Terekarawhi: momo, hoahoa me te whakaahua

Telegraph He wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te hapori hou. Puhoi a hārakiraki tuku o ngā mōhiohio raruraru te ahunga whakamua, me te e rapu te iwi mō te huarahi ki te whakatere i te reira. Ki te tenenga o te hiko i hanga taea te hanga o ngā pūrere, tonu whakawhitihia raraunga tairongo runga i tawhiti.

I te ata o te hītori

Telegraph i roto i töna rerekē - te matamua puka o kōrero. Ahakoa i roto i nga wa onamata, i tetahi o hiahia ki te tuku mōhiohio i te tawhiti. Hei tauira, i roto i Africa, whakamahia hoki te tuku o ngā karere nga pahu tom-Toms i Europa - te ahi, a muri mai - kōrero semaphore. Ko te waea semaphore tuatahi i huaina tuatahi "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", engari ka whakakapia reira ki te ti'araa atu e tika ana i huaina "waea" - "dalnopisets".

Ko te pūrere tuatahi

Ki te kitea o te āhuatanga o "hiko" me rawa i muri i te rangahau faahiahia o te pūtaiao Danish Hans Kristiana Ersteda (te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā o te autōhiko) me te kaipūtaiao Italian Alessandro Volta - kaihanga o te tuatahi pūtau iahiko me te pākahiko tuatahi (i ka huaina a reira "pëteri") - i reira ko te rota o whakaaro o te hanga waea hiko .

Nganatanga ki te hanga whakaaro hiko tuku etahi tohu ki te tawhiti tomu'a, tangohia i te pito o te rau tau 18. I roto i te 1774, hanga he waea ohie i roto i Switzerland (Geneva), kaiputaiao me te ihi Lesage. piri ia nga transceivers e rua 24-mōkihi taratahi waea. A, no te tono i te pini ki te awhina o te mīhini hiko i runga i tetahi o te pūrere roa tuatahi hēhē tuarua te pōro Buzinova hāngai electroscope. Na ka Kua pai ake te hangarau kairangahau Lomon (1787), whakakapi i te waea 24 ki te kotahi. Heoi, he uaua tenei pūnaha ki te karanga i te waea.

tonu Telegraph ki te whakapai ake. Hei tauira, he ahupūngao Wīwī André Marie wae iahiko hanga he taputapu whakawhitihia arā, o ngira autō 25, e iri i te kakau, me 50 me waea. Ko ngā taea Heoi, hanga whakaaro mōmona he pūrere taua.

Schilling taputapu

kī ana te (Soviet) pukapuka matua Russian e te waea tuatahi, rerekē i ona matua pai, tapatahi, me te tika, kua hangaia i roto i Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom i 1832. O te akoranga, kua tautohetia etahi whenua i tenei kereme, "whakatairanga" ana pūtaiao iti rawa pūmanawa.

Proceedings HERENI (tokomaha o ratou, kāore, kihai i i whakaputaina) i roto i te telegraphy i roto e rave rahi kaupapa ngā o terekarawhi hiko. rawa Baron Schilling taputapu i ki mau taviri e huri te nāianei hiko i roto i te waea honotanga te whakawhitihia me te fariiraa i apparatuses.

waea tuatahi o te ao, i ngā o te 10 kupu, i haere Oketopa 21, 1832 ki te waea, tāuta i runga i te fare Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga. Kua whakawhanakehia hoki e te ihi kaupapa ngōwaea ki hono te waea i runga i te raro o te Gulf o Finland i waenganui Peterhof me Kronstadt.

Taraiwa waea

ngā te taputapu tangohanga o coils, ia o nei ngā te waea tūhono me te ngira autō iri ki runga ake i nga coils i runga i te kakawaea. I enei ngangana whakakaha i runga i tetahi maka, pania i tetahi taha pango, te tahi atu ma. Te pēhi i te kī e whakakotititia ana te pōkai tuku o te ngira autō ka oho ki te porowhita tūranga e tika ana. whakaritenga Pahekotanga taiawhio telegrapher fariiraa i runga i te tātai reta (waehere) motuhake whakaritea te tohu tuku.

Tuatahi, ka hiahiatia waea waru, ka i heke to ratou maha ki te rua mo te kōrero. Hei mahi i tētahi waea taua o whakawhanakehia PL Schilling he waehere motuhake. he kaitito i muri katoa o telegraphy i te rohe o te mau parau tumu tuku Tapa whakamahia.

atu whanaketanga

Tata wā kotahi terekarawhi waihanga rite whakamahi ngā arataki whakawhanakehia e te pūtaiao Tiamana, me te Weber Ghaus. Kua i roto i 1833 i ratou i te aho waea i te University o Göttingen (Lower Saxony) i waenganui i astronamicheskoy me arorangi autō.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te pūrere Schilling mahi rite te tauira mo te Ingarangi Telegraph Kuki me Winston. ka mohio Cook ki te mahi o te ihi Russian o Heidelberg University (Germany). Fakataha ki te hoa Winston ake ratou taputapu me te arai. koa te pūrere angitu arumoni nui i roto i Europe.

He revolution iti i roto i te 1838 i hanga Shteyngeyl. E kore noa e, pau ia te tawhiti roa raina waea tuatahi (5 km), na ara aitua hanga te kitea e tetahi anake waea (te wahi tuarua mahi whenua) e taea te whakamahi mō te tohu tuku.

Morse waea

Heoi, i te koha mahu katoa o enei whakaaro ki papatono ki, me te ngira autō - e kore e taea te ähuareka ratou: te tuku tere o ngā mōhiohio, puta he hapa me fakakehei te kuputuhi i. Whakaotia te mahi i runga i te hanga i te waea iahiko waea ohie, me te pono ki e rua i muri i te artist American, me te ihi Hamuera Morse. Kua whakawhanakehia e ia, ka tono te waehere waea i roto i i whakaritea i ia pukapuka o te tātai reta i etahi ngā o ira me pīhono.

hangaia Morse waea rawa noa. Hoki te ara iahiko, me te tape'ai nāianei mā te whakamahi i te kī (raweke). Kei a ia ko te hua i hanga o whakarewa, te tuaka o e fetu'utaki ki te pēne aho. e aki Kotahi mutunga o te hua puna-ringa te ki te papa whakarewa, waeahia ki te kaiwhiwhi, ka ki te whenua (whakamahia whenua te). A, no te fakamālohii telegrapher te tahi atu pito o te ringa, te whakaaro ki te tahi atu ngä hono ki te taura pākahiko. I tenei wāhi, te wiwi te nāianei i roto i ki te kaiwhiwhi kei roto i te wahi rerekē.

I te teihana fariiraa i runga i te pahū motuhake maru ia Unuhia kuiti o nekehanga pepa tonu clockwork. I raro i te mana o te hiko o nāianei taumai rata ana te tokotoko rino e patia te pepa, reira hanga he raupapa o ngā pūāhua.

tenenga academician Jacoby

pūtaiao Russian, academician BS Jacobi wā i 1839 ki te 1850, i hanga e rave rahi momo terekarawhi: tuhituhi, turnouts-wāhanga mahi tukutahinga me teleprinter tuatahi o te ao. Ko te tenenga hou ko te taumata hou i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha whakawhiti kōrero. Whakaae, Ko reira nui māmā ki te pānui i tonu tonoa he waea atu i ki te noho te wā i runga i tona tuhinga.

Ko te whakawhitihia tika-tā taputapu Jacobi ngā o te waea ki te pere, me te whakapā o te drum. I runga i te porohita waho o te reta waea takoto me tau. Ko te pūrere fariiraa i he waea ki te pere, a ka i roto i tua atu, ki te whakatairanga me te electromagnets tā me ngā momo wira. I runga i te wira angamaheni whaowhao ki nga pukapuka katoa, me tau. I tīmatanga-ake i roto i te akoranga o te pūrere tuku o te ngātere nāianei tae i te raina, te taputapu tā te fariiraa i te hiko e rongo aki tukutuku pepa ki te tauira wira me te tāngia i tohu pepa riro.

taputapu Hughes

ma'imi American Rawiri Edward Hughes whakaaetia i roto i te telegraphy ara ki te mahi tukutahinga, hangaia i roto i te 1855 teleprinter ki wira paerewa hurihanga tonu. Ko te tuku o tenei pūrere ko te piana papapātuhi-momo, me 28 taviri pango me te ma, whakapangia nei e nga reta me ngā nama.

I te tau 1865, mihini Hughes kua tāuta hoki te whakahaere o te mahi waea i waenganui i St Petersburg ko Moscow, a ka horahia puta noa i Russia. I whānui ēnei whakaaro whakamahia tae noa ki te 30-doma o rau XX.

Bodo taputapu

kihai i taea e Hughes taputapu whakarato waea tere tiketike, me te whakamahi whai hua o te hononga. Na reira, ki te whakakapi haere mai enei whakaaro whakaaro waea maha, hangaia i roto i te tau 1874 e te mataaro pūkaha French Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo Ko te pūrere e āhei tuku tukutahi o te maha operator waea i runga i te taua raina e rave rahi waea i roto i ngā tohutohu e rua. Ko te taputapu Kei roto te distributor, a rave rahi whakawhitihia me ngā pūrere te whiwhi. Kei tuku papapātuhi o taviri e rima. Ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika o te whakamahi o ngā rārangi kōrero e whakamahia ana i roto i te taputapu Bodo taua tuku taputapu i roto i i whakawaeheretia te mōhiohio tuku te telegrapher ā.

parau tumu o te mahi

Kei te hono aunoa i te pūrere whakawhitihia (papapātuhi) mīhini kotahi teihana i roto i te raina mo te wā poto ki te farii tēnā. Ko te tikanga o to ratou hononga me te whakawhiti taime tika o ōritenga whakaratohia Distributors. kia hāngai waea tere o te mahi ki te mahi o Distributors. Brushes vaolo tuku a me tītaka fariiraa synchronously me i wāhanga. Tei runga i te maha o whakawhitihia me te fariiraa i ngā pūrere hono ki te distributor, pae te mahi waea Bodo 2500-5000 kupu ia haora.

i tāutatia te wae tuatahi i runga i Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" waea i roto i 1904. I roto i te heke mai, whānui e enei whakaaro whakamahia i roto i te kupenga waea o te USSR ka whakamahia tae noa ki te 50s.

Inching pūrere

Inching waea tohua he wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau waea. He iti te pūrere, a ko reira ngāwari atu ki te whakahaere. I whakamahia te reira i papapātuhi kāhua Patopato mo te wa tuatahi. Kua arahina ēnei painga ki te meka e na te mutunga o nga mihini 50s Bodo i tino panaia i roto o nga ngā waea.

whai nui ki te whanaketanga o ngā pūrere tīmatanga-mutu kāinga i timata A. F. Shorin me L. I. Treml, whakawhanakehia e te i raro i te ahumahi kāinga i roto i te tau 1929 ki te whakaputa i te pūnaha waea hou. Mai 1935, tuku aunoa (tuku) me te iahiko kaiwhiwhi (reperforator) timata hanga pūrere tauira ST-35, i roto i te o 1960 kua hoki kua whakawhanakehia ratou.

whakawaehere

Mai te pūrere PT-35 whakamahia mō te pūrere waea kōrero me Bodo, te waehere motuhake №1, i taa ê i te waehere ao mua mō waka tīmatanga-mutu (№2) Kua whakawhanakehia waehere kua hoki ratou.

I muri decommissioning pūrere Bodo kore Me ki te whakamahi i roto i to tatou whenua, ko te waehere tīmatanga-mutu kore-paerewa, a ka whakawhitia te katoa CT-35 park nāianei ki te waehere ao №2. Nga whakaaro ratou, rite he hou, me te hoahoa hou, riro te ingoa ST-2M me STA-2M (ki ngā kuhimua aunoatanga).

mihini awhiowhio

Atu whanaketanga i roto i te Soviet Union i riri te ki reira, ki te hanga i tētahi waea pukapuka tino pai. Ko tōna taa ko e tāngia te kuputuhi te raina i te raina i runga o te pepa te pepa whanui, rite te pūreretā ira-kopu. i nui hoki te iwi mau e kore anake, engari mo te whakahaere whakaurunga me ngā pokapū kāwanatanga mahi High me te kaha ki te whakawhiti moni nui o te mōhiohio.

• Tawhio Waea T-63 mīhini rawa ki rēhita toru: Latin, Russian, me te mamati. Ki te awhina o rīpene weropepahia taea riro aunoa me te tuku raraunga. Tā e wahi i runga i te pukapuka pepa 210 mm.
• pukapuka aunoa waea hiko PTA-80 taea ki a koe whakaturia pehea ki ā aunoa ranei tuku me te whiwhi mēra.
• Taputapu Rauhanga mō-51 me PTA-50-2 e whakamahia mō te karere tuhi waituhi rīpene 13-mm me te whanui pepa pukapuka paerewa (215 mm). Ko te tānga mīhini ia meneti ki runga ki te 430 pūāhua.

Contemporary

Terekarawhi, whakaahua o e taea te kitea i roto i te mau api o ngā pukapuka me ngā whakaaturanga whare taonga, te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui i roto i tere te ahunga whakamua. Ahakoa te whanaketanga tere o kōrero waea, e kore e enei whakaaro kua ki te warewaretanga, ka tipu ki te mīhini waea hou me te ake mātanga waea hiko.

Mana, te waea whakamutunga, mahi i roto i te āhua Indian o tauaha, i katia Hōngongoi 14, 2014. Ahakoa te tono nui (5000 waea rā), ko huakore te mahi. I roto i te US, kua mutu te kamupene waea whakamutunga Western Union ki te kawe i ngā mahi tika i roto i te 2006, te arotahi i runga i remittances. Na, e kore te rangatira o te wā o terekarawhi, ka oho ki te taiao hiko. Central Telegraph Russia, ahakoa kaimahi tino heke, tonu ki te whakatutuki i āna herenga, mai kore te mea i roto i nga kainga i roto i te rohe nui, ko te reira taea ki te whakahaere i te aho waea me te ipurangi.

I roto i te hou takere wā waea kawea e auau waea, whakaritea te nuinga i te taura, me te tānga irirangi hononga. Ko te painga matua o te auau telegraphy ko te meka e taea ai te reira i te hongere waea paerewa ki te whakarite i 17 ki te 44 takere waea. I tua atu, auau waea e āhei ki te kawe i roto i tata tetahi tawhiti kōrero. Te whatunga kōrero tito o auau takere waea, ngāwari tiaki, a hoki kua he ngāwari e taea te hanga kore aronga awhio o te aronga raina matua. ko na watea, economical, me te pono auau waea, i te mea i tēnei wā takere waea DC e whakamahia iti me te iti.