te whakataetae i te whiriwhiri anō me kawenata ki te kaiwhakaari ranei.

Ngā i roto i te tikanga i roto i i pütea te kaupapa te mahi tūhura i te taumata kāwanatanga, kapi ake e whai ake:

1. Tāhuhu o Rauemi Natural e tango i te Tāhuhu o Finance nga ngä ā-tau ki te wehenga toru marama, me te mahere ratou tohatoha i roto i kiritaki kāwanatanga. I muri i taua, ka tukua te Tāhuhu te mōhiohio e hāngai ana ki te General Directorate o te Federal Treasury.
2. Federal Treasury whakamōhio ratou wae rohe mahi o te pūtea whakaaetia mo nga kiritaki mahi e ratou.
3. Tāhuhu o ngā rauemi māori i roto i te tikanga whakaaetia e te Finance tataki te kiritaki rōrahi, i te wa ano hoatu ia i te "Whakaaetanga i runga i te whakawhitinga o ngā mahi tūmatanui o te kiritaki," rite ki te tikanga whakapumautia.
4. Peia ki moni kiritaki me te whakaaetanga, ko te pūtake mō te whakamahere tūhura tonu.

utua Artist te hoki e mau ana i roto i te mahi tūhura i runga i te pūtake toru marama (whakarato hoki mo te utu o nama). A anake, no te maitai whai te pūrongo i runga i oti mahi arowhenua te whakamātautau kāwanatanga, kua pai tangohia ia i roto i te tahua rohe o te rokiroki arowhenua me te whakaaro oti tūhura arowhenua.