Āhuatanga matū āhuatanga, me te tinana: māota

I roto i te natura kitea māota e i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā me anake i roto i te puka o pūhui ki ētahi atu hau. I roto i ngā āhuatanga tata ki noa, ko reira he hau ha'iriiri tae puwhero paitini. mauria e te reira i nui atu te taimaha atu i te hau. He he kakara reka. māota rāpoi ngota ngā rua ngota. I roto i te āhua āta kore e tahuna, engari i pāmahana teitei rave ki te hauwai, i muri i nei te mōrea o te pahūtanga. Ka rite ki te hua, tukua hau te phosgene. Tino paitini. Ko te kupu, ara i nohanga iti i roto i te hau (0.001 mg ia 1 DM ³⁾ Ka taea e meinga te mate. Ko te āhuatanga matua o ngā āhua māota nonmetal e he taimaha ake i te hau, me te i konei ka kia tata te papa tonu i roto i te puka o te kōkōuri kowhai-matomato.

meka hītori

Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te mahi whiwhi tenei rauemi i roto i 1774 K. Shelee g. Na roto i te whakakotahi waikawa pūmāota me te pyrolusite. Heoi, anake i roto i te 1810 i taea e ki te tohu i te māota me ki whakapumautia e ko te reira i te huānga matū motuhake P. Davy.

E tano ia tapao e i roto i 1772, Dzhozef Pristli i taea ki te whiwhi hauwai pūhaumāota - māota pūhui ki hauwai, Heoi, ki te wehe i enei āhuatanga e rua o te kēmihi e kore i taea.

kiripuaki Chemical o māota

Chloro - huānga matū rōpū matua VII o te rōpū ripanga pūmotu. rongoa te reira i roto i te toru o nga wā, ka kua he tau ngota 17 (17 ngā iraoho i roto i te karihi). Ko te nonmetal urupare. reta Denoted Cl.

Ko te māngai angamaheni o kōnakonako. Tenei hau, kahore tae, engari kua he koi, kakara titohea. Ko te tikanga paitini. Kei te pai te kōnakonako katoa diluted i roto i te wai. Ki runga ki te whakapā atu ki te rangi hou timata ki te paowa.

Ko te whirihoranga irahiko 3s2Zr5 Cl ngota waho. Nō reira, i roto i nga pūhui o te whakaaturanga huānga taumata hāora matū e -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 me +7. Ko te pūtoro kotuari o te ngota 0,96Å, pūtoro katote Cl- 1.83 he, ngota irahiko hunaonga o 3,65 eV, 12,87 eV o te taumata ionization.

Ka rite ki tuhia i runga, māota ko te nonmetal kaha tika e taea ai te hanga o ngā pūhui ki tata konganuku katoa (i roto i ētahi wā mā te whakamahi i te wera i te makuku displacing bromo ranei) me nonmetals. I roto i te paura puka tauhohe reira anake ki ngā konganuku i pāmahana teitei.

Te pāmahana ngingiha mōrahi - 2250 ° C. Mai te hāora Ko te ahei o hanga waikura, hypochlorites, chlorites me chlorates. te pūhui katoa kei roto hāora, he taikaha i roto i ngā ki matū oxidizable. Me kï reira e waikura māota taea takirihia pahū i chlorates pahū anake ka whai wāhi ki tetahi tīmata.

Āhuatanga o te māota i tūranga i roto i te pūnaha wā:

• taonga ohie;
• huānga rōpū whitu o te ripanga pūmotu;
• te toru o nga wā o te rarangi tuatoru;
• rōpū whitu rōpū matua;
• tau ngota 17;
• tohu tohu Cl;
• urupare nonmetal;
• Ko te rōpū kōnakonako;
• i roto i ngā āhuatanga tata ki noa, ko reira he hau paitini tae kowhai-matomato ki te kakara mangeo;
• he rāpoi ngota māota ngota kua 2 (tātai Cl _2).

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o te māota:

• ira e koropupu: -34,04 ° C;
• ira whakakoero: -101,5 ° C;
• he kiato i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā - 3, 214 g / l;
• te kiato o te māota wai (wā e koropupu) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• te kiato o te māota totoka - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• rōrahi motuhake - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Māota: huringa pāmahana āhuatanga

I roto i te āhua haurehu waihā kua te kaha ki liquefied ngāwari. I te pēhanga o 8 atmospheres me te pāmahana o te 20 ° C puta reira rite te wai puwhero-kōwhai. He he āhuatanga ha'iriiri tiketike rawa. Ka rite ki whakaaturanga mahi, ka taea e tenei huānga matū mau tonu te āhua wai ki runga ki te pāmahana tino (143 ° C), ngā te hua pēhanga.

Ki te matao o reira ki te pāmahana o -32 ° C, e taui te reira i ona āhua tinana ki te wai ahakoa o te pēhanga kōhauhau. I atu e tukupu ana o te pāmahana o te whātioatanga puta (te taupū -101 ° C).

Māota i roto i te āhua

Kei roto i te kirinuku māota whenua 0,017 anake%. Ko te nuinga i roto i te hau puia. Ka rite ki tohua i runga ake, te rauemi he mahi matū nui, na e fakanatula puta ki ētahi atu āhuatanga i roto i ngā pūhui. Ai te plurality o kohuke i roto māota. huānga āhuatanga ka taea te hanganga o e pā ana ki te rau kohuke rerekē. Tikanga, tenei te pūhau whakarewa.

Ano, Ko te nui i roto i te moana - tata 2%. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kaha e tareka te pūhau me horapa ki te awhina o awa me moana tenei. Ko te tukanga whakamuri. horoia hoki ki te uta māota, a ka mauria e ia te hau i roto i te tata. Ko Ko te aha te kukū rawa kitea i roto i ngā wāhi takutai. I roto i ngā wāhi maroke o te ao i hanga tatou i mua i te hau e te whakaetonga o te wai, ai puta te saline. Ia tau i roto i te ao e mahi ai e pā ana ki te 100 miriona tana o te taonga. E, Heoi, ko te kore e maere, no te mea i reira he maha mara e roto i māota. Āhuatanga o ia, Heoi, te nuinga tei ïa i runga i tona hea, ao.

Methods mō te whakaputa māota

I teie mahana i reira e maha ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa māota, te noa te nuinga o nei e te whai ake:

1. Pātūpoho. Ko te reira i te māmā me iti utu. Te tote i roto i te iahiko HWM tomo te wāhi pitoake. I tua atu, i runga i te pitoiho maitai mata rere ki te piata. Oku i ai e he nui iti o muka polymeric. He āhuatanga nui o tenei pūrere ko countercurrent. Kei te whakahaua te reira i te wehenga pitoake ki te pitoiho, tuku motuhake riro me chloro wai.

2. membrane. Ko te pūngao-pai te nuinga, engari whakahaere slozhnoosuschestvim. Rite ki te HWM. Ko te rerekētanga ko e e tino wehea te pitoake me te wāhi pitoiho i te membrane. Nō reira, te hua putanga i roto i te rua awa motuhake.

Me kï reira e te kiripuaki o te matū. huānga (māota) whiwhi e enei tikanga ka kia rerekē. Ētahi atu "ma" whakaaro te ki te waiho i te tikanga membrane.

3. Ko te tikanga mēkuri ki pitoiho wai. Whakaritea ki ētahi atu hangarau, ka taea tenei kōwhiringa ki a koutou ia farii i te māota parakore tino.

hoahoa schematic o te tāutanga ngā o te pūtau me te papu tūhonohono me te pirau ana amalgam. Ka rite ki mäminga te pitoiho te ki papu mēkuri otinga tote me te pitoake - waro ranei electrodes graphite. Parau tumu o te tāutanga ko e whai ake: tukua te te kawehiko i te māota tukua e te i te pūtau ki anolyte. Mai i nekehia atu te poke muri kei te me toenga māota donasyschayut halite me ano hoki ki te iahiko.

Whakaritenga mō te Haumaru, me te hanga pai o arahina ki te whakakapinga o te pitoiho wai mārō.

Ko te whakamahi o te māota i roto i tono ahumahi

āhuatanga māota hohe tukua tona whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi. Ki tenei huānga matū riro pūhui organochlorine rerekē (vinyl pūhaumāota, chloro-rapa, me ētahi atu), Drugs, disinfectants. Ko te wāhi nui nohoia i roto i te ahumahi, ko te hanga o te waikawa pūmāota me te kotakota.

whakamahia whānuitia tikanga mō te purenga o te wai inu. Ki te rā, e ngana ana ki te neke atu i tenei tikanga, whakakapi i te reira ki te ozonation, no te mea kei te whakaaro matou ki te taonga he pānga tōraro i runga i te tinana tangata, te wai chlorinated hoki te whakangaromia e pipelines. Kei te meinga te reira e te meka e i roto i te āhua noa Cl pānga te waipiro i runga i putorino i hanga i polyolefins. Otiia, te nuinga o nga whenua e hoatu hiahia ki te tikanga chlorination.

Hoki, whakamahia māota e i roto i te metallurgy. Ki reira, ia farii i te maha o konganuku onge (Niobium, tantalum, Titanium). I roto i te ahumahi matū whakamahi mātātoa rerekē pūhui organochlorine mō te tohe nei tarutaru, me mo te tahi atu mau tumu ahuwhenua, ka whakamahia te āhuatanga kei te rite te hātea.

Nā ki tona chloro hanganga matū te whakangaromia e te nuinga o ngā waikano organic me inorganic. tutuki tēnei i roto i te bleaching tonu. Ko taea anake, ki te te aroaro o te wai, mo te tukanga bleaching ko tenei hua e tika ana ki te hāora ngota, i hanga nei i muri i te pirau o te māota: Cl ₂ + H ₂ E → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. kua kitea tenei tikanga tono senituli torutoru mua me he rongonui, me te tenei ra.

He whakamahi tino hira o tenei taonga mo insecticides organochlorine. patua ēnei hua ahuwhenua kaiao kino, mahue otaota tonu. haere te wahi nui o te katoa māota hua i roto i te ao ki te whakamahi ahuwhenua.

Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira i roto i te hanga o te rapa me te kirihou pūhui. Ki te to ratou awhina, hanga waea mātao, pānga, taputapu, whare anga taputapu, me pera i runga i. D. He he he whakaaro e te rubbers whiwhi i roto i tenei ara, kino ki te tangata, engari e kore e te mea i whakapumautia e te pūtaiao.

Me kï reira e (whäkina mea āhuatanga i roto i te taipitopito mua) te māota me ona pārōnaki pērā i te pua hau me te phosgene, whakamahia i roto i tono hōia mō āpiha pakanga matū.

Māota rite te māngai kanapa o-konganuku kore

Nonmetals - matū ohie, e ngā haurehu me te wai. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, whakahaere ratou kino atu konganuku hiko, me te whai rerekētanga nui i roto i te āhuatanga tinana, me te hangarau e. Ki te taumata ionization teitei ahei o hanga he pūhui matū kotuari. Ka hoatu te whakamārama e whai ake nei o te tauira o te māota nonmetal.

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia i runga ake, tenei huānga matū ko te hau. I raro i huru noa, ko reira tino āhuatanga e ngaro rite ki te hunga o konganuku. Te kore āwhina waho e kore e tauhohe ki te hāora, hauota, waro me etahi atu. Ko tōna whakaatu oxidizing āhuatanga o hononga i te matū matatini ohie, me te etahi ki. E pā ana te reira ki te kōnakonako, i āta kitea i roto i ona āhuatanga matū. Ko te pūhui ki te toenga o kōnakonako (pūkeha, astatine, iodine), whakakingitia ia ratou. Kei te pai te memeha - te māota haurehu waihā (he tohu tika āhuatanga o ia). Ko te waipatu pai. Anake whakamate kaiao ora, e hanga mahuinga reira i roto i te ahuwhenua me te rongoā.

Whakamahia rite te wai

ngota māota āhuatanga taea tona whakamahi rite te kaihoko paitini. Gas i whakamahia tuatahi e Germany, te 04/22/1915, i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka rite ki te hua o nga matenga o e pā ana ki te 15 mano tangata.. I te kau, rite te paihana kore e tono.

Kia tatou te whakamārama poto o te huānga matū rite te kaihoko rāoa hoatu. pānga te reira i te tinana tangata i roto i whakahēmanawatanga. Whakarato tuatahi ritenga airway runga, me te ritenga kanohi. E haamata te reira ki te maremare pāngia o breathlessness. Next, ngoto ki te pūkahukahu, corrodes te hau te kiko pūkahukahu, e hua i roto i te edema. Nui! Māota he taonga nohopuku.

Tei runga i te kukū i roto i te rangi, ka taea e tohu kia rerekē. I nohanga iti i roto i te taata whero o nga kiriuhi mucous, hāhā ngawari o te manawa. Ihirangi i roto i te huru o te 1.5-2 g / m ³ ai te pakeke me thrills i roto i te pouaka, te mamae koi i roto i te Airways runga. Hoki, kia kia haere tahi te āhua e te lacrimation kaha. I muri i te 10-15 meneti i roto i te ruma ki te kukū taua o te māota puta pūkahukahu ngingiha kaha, me te mate. A, no te nohanga apiapi mate taea i roto i ngā meneti i pāpāngia o te wahi romahā o runga.

A, no te mahi ki tenei taonga tūtohu te ki te whakamahi i kakahu tiaki, kanohi, karapu.

Māota i roto i te ora o kaiao me ngā tipu

Māota Ko te wahi o ngā kaiao tata ora katoa. Āhuatanga Ko e kore ai e te reira i roto i te puka parakore me i te ahua o ngā pūhui.

I roto i te kararehe me te kaiao tangata o katote māota tonu te taurite osmotic. Kei te meinga te reira e te meka e whai ratou i te whānuitanga tino tika mo te kătahi o te membrane pūtau. Āpiti atu ki ngā katote pāhare pāporo regulates Cl te wai, me te tote toenga. I roto i te piro, te hanga nga katote māota he taiao pai mo te mahi o whākōkī proteolytic o te wai pekitīlia. E whakaratohia takere pūhaumāota i roto i maha ngā pūtau o te tinana. Na roto i to ratou fluids intercellular puta a tonu pH pūtau. Mō 85% o te katoa rōrahi o tenei huānga i roto i te tinana kei roto i te wāhi intercellular. Excreted e te taiawa mimi. Kei te whakaputaina te reira e te tinana wahine i roto i te tukanga o te whāngai ū.

I tenei wā o te whanaketanga, ko te ahurei uaua ki te mea rite te mea te mate whakaoho māota me ona pūhui. Ko e tika ana ki te kore o te rangahau i roto i tenei rohe tenei.

Ano, e kitea i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau i te katote māota. Kei te whai wāhi mai ia i roto i pākia pūngao. Te kore tenei huānga o te tukanga o te ahotakakame kore e taea. Ki reira pakiaka ki kaha mimiti te matū e tika ana. Heoi, he kukū nui o māota i roto i ngā tipu e taea o te faaohiparaa i te mana deleterious (tērā iho te tukanga ahotakakame, mutu te whanaketanga, me te tupu).

Heoi, i reira he māngai o otaota i taea ki te "hanga hoa", i te iti rawa te tiki me te tūemi ranei. Kei āhuatanga nonmetal (māota) taua wāhi rite te kaha o te taonga ki te oxidize oneone. I roto i te kunenga mai o te tipu whakahuatia i runga ake, ka karanga halophytes, noho te kau, i nga kau, no te mea o te maha atu o tenei huānga waimaori tote. mimiti ratou katote māota, a ka hoko whakakahoretia o ratou e te tikanga o te hinga rau.

Transport me te rokiroki o te māota

He maha ngā huarahi ki te neke me te toa māota. titau āhuatanga huānga ipurau nui-pēhanga motuhake. Taua ipu i ngā tohu tuakiri - he aho matomato poutū. Me ata kia horoia tāke Marama. i hanga rokiroki auroa o te māota reira hohenga e i te mea tino taikaha - hauota trichloride. mano Te oreraa e haapa'oi haumaru katoa taea pātīmata māhorahora me te pahūtanga.

Ako o māota

Me mohiotia Utaina Future māota āhuatanga. I raro i te mahere, ka taea e ara hoatu 9-graders ngā taiwhanga ki tenei taonga i runga i te pūtake o te matauranga taketake i runga i te tumu parau. O te akoranga, takoto te kaiako te ki te whakahaere whakangungu haumaru.

Ko te tukanga mahi e whai ake: me tango e koutou te pounamu me riringi te haumāota ki reira swarf. I roto i te rere, ka haua te maramara korakora marama kanapa, me i te wa ano e mea ohie ki te paowa ma SbCl _3. A, no te rumakina i roto i te ipu o te māota tine kinaki ko reira ano hoki whaiaro-arero, engari ki runga ki te raro o te pounamu āta raro i te whā hukarere ahi. I roto i tenei tauhohenga te wai, ae - SnCl _4. A, no te whakatakoto i te kotakota rino i roto i te oko i hanga whero "makaka" a ka puta paowa whero FeCl _3.

Āpiti atu ki te mahi mahi toutou te ariā. I roto i te ngā, he pātai pēnei i māota āhuatanga o te tūranga i roto i te pūnaha wā (whakaahuatia i te kamatá).

Ka rite ki te hua o ngā, puta reira e huānga tauhohe ki ngā pūhui matū waro. Ki te hoatu koe i roto i te oko ki te huruhuru māota miro waiwaitia i roto i te hinu paina i mua, te reira tonu mura, me te taha koi hipi ngarahu. Tōtika porokeretia ahi konutai kowhai, a ki runga ki te taiepa o te karaehe puta tioata tote. ka kia hiahia ki te ako e ngā ākonga, i te tonu he kuao kēmihi, nn semenov (i muri Nobel Laureate), he he wheako taua, kohia i te taiepa o te pounamu, me te tote, tauhiuhia ki a ia he taro, a kai ana te reira. he tika Matū, a kihai i tuku i te kaipūtaiao. Ka rite ki te hua o te wheako matū tino tahuri te tote tepu noa!