Waikawa pūhaumāota

Ko e pā ana ki 1.3 wa taimaha ake i te hau hauwai pūhaumāota hau. E kore ia e tae, engari ki te ta'ota'o koi me te kakara āhuatanga. I te pāmahana o te haunga 84C, haere te hauwai pūhaumāota hau i te āhua wai, a ka solidifies i haunga te 112C. memeha hauwai pūhaumāota i roto i te wai. Ko tētahi rita o H2O taea ngongoa ake ki te 500 ml o te hau. huaina te otinga ko tona waikawa pūmāota waikawa pūmāota ranei. waikawa pūmāota takiwa, i 20C, āhuatanga e te mōrahi ka taea hautanga papatipu o te taonga taketake ki te kia 38%. Ko te otinga - ko te waikawa monobasic kaha (i roto i te rangi "e momi", me te wāteatanga makuku ina hanga i te kohu waikawa), reira hoki he ingoa atu: pūmāota, a ki runga ki nomenclature Ukrainian - pūhaumāota waikawa. Ka taea te māngai te tātai matū i roto i tenei puka: HCl. papatipu titiwha Ko 36.5 g / kamiriona. Kiato o te waikawa pūmāota takiwa i te 20 ° C rite ki te 1.19 g / cm³. Ko te taonga kino e no ki te piha haapiiraa tuarua o te ati tenei.

I roto i te "maroke" pūhaumāota puka hauwai e kore e taea e te taunekeneke ki te konganuku hohe, engari i roto i te aroaro o te houku puta te tauhohenga tino kaha. taea ki te tauhohe ki te konganuku katoa e he ki te maui o te hauwai i roto i te raupapa iahiko tenei waikawa kaha pūmāota he. I tua atu, tauhohe reira ki te taketake me te amphoteric waikura, turanga me tai ki:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
• 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O;
• 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
• HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

I tua atu ki ngā āhuatanga whānui āhuatanga mō ia o te waikawa kaha, kua whakaiti āhuatanga i roto i te puka takiwa, tauhohe waikawa pūhaumāota ki te momo o oxidizing āpiha, te tuku māota free. Mariao o te karanga māota waikawa. Tata e ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai katoa o ratou, a tino dissociate ki katote. Torutoru wairewa e: Lead pūhaumāota PbCl2, pūhaumāota hiriwa AgCl, pūhaumāota mercurous Hg2Cl2 (calomel) me pūhaumāota cuprous CuCl. taea ki te tomo ki roto ki te tauhohenga tua ki te hauwai pūhaumāota ko waiwaro hamanga ki here rua, takitoru ranei, ai hanga e nga ngā pūhui matū waro chlorinated.

I roto i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga whiwhi hauwai pūhaumāota te ka whai wāhi ki te maroke konutai pūhaumāota ki kukū waikawa pungatara. Tauhohenga i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē e taea puta ki te hanga tai konutai (ranei reo waikawa):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

Ko te tauhohenga tuatahi haere i roto i i te wera iti, te tuarua - i pāmahana teitei. Na reira, i roto i te pūhaumāota pai taiwhanga hauwai riro te tikanga tuatahi, hoki i tūtohutia te nui o te waikawa pungatara te ki te tango i te auau o te taenga o NaHSO4 tote waikawa. Na, i te tātau hauwai pūhaumāota i roto i te wai i whiwhi te waikawa pūmāota. I roto i te ahumahi, kei te whiwhi i te reira na roto i te tahu i roto i te huru o te hauwai māota ranei e pa konutai pūhaumāota maroke (anake hoki te tuarua whārite tauhohenga) o kukū waikawa pungatara. Ano whiwhi hauwai pūhaumāota te rite te byproduct i te chlorination o kukū ngā pūhui matū waro. I roto i te ahumahi, hauwai pūhaumāota whiwhi e tetahi o nga tikanga i runga ake i rewa i roto i pourewa motuhake i roto i i haere i te wai te i runga ki raro, a ka tukua te hau i te raro whakarunga, i.e. i runga i te parau tumu countercurrent.

kawea waikawa pūhaumāota i roto i kurawai gummed motuhake ipu ranei, me te i roto i te oko 50 kirihou rita karaihe ranei ipu ki te kaha 20 rita. A, no te te tauhohe o te waikawa ki te konganuku reira ko te mōrea o taikaha ranunga hauwai-rangi. Na reira, kia tino whakakorea reira rite ki te hua o whakapā te tauhohe hauwai i hanga ki te rangi, engari ano hoki (mā coatings anticorrosive) waikawa whakapā ki konganuku. I mua i outputting apparatuses me pipelines, te wahi i rongoa ai ranei kawea, mo te hanga, he mea e tika ana ki te whakahaere i te tahia hauota, me te aroturuki i te mana o te wāhanga hau.

Kei te whānui whakamahia hauwai pūhaumāota i roto i te hanga ahumahi me te i roto i te taiwhanga. Kei te whakamahia te reira no te waikawa whakarewa faaineineraa o tai, me te rite te kaiwhakahohe i roto i ngā akoranga tātari. hua waikawa pūhaumāota e te hangarau GOST 857-95 (kuputuhi he ōrite ki te ao paerewa ISO 905-78), kaiwhakahohe - rite ki GOST 3118-77. Kukū o te hua hangarau tei runga i te kounga me te momo, me kia 31.5%, 33% 35% ranei, a ka he kowhai te ahua hua no o te ihirangi o te poke rino o te māota me ētahi atu matū matū. Me kia waikawa urupare wai taekore me mārama ki te hautanga papatipu o i 35 ki te 38%.