Whakamātautau Hangarau me te whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga. He whakamātautau hangarau whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga

whakamātautau Hangarau me te whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga ko te ako whakaritea e te ki te tāutu taunakitanga o pepa tautuhi me te taputapu mo ratou production. tutuki ana tēnei ahanoa e mā te whakamahi i te matauranga motuhake, me ngā tikanga o te ahupūngao, matū, engineering me te taputapu ano.

whakaurunga rangahau

A, no te te whakaritea hangarau, me te whakamātautau whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga, kua tirohia nga pepa e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te rauemi ki ai e hanga e ratou.
2. Tehsredstva mō ngā taipitopito.
3. Tuhinga.
4. Tehsredstva mo ratou mutu.
5. Products e whakamahia ki te huri i te ihirangi.
6. Ētahi atu tūemi karapahia e te tikanga.

mahi

hāngai whakahaere whakamātautau whare whakawā te i whakaoti te mahi e whai ake nei:

1. Identification. I te wa ano ka mohiotia e te reira i te tangata nei tāngia te hua kuputuhi takina me ngā rauemi, whakapumautia te tikanga hangarau e whakamahia ana, ka tāruatia ngā wāhanga o ngā tuhinga.
2. Classification. takina te ahanoa te hoki no ki te rōpū ngā.
3. Tātaritanga. taki te reira rite a ka hanga te pepa e ranei reira kua huringa ki reira, a ka takoto te kuputuhi taketake te.

Fakataha ki te tenenga o tikanga hou o te hanga me te tikanga o te tipu tinihanga. whakawhanake reira ano whakamātautau hangarau, me te whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga.

Ko te puka ako

Puka - whakapaipai te ka whakatikaina pepa pepa tiaki kōrero tā atu tikanga ranei.

No te peeke kāwanatanga, i reira he whakaritenga. A i roto i te rerekē haere pakihi I mahia ratou i runga i. hiahiatia Puka ki matau i te pūtake - te whakahaere. E hanga ana ratou i roto i tā, i reira taua ia kia te me te tārua. Reni ki te tohu o te mahi anake tā kamupene e kua riro te raihana e tika ana ki te mahi.

He rerekē fakes, i runga i te hanganga o te kaihanga ia, ngā pūkenga me te wātea o te taputapu rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea te unu te kuputuhi. Na deflection kitea, wā pāhiwihiwi i waenganui i ngā rārangi me pūāhua. Ki te kei te tā koe tiketike, i reira he he tauira whakaarahia, paparanga thickening, kuputuhi pērā, me te pera i runga i. haere tahi whakapakoko tā Planographic rahi ine o pūāhua i te puka tūturu, kore o māramatanga, taia iho ngā rārangi, me te pera i runga i.
A, no te kawea whakamātautau whare whakawā whare whakawā, tahi ki te mea whakamātautau whakarato tauira taketake ki te pereti tā taua ka whakahau i roto i te patotuhinga kotahi, i raro i te tau kotahi. E whakaritea ana ratou ki ahua katoa, te pūtake i runga i nei ki te whakatau.

I roto i te runga i ngā hua ture tāngia nāianei kua nga āhuatanga haumaru e whai ake nei:

• he tau ahurei;
• tohuwai;
• muka motuhake;
• luminescence ki te marama hihi katinga;
• tā motuhake;
• mātiti papamuri o rua ngā tae;
• tiaki i te miro;
• tiaki i te tārua tae.

Kawea mai rūpahu, tuhinga tūturu hua nei i roto i te kamupene tā, he pai. Na reira, whakamahia nuitia tikanga o whaihanga. Tenei te tikanga whiwhi nga pānga e te whakaaro rite te hunga e whakamahia ana i runga i te puka, engari i hanga ki ētahi atu hangarau.

Rangahau o te waitohu me pane

ongo hiri - te whakapakoko i runga i te pepa, i hanga e te tono clichés mīhini ki te haapapû motuhēhē.

I ngā wā ka tā rūpahu e whai ake:

• tuhi;
• uri tapahia i hiako, rapa, kahupeka papa ranei;
• na roto i te waea tā pukapuka;
• te whakamahi i perekopirovki.

pepa rūpahu, patu tānga me i ētahi atu huarahi. Nuinga o ngā wā, whakamātautau hangarau, me te whare whakawā o ngā tuhinga heheu te whakamahi o te hangarau hou whakamahia e te me te hanga taketake. Ki te tautuhi i te whakarato i te 10 ki te 20 tānga.

Tapehatanga o te waitohu whakamana e te tono i te patunga i Imprint ranei. Tei runga i te whakatinanatanga taea te kite:

• Pa o te pepa waro;
• wāhi rerekē i runga i te raina;
• rerekētanga i roto i te tae o te whiu;
• depressions;
• pakaru a heke ruruku;
• kanohi whawhati;
• smudges;
• clots me te ake.

ngā kōrero atu, overprint me erasure

Kōkuhu ai te dopisok dopechatok ranei e tāpiri reta, kupu, kuputuhi, ranei tetahi tohu. Ko te āhuatanga matua i roto i tenei take, ko:

• Handwriting rerekētanga i roto i te rahi, i te pikitanga o pukapuka, whakanohonga;
• whakatakoto i runga i nga mara, i nga taha o te rārangi;
• waituhi rerekētanga.

mahi Whakapai te mihini - tango haro ranei. Signs i roto i tenei take e:

• pepa rumplessness, te iti te matotoru, te kino mātiti paruru, te ngaro o te mōhinuhinu;
• tohu o ngā rārangi o te kuputuhi i ko te tuatahi.

pepa whakakapi me ngā whakaahua

forensics Independent e taea ki te wehewehe i te whakakapinga o te whārangi kotahi e rave rahi o te āhuatanga e whai ake nei ranei:

• rerekē te rahi o ngā rau;
• tohu o pota;
• whakamarumaru pepa.

Whakakapinga pikitia actualize e te pia ki hāraunga dorisovki muri, kahupapa me tona apa tiaki, whakapiri whakaehunga kua oti nei te nekehia atu i te whakaahua tā tūturu. Ka taea e kitea haavare i roto i te ngaro o te ōhakitia, ōrite i runga i nga wahi whakaahua me te puka, te rerekētanga o te kiato ranei te aroaro o ētahi atu āhuatanga.

Whakatūnga o te ihirangi taketake

taea ki te ora whiti atu, kauhoe, me te tuhi smeary whakamātautau Hangarau, me te whare whakawā o te marae, ko te. Whakamahia i roto i tenei anga matou ki te kitea me te faananea i te rerekētanga i roto i ngā rauemi, i nei takoto i raweketia. Hoki tenei whakaaro:

• pikitia Rangahau, ka kitea te rerekētanga te, hei tauira, he X-ray ngā mara hihi matahao ranei;
• tārua i te tāruatanga mākū E ruia ana ranei,
• wehenga tae;
• te tahi atu mau rave'a.

kia ngā te pātai whare whakawā, me te purei tuhinga poapoa a ahua mangu kawea e te roto i te taha tinana, matū me ngā tikanga physicochemical mō te whakarei ake i te rerekētanga i waenganui i streaking me te tātari mata luminescence, rohe spectral pōkākā me tetahi atu.
I te tahi taime tahuna tua atu hanga tuhinga, desiccated, wera, a maha pakaru.

Whakatūnga o te tepenga o hokohoko te tuhinga

ai nga tohunga he pātai o te hanga i te wā tuhi. I roto i tenei mahi te wehewehe i tūhāhā tino, me te whanaunga. I te huinga tuatahi, ka unu te tuhinga kei te ake, a i roto i te tuarua - te raupapa o ngā tāurunga i roto i reira.

I roto i tenei take, te tūhāhā tino o te whakamātautau whare whakawā motuhake kitea tohu tautuhi pumau i runga i te wā (te ihirangi, te pūtake o ngā tuhinga, me ētahi atu) me te ana'iraa (tau i peitahia e whakamahia ana i ngā pene pura, waituhi jet tā, me pera i runga i. N.). Ki te whakaaro ki te herenga o te whanaunga, kua mohiotia ai: i roto i te whakahaerenga tangohia tuatahi tomo kuputuhi, me te ka haina te tuhinga, me ka takatakahia. Ki te ohorere tenei tikanga te, ka taea tatou te kōrero e pā ana ki te tāutanga. Taua mau uiraa solves hoki te whare whakawā whakamātautau. Moscow rite te whakapaipai ko te pokapū tino tika ana. Otiia ano i roto i te tahi atu pa puritia taua whakamātautau, ki te tika.