Tika me te whānuitanga o te tāutanga o te ahi "Grad". Whana rere "Grad": te pūtoro o te whakangaromanga, TTX, anga

Ko tētahi o nga tohu o pakanga rohe, i muri i te mura i roto i ngā wāhi maha, ko te tiango o te Soviet Union, wahi o reira i mua, te tāutanga o "Grad". Whakaahua o te pūnaha pere me pū, whakaputaina i roto i te nūpepa me te i roto i te mau api o ngā tānga ipurangi, maha hoatu tohu o te aroaro hōia Russian, he hoki peita maitai o te whawhai e mura ranei. I roto i tetahi take, ki te he koe te whakamahi i te BM-21, pai nui. Ko te whai huatanga o tenei patu, ko te tiketike rawa.

me te whanaketanga NWB "Katyusha"

I roto i to tatou whenua puta mua atu i roto i te toenga o te ao salvo tāutanga. Kua arai Jet Research Institute he Pūwhakarewa pūnaha multilateral, kopere missiles, i roto i te tau 1938. Mai reira, kawea mahi i runga i te whakapai ake i te MRL i roto i roto i te USSR tata tonu, te fariiraa i te whanaketanga motuhake i roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic. "Katyusha" - te tiaki rongonui koko - whawhai i pūhui Echelon hoia, engari ka taea te whakaritea o ratou kaha patu ki te wehenga. parau tumu pakunga, i roto i te rerekē ki te missiles kotahi-pupuhi, kua riro pakiaka i roto i te ope mo te take tino māmā. Mai i te nuinga Kāore i, oho e tikanga trajectory ballistic me tika patu patu puhipuhi iho te mutunga o nga thirties ki waenganui-rima tekau tākirirangi. weranga wahie iti whakanoho puta rerekē pini, hua i roto i ngā uara purara nui. E haamou i tenei ngoikoretanga taea anake te whakamahi nui o, rite ki te hua o taua patua te rohe ki katoa i te mea i runga i a ratou i taua momeniti ko reira. I āhuatanga te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i collisions o moni nui o te hōpuni me te taputapu. I runga i te wheako riro i 1939 ki te 1945, i whakatakoto ai i te ariā o maha pūnaha whakarewatanga tākirirangi hua muri i roto i te USSR. Patu tona faaiteraa ka BM (waka whawhai), he malovyrazitelnoe taupū o "21", e whakaturia ana ki "Grad". hei ngā whakaeke kua nui nui, whakaritea ki te maha nga wa "Katyusha", kua nui haere firepower mo.

pūnaha o mua

I roto i te mutunga o nga thirties ki te whakaaro salvo patua tākirirangi, me te tikanga ki te hangarau tākirirangi, tukinotia te kaiārahi hōia Soviet ki etahi whakapae. Pānga haratau ope mua ngā ki te māia i roto i nga mea kï o patu. Heoi, he maha inapō o te momo hou o te matā i taea ki te wahi i te ātete, a hohoro i muri i te wehenga whakaeke Tiamana ka mau "Katyusha" ki te tūranga puhipuhi, hanga nga rarangi o te whakama Ngapuhi te me te aitua. Ko te tono angitu o NWB i te whawhai i roto i Europa, a ka i roto i Ahia (ki te whakarōpūtanga Kwantung o ngā hōia Japanese) hopea whakakaha te kaiārahi Stalinist i roto i te whakaaro e pā ana ki te hiahia o te whanaketanga atu o tenei mara o hangarau hōia. I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o nga 50s i whakawhanakehia, ka whāngai tauira hou. BM-14 ko MS ërä me wāhi ngā whāinga 140 mm taea patua i te tekau awhe. BM-24 pere noa atu, ki te 16 800 m. E au ra e ki te i tetahi mea atu tino hanga he pakeke, rawa whakaaro e te peka whānui pū pai momo ki te turanga hangarau, e kore ti'aturi i runga i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, pērā i rererangi kaipuke ranei. Kei te whakamahia ngā pū me howitzers mō ngā tekau tau, kahore pangia huringa hanganga, me e kore e maere i te reira tangata. Otiia, i roto i te whakaaro o te kaihoahoa nui AN Gonicheva, koutou taea tonu te mahi i te rota. I roto i te Mei 1960 i reira e ia tangata e riro mahi nui kāwanatanga. TTX tāuta "Grad", te hanganga o nei i whakaritea e ia, i matou ki tino nui te tawhā o te BM-14 me BM-24, i kua i roto i te mahi.

Tūmahi a whanaunga

Kahore hoahoa hou orurehau i te tuatahi e kore i whakamahere ki te tono. Kua tikanga te mau parau tumu whānui kua hanga e. I riro te reira e te tītere ko te wahie mārō, kua fakahā atu e te tono papatipu o nga hoia, me ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga rokiroki i roto i warehouses me te aho mua i roto i te take o te pakanga hōia. Patu Tika tāuta "Grad" taea te whakapai ake i te faaohiparaa i te huapae tubular atu piri tohua e te pere o te kaupapa i roto i te tīmatanga-ake, me te whati tuatahi. Ko te taipana homai e te tītere ki te taua i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaiti i haapurara puta kore anake whakawhetai ki te stabilizers tikanga i te koki ki te raina o te rere, engari e tika ana ki motuhake aratohu-awaawa, tapahia i te oko, tika rite ki te whakatinana i te reira i roto i pu pū. Ki te tahi atu āhuatanga e taea waimaero te tawhā shooting, a kia whawhai, nga ope kore anake o te matenga o te whakahaere hoahoa, engari ano hoki mau raatira. hanga pu sKP-203, hoki pahono pūtau wahie SRI № 6 me warheads kua whakawhanake GSKB-47. ka mea torutoru te ingoa "pouaka", me tenei ra te iwi e pā ana ki te tahi mea, a ka, i te tau 1960, a tae noa atu pera. I hanga rākau o te riri katoa i roto i te muna, tae atu i te tāutanga o "Grad". i rongoa Momo Photo i roto i ngā kōpaki motuhake ki ekara tino. kaimahi katoa wāhi i roto i te hanga o te NWB hou, hoatu te whakaaetanga nondisclosure hāngai ohaurunga. Neke atu i te nga tau, tetahi o nga kaimahi o hinonga korero kihai i taea e haere noa atu, ara i roto i nga whenua-pāpori.

whakamātautau

I te mutunga o 1961 ko rite hoki whakamatautau te tuatahi tāutanga-mua o te pakunga ahi "Grad", ka tetahi atu ia. Main pere me Artillery Directorate o te Army Soviet i te puna o te rohe tanú maoa (Leningrad rohe) mo te whakarewanga 650 tākirirangi whakaritea, ka tonu rere whakamātautau i runga i te roa ara o 10,000 kiromita. e kore e mohiotia te reira i ranei kua hohoro te hara ki, engari wahia iho te tapeke tahuhu ngā, i taea ki te haere 3300 anake km, i muri nei i te anga pakaru ia. i te tahuhu ki kia whakakapia, engari rite tahuri te reira i roto i, kihai i tupurangi te raruraru, engari i nahanaha. I raro i te mana o pikaunga hihiri whakaotia e rua piriti me driveshaft hē. Heoi, e kore e enei raru ārai i te whakaaetanga o te iwi whānui. Nga tikanga whakamātautau, i whakatakotoria tawhiti rere nui. Tāuta "Grad" timata i 1964 ki te tae i roto i ngā waeine hōia.

tikanga atatohu

O te akoranga, te nui te nuinga i roto i te pūnaha o te pakunga ahi tenei nga whika, whakapumautia e pupuhi whakamātautau, kaua ki te peia mahi. Mai i Moscow ki Vladivostok, te NWB raro i tona mana ake ki te pei kahore tetahi i haere ki te whakaora, i reira e te tahi atu rave'a, me te raruraru-free oma o neke atu i te toru mano kiromita korero henehene e pā ana ki te mea te tahuhu, i roto i te whānui, e kore hanga na kino, ahakoa, me hiahia i roto i te tahi mau amplification. Ko te kōwae matua o te mīhini, ko te warhead arā o wha tekau (10 i roto i te tokomaha), nga korere aratohu, he 3 mita te roa, me te ki te diameter ā-122,4 mm o. Pupuhi tautuhinga whānui "Grad" tei runga i te tokonga ake o te wae kātua whanaunga ki te waka rererangi whakapae, te koki tautuhia nei te pūrere toronga. Kei tēnei kōpuku kei roto i te pokapū o te turanga, me tona parau tumu ko te tōnā aunoa, ngā rua takirua kinematic: he kakau taputapu me te wira taputapu mō te ārahi me te kutukutu taputapu, mā nei hanga te tairanga hiahiatia. Aia e te tikanga arata'iraa i te tikanga o te actuator ā ranei.

innovations ahumahi

Totonu TTX "Grad" he e pā ana tika ki nga āhuatanga o missiles ki i pihi ai.

Ko te pa matua mō MB-whakamaheretia pere 21 tiketike-taikaha 9M22. i tukua Ko tōna hanga ki te tau tipu 176, i roto i te 1964 ko e ki te whakaputa i 10 mano nga wahi. I te mahi, Heoi, i taka te kamupene, te mau fifi ohorere me fifi mana'o-. I roto i te hauwhā tuatahi o te tipu te whakahaere ki te tuku i 650 missiles me 350 warheads mo ratou. Whakatika maumaui o te hōtaka i taea te mahi hei auaha e titau wa ki te whakatinana, engari hangarau whakapai ake i roto i te heke mai. I te onoonoraa o te Designer General Alexander Ganicheva i whakaurua e te tikanga o kuhunga whakangao tauira autahu'araa whārangi maitai, rite ki taua whakamahia i roto i te hanga o nga pū matā. I mua, i tapahia he tākirirangi ki toropā machined i billets totoka, i arahina ki te kohi tiketike o te whakarewa me te utu mahi faufaa. Ko tētahi atu huarahi auaha i tono kua i roto i te tikanga o whakamau nga stabilizers tītere kotuinga e pihi tautuhinga "Grad". Ko paku ki runga ake i te 20 km 9M22 ngā whakaeke. Whakawhāiti i te tawhiti e kore e tino pai i roto i ngā o te tika. Ko te roha o te ngā tino o te mōrahi. I roto i te meka, te tāuta iti ngā puhipuhi "Grad", whakaturia i roto i te 5 km, he herenga, he ahi taea, me te i roto i te pūtoro o kiromita kotahi me te hawhe, engari ki te mōrea nui tēnā e kore e haere te wahi e hiahia ana koe, e taea te mana haamou nui o patu meinga hopearaa rawa kino.

he tika "Extraction" hangarau. pere whare kua tino riro māmā. Mea arioi o production, engari ko e te paetae matua. Kua nui haere te whānuitanga o tāutanga o te ahi "Grad" nui. I te taua tītere papatipu-pae taea patua e ia te ūnga.

whakarewatanga tākirirangi

I roto i te aamu o pakanga rohe puta wāhanga ka anga te tikanga mo MB-21, i rere ki te whārangi ūkui whakaturia i runga i te pereki ki hoatu te koki e hiahiatia ana. I roto i enei take, a te akoranga, i iti patu tika. Ka taea te whakakapi rawa Houalotú e tipu "Grad". Photos o hoto Eastern Middle ngana ki te meinga kino ki te tahi atu rōpū mā te whakamahi i hangaia ngā pūrere improvised e matua ki te whakarato i te pēhanga hinengaro.

9M22 pere e ata 66 kg ki te roa 2870 mm o. Fighting wehenga e te taimaha o 18.4 kg me kei roto 6.4 kg o TNT. Puta tīmata ka te wiki pini pātīmata hiko. tito te wahie mārō te o rua nga wahi te katoa taimaha o 20.4 kg. Kähaki te upoko o te wiki whakarato MRI (MRI-U), e riro ēngari i muri aunoa i te haerenga o te tākirirangi i 200-400 mita. Oko rau tītere, he tere o 50 m / c, a ka whakatere ki te 700 m / s. Pupuhi tautuhinga whānui "Grad" taea te āwenewene iti e te tikanga o mowhiti (nui iti ranei) wahia. I roto i 1963, kua hanga nii-147 tohunga wāwāhi kē tītere matū, whakaritea "Lake" (9M23), e kua te āhuatanga mahi taua rite te 9M22.

Kūpapa 9M22 me "Leica"

Kua whakaaturia Whakamātautau pehea kaha te patu ko te tāutanga o "Grad". rohe lesion ki salvo tonu o 1.050 sq. m ka patua e hōpuni, me 840 sq. m mō waka Armoured.

pa whanaketanga atu o te taputapu o te fuze tītere. "Lake" taea te rite rawa ki a ratou i roto i rua taatou (pūkaha me te hihiani). riro nui atu whai hua tetahi Ordnance taikaha tiketike ki te te kawea te reira i roto i runga i kähaki i te tiketike tino arotau, tae atu i te tītere e pihi tāuta "Grad". whatiwhatinga rohe lesion me matū paitini ki runga ki tomokanga o 30 mita i te piki mata koi, Heoi, ko te whakamahi o te hihiani fuze te whakaiti i te whānuitanga mōrahi i 1600 mita.

momo rerekē o te kariri mō "Castle"

I roto i te wā o te hanga i te mahi tonu BM-21 ki te whakapai ake ngā, me te waihanga kariri hou (motuhake). Ka taea te whakatupato ratou tetahi tatūnga "Grad". he wahi upoko 9M42 marama i roto i te wāhi meneti hawhe i roto i 500 m i te 9M28K wherikotanga rā 3M16 anga rīpene i titaritari kauhanga (3 ia), whaiaro liquidating-no te 16-24 haora. RS 9M519 hanga pokanoa rohe tauwhiro.

BM-21 te nuinga whakamahi kaha unguided ohie, engari i reira he momo motuhake o matā, pērā i 9M217 samopritselivaniya pūrere rawa me tiaki tāpiripiri ki te whawhai ki tāke.

Hanga me te paowa-auau tauārai, me te kaha kariri nui haere, me te tokomaha atu hitimahuta kino mo te hoariri, e kia whakatupato ai tāutanga "Grad". Kei te hoko te pūtoro o te whakangaromanga piki kaha atu whakamate, ake te tika te.

Ake BM-21

pūnaha Na tino, me te pono whakamahia e nga ope o pinepine o whenua, a ka kua riro te āhukahuka ao mō te noho pai o te tiaki me te tika, ahakoa te tau faahiahia, e taea te whakamahi hoki i te wa roa. Mai i te wā ki te wā e ake ona āhuatanga e tika ana ki te hangarau tata, te nuinga mōhiohio.

I roto i te 1998 tū ia he ao hou hohonu o te tipu "Grad" i faaitehia i roto i Orenburg. Whakaahua me te ataata o tenei mīhini, e kore e huna tenei wa i te iwi whānui me te kua whakaputaina e te ārahi pareparenga katoa ngā mōhiohio rongo. Rerekē te tauira taketake ko te aroaro o te teihana mana ahi, ka karanga "skit-B2", hanga i runga i te pūtake o te rorohiko nui-tere "Baget-41." Ko te hanganga ano ngā he meteosystems pūnaha mana ahi, whakatere tokoingoa hōu taputapu kōrero whakawaeheretia mahi i roto i te aratau whakawhiti raraunga aunoa. rererua tatūnga ngā kitenga "Grad" pupuhi (ki 40 km). mahi ake me missiles ballistic, me stabilizers hou, me te tīaroaro atu tino. Ko ranunga wahie hou i roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga.

I roto i te mahi ki te tāutu i ngā huarahi hou ki te whakahou, ki te tino whakaiti i te wa o te utanga, me te tahi atu āhuatanga mahi o "Grad". I roto i ngā tekau tau tata nei i reira rauemi hiato, te whakamahi o e taea te whakanui ake i te tohu o te hangarau puku ki hihiani me ki whakahaere hanga. Te nuinga pea, i roto i te tāutanga heke mai tata o te pakunga ahi "Grad", hei utu o nga oko, tubular ki te whakaputa i te monamona polymer-wa e e whakaiti i te wa recharge ki te 5 meneti.

hou me SZU ki te pūnaha hou "aupuru" i roto i te heke mai tata ka riro Russian Armed Forces. He kōwhiringa mō tāutanga i runga i ngä tüäpapa motokā kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i etahi kaipuke. kia hoki te whakatakoto "Grad" Salvo kia whakamahia rite te turanga uta huānga tiaki.