Bacteria Ko nga āpiha fakatupu o tetahi mate? mate tangata meinga e huakita

He kingitanga nui e rima o te natura, te māngai o e he ngohengohe ki te tirohanga mō te rau tau maha. Ko ratou:

• kararehe;
• tipu;
• harore;
• huakita prokaryotes ranei;
• huaketo.

Ki te mohiotia nga kararehe, otaota me te harore ki te iwi mai i te wa tino primordial, nga wheori me huakita ako o te iwi mahi i roto i tata. rahi iti rawa o enei rauropi i ki e taea ki te ako ratou ki te mata tahanga. Ko te aha ratou i na roa huna i te kanohi mataara o te taata nei.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e ratou tākaro kore te tūranga pai anake. Na ka tamata tatou ki te kōmaka i te pātai o mehemea he tukumate o etahi mate huakita, a rite te tikanga whakaritea, me te ora i teie mau mea.

Ko wai e prokaryotes?

i noa katoa mea ora i runga i to tatou paraneta i roto i te hanganga - e tito ratou o ngā pūtau. Pono, wahi o te, te tahi atu wahi kotahi - multicellular. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te kararehe multicellular, ka katoa kaupae. Kua hanga ia tinana he matua i roto i ngā pūtau. Otira ka tae mai te reira ki kaiao pūtau-tahi, he kore e taua kotahitanga, kia rite ki kua wehea ratou ki prokaryotes me eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes Ko katoa taata ora, e ko te pūtau rauemi ira, whakaritea i roto i te pata. Hoki prokaryotes - taua ngā rauropi i roto i i tuwha te DNA te noa, e kore te reira e iti ki te kōpaki karihi, me reira e kore matua rite te katoa. faaoti enei taata ki huanga:

• pükohu puru-matomato;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• huakita.

I te tīmatanga, anake noho aua rauropi i runga i te ao. Otiia āta haere mai te reira ki te kunenga mai o te ahua o eukaryotic kaiao multicellular, i roto i nga pūtau prokaryotic. Na ka piri tahi me te tomo ki te hononga taupuhipuhi ratou, hei ataahua, kaha, me ātete ki ngā āhuatanga taiao o te tinana, rite ki te whakaputa uri me te hua i roto i te maha, o te kukuwhatanga.

Ko te taunakitanga o tenei ariā ko te hunga organelles kore-karihi pūtau multicellular rite pungaraungao me plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

Ko, kāore, e kore e tokomaha o nga pūtau prokaryotic e rite te mahaki ki tipu, kararehe, me te iwi, kia rite ki te hunga e noho ana ki te ora i roto ia ratou. ka ratou te ingoa hou o nga huakita, papapūata ranei, a ka anga ka ki te ora i te ora motuhake, meinga he rota o te he mo nga mea tino whakaritea.

Kei te mohiotia te reira ki maha mate e pā ana ki te huakita, o ratou mahi faufaa. A e kore e anake i roto i te tangata puta, engari ano hoki nga māngai o te tahi atu nga katoa rangatiratanga o te natura.

He huahua poto o te hītori o te kitea

kua Bacteria kua tawhio hoki neke atu i te 3.5 piriona tau. I roto i tenei wa, e kore kua puta ke o ratou hanganga. Ko te mea anake i he hou i roto i to ratou oraraa he ingoa mo te tangata ratou.

Kia pehea te i te kitea o enei rauropi? A feruri i te wāhanga.

1. Ko te pūtaiao Kariki onamata ka mea a Aristotle e reira e kore nei e kitea ki nga mea kanohi e ora katoa a tawhio noa, tae atu i roto i te tangata. Ka taea e ratou meinga mate.
2. fokotu'u rata Italian Girolamo Frakostoro e meinga mate tangata e microorganisms, papapūata - 1546. Heoi, ki te whakamatau kore taea reira, a noho rangona.
3. 1676 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wāhanga ako o puru i raro i te karu whakaaro tona ake (ko rawa nui te karu tuatahi o tona production, a titiro rite te kohinga o te maha whakaata raznoraspolozhennyh, hoatu e ia he hua o te neke atu i te kotahi rau ngā wā). Ka rite ki te hua, i taea ki te kite i te pūtau e hanga ake te kiri o te rakau ia. I tua atu i titiro i te taka o te wai, i mahara iho ia maha kaiao iti e noho i roto i tenei maturuturunga iho. ko nga huakita, i hoatu e ia te ingoa "animalkuli" enei.
4. 1840 - tākuta German Jakob Henle fokotuu whakapae tino tika i runga i te pānga o tukumate tangata, arā, e te huakita - tukumate.
5. 1862 - kēmihi French Louis Pasteur rite ki te hua o ngā toutou mohiotia te aroaro o microorganisms i roto i te katoa ora taiao, ngā, rauropi. Ko te kupu, whakapumautia e ia te whakapae Hyun-le, a kua reira riro kē te ariā, ka karanga te "ariā iroriki o te mate." Hoki tona mahi, whakawhiwhia te pūtaiao i te Nobel.
6. 1877 - Robert Koch hoatu ki mahi te tikanga o poke huakita ahurea.
7. 1884 - Hans Gram, he tākuta. E whakairia e ia te wehewehe enei mea i runga i Gram-pai, me te Gram-tōraro, i runga i te tauhohenga rānei ki te hanga i te waikano.
8. 1880 - tāutuhia Karg Ebert kua te take o te taipō - mahi huakita tokotoko-āhua.
9. 1882 - tāutu Robert Koch te Bacillus tubercle.
10. 1897 - rata Japanese Kie-shi Shiga kitea te take o te koripi
11. 1897 - whakapumautia Bernhard Bang te meka e reira he huakita fakatupu o mate kararehe e meinga ratou mâtutuhia.

Ko te kupu, ko te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki huakita me mate meinga e ratou, whiwhi whakauka tere. Na kua whakaahuatia i tenei ra neke atu i te 10 mano māngai o prokaryotes rerekē. Heoi, matapae o pūtaiao mea e i roto i te ao o e reira he neke atu i te kotahi miriona momo.

Pūtaiao o prokaryotes

Bacteria rite āpiha fakatupu o ngā mate hopuhopu i nga wa katoa hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao, no te mea mohio o ratou tukua ki a koe whakaoti maha raruraru hauora kore anake te tangata, engari ano kararehe me ngā otaota. Na reira, i hanga reira e rave rahi pūtaiao e mahi ki te ako o tenei take.

1. Microbiology - pūtaiao whānui e tuatapapa i te kaiao mōkitokito katoa, tae atu ki ngā huakita.
2. Bacteriology - te pūtaiao āwangawanga ki te ako o papapūata, huakita, ratou kanorau, āhua, tohatoha, me te mana i runga i te ao huri noa ia tatou.
3. koiora parukore - tūhura āraihia mo te whanaketanga o mate kitakita i roto i te tangata.
4. Veterinary Microbiology - titiro te huakita fakatupu o mate hopuhopu i roto i nga kararehe, rongoā, maimoatanga, te ārai o te mate.
5. Medical Microbiology - titiro te pānga o te huakita i runga i nga ora o nga kikokiko katoa i roto i ngā o te rongoā.

I tua atu ki ngā pūtau kitakita i reira he kaiao tukumate hātare rauropi pūtau i roto i te tangata, te kararehe me te tipu. Hei tauira, Pūora, pirinoa malaria, trypanosomes, a na i runga i. Reira ahanoa hoki o ako i roto i te Medical Microbiology.

He aha e huakita?

E rua nga turanga mo te whakarōpū o ngā pūtau kitakita. hāngai ana te tuatahi i runga i te parau tumu o te wehenga o ngā pūtau koiora rerekē i roto i te āhua. Na, i runga i tenei kaupapa tohatoha:

• Cocci porohita, rauropi pōro-āhua ranei. Reira hoki ngā maha ngā momo: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki. Māngai o taua āhuatanga e kore e nui ake 1 micron. Ko reira ki tenei rōpū ngā nuinga o te hunga e karangatia e "māngai o mate tangata."
• Coli, huakita tokotoko-āhua ranei. Variety i roto i te puka i te pūtau katoa: auau, tohu, karapu-āhua, vibrio, tapahia, niao ki, mekameka. enei huakita katoa he tukumate. He aha te momo o te mate? Tata mohiotia mate katoa ki te tangata i tenei ra.
• kaiao Crimped. Wehea ki spirillae me spirochetes. Angiangi hanganga miro helical, etahi o nei he papapūata pathogenic, me te tahi atu - māngai o microflora intestinal noa o kararehe, me te tangata.
• Kouru huakita - waiwai rite tokotoko-āhua, engari i roto i te mutunga i nekehanga putanga rerekē. Ko ētahi o ēnei bifidobacteria, whai wāhi pai i roto i te oraraa o te taata.

hāngai ana tētahi atu whakarōpū o ngā pūtau kitakita te i runga i te mahi o nāianei: hanganga RNA, morphological me ngā āhuatanga matüora ki te faatura ki poke, me te pera i runga i. I runga i enei whenua e taea te wehea huakita katoa ki 23 ngā momo, ia o nei ngā he maha o ngā akomanga, puninga me ngā momo.

Ko reira taea hoki ki te whakarōpū i te microorganisms rite ki te tikanga te mana i te momo romahā, te taiao i whakahoki, me te pera i runga i.

Ko te whakamahi o te huakita i roto i te tangata

Whakamahia microorganisms iwi i ako mai nga wa onamata. Mai i to ratou taha, ko reira tino kore tono āta, engari whiriwhiri utu ngāwari noa i te taiao. Na, mo te tauira, hua inu i te kava, ka mau tukanga FERMENTATION wahi.

Ki te wahi o te wā, me te huarahi whakatuwheratanga o te ora o enei mea iti, kua ako te tangata ki te whakamahi i kakato atu ratou ki o ratou hiahia. Ka taea te tāutuhia e rave rahi rāngai o te ōhanga, i'Oku fekau'aki vāofi ki koiora. Bacteria whakamahia:

1. I roto i te ahumahi kai: tunu pōhā me taro, he waina, hua waiu, me te pera i runga i.
2. kōtuitanga matū: huakita hua waikawa amino, waikawa organic, pūmua, huaora, lipids, paturopi, whākōkī, te orokohanga, waikawa karihi, te huka, me te pera i runga i.
3. Medicine: taero whakaiti microflora taiao ā-, paturopi, me te pera i runga i.
4. Agriculture: taka hoki te tipu tipu me te maimoatanga o te kararehe, huakita taumahatanga, tukua ki te whakapiki ake i te tukua, tukua waiu, me te hua production, a na i runga i.
5. Ecology: microorganisms nefterazlagayuschie tukatuka toenga organic me inorganic e karapoti ana i te reo purenga.

Heoi, i roto i te tua ki te pānga pai o te whakamahi o te huakita, iwi e taea kore too atu o te kino. I muri i te katoa, etahi huakita he tukumate o mate tangata? Nuinga uaua, mōrearea, me te ētahi wā mate. Na reira, ratou tūranga i roto i te āhua me te ora tangata rua.

papapūata pathogenic: he tirohanga whānui

Hei kawe taua papapūata pathogenic e taea meinga kino kiko me ngā pūnaha okana ā-i roto i te tangata, me te kararehe. I tona hanganga waho, me te ā, e kore ratou e rerekē i te huakita painga: hanganga pūtautahi hipoki ki te anga mātotoru (taiepa pūtau) waho mucic kākahutia i roto i te capsule e tiaki i te nakunaku i roto i te ope, me te whakamaroke. tohaina te rauemi iranga i roto i te pūtau i roto i te puka o mekameka DNA. I raro i ngā āhuatanga kino, e taea o hanga pua - taka ki te āhua o te he neke i roto i nei tukanga faufaa te matao i mua i anō tikanga pai.

Bacteria Ko nga āpiha fakatupu o mate i mea ora? Ko te hunga e E ngāwari tuku e rūrūtia mahino, i te whakapā tika i te whakapā ki te mucosal kiri tuwhera ranei. tikanga tenei e taea te huaina tukumate patu o te whakangaromanga papatipu. I muri i te katoa, ka taea e meinga ratou te urutā, urutā, epiphytotics epizootic katoa, me te pera i runga i. Ko, te mate, te uhi i te whenua katoa, e kino ia me ngā otaota (epiphytotics), me te kararehe (mate epizootic) me tangata (urutā).

Kia aroha mai, ako e kore nga mea katoa o taata te tangata tino. Na reira, i reira he kahore kī e i tetahi wa e kore e tetahi mate i reira, e kore e te iwi mohio. Tenei wahi fatongia noa nui i runga i microbiologists, kairangahau hauora me virologists.

He aha te mate meinga e huakita?

He maha mate pera. Ko tenei e kore anake ki ngā etahi mea noa. No te mea ka taea e te huakita pānga kararehe e kore e anake, engari ano hoki whakato kopa. Na reira, mate katoa, e kua meinga e ratou, e taea te wehea ki te maha ngā rōpū.

1. mate Anthroponotic - te hunga e e ahurei ki te tangata, me te kia tino i waenganui ia ratou (tukumate tangata) te mate. Tauira o mate: typhoid, korara, koroputaputa, karawaka, te koripi, diphtheria me etahi atu.
2. mate zoonotic - taua mate e tupu i roto i nga kararehe, me te e kawe ratou i roto ia ratou, engari i roto i tetahi ara e taea te huaketo te tangata. Hei tauira, ngau pepeke ranei ētahi atu kararehe, kararehe i roto i ngā hoapā ki te kiri, me nga ara romahā o te tangata i reira ko te whakawhiti o pua kitakita. Mate: glanders, Anthrax, whiu, tularemia, rabies, waewae, me te mate mangai.
3. Epifitoznye mate - he mate tipu meinga e te huakita. Ko ētahi o ēnei pirau, blotch, pukupuku, weranga, ngingio kitakita me te tahi atu mate kitakita.

A feruri i te mate tangata meinga e te huakita. Ko te noa tino hunga e. Ko ratou te hunga i kawea mai i roto i te mua, me te hakari te rota o te mate me te raruraru ki te iwi.

tangata huakita

mate tangata meinga e te huakita, meinga tonu te rota o te kino me te kino ki te hauora o te iwi. Ko te tino noa, me te kino o ratou ko e whai ake nei:

1. Whiu - he kupu e wehingia ana ki noho mullion ake me te Renaissance. Kua kī te mate mano o oraraa. I mua i oku tatau ki te mate whiu mate, kihai i matou ano whakaaro he ara o te werohanga me rongoa o tenei mate hopuhopu whakamataku. Na, puta te mate i roto i te tahi mau whenua pārūrū, me te he tino pūāhua zoonotic.
2. Erysipelas - he mate o te kararehe, te nuinga poaka, heihei, reme me hoiho. Tuku ki te tangata. Karangatia reira huakita mate-meinga, e Erysipelothrix ingoa insidiosa. Fighting mate he kuware, he wehi o te rā tika, tiketike pāmahana me te alkali enei tukumate. I tēnei wā, e kore he tino noa te mate. Ko te ahua o te aronga tei runga i toko i te ora kararehe.
3. Diphtheria. mate kino o te wahi romahā o runga, homai he pōauautanga kaha ngakau. Ko te tino onge teie mahana no te mea kawea te werohanga i roto i roto i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga tamaiti.
4. Koripi. Meinga huakita mate, e ko te ingoa o Shigella (Shigella). Ko te puna o te mate he iwi e mate ana ko wai e taea e tuku mate whare, waiwai titi ranei (mā te mangai) i. Te nuinga pāngia tamariki. Kino ki te koripi taea e rave rahi taime me te wātea i te mate ki te mate i hanga te rangitahi.
5. Tularemia - meinga e te tularensis huakita Francisella. Tino maia, ātete ki te pāmahana, te taiao tikanga mate. Maimoatanga o te matatini, e kore whakawhanakehia tino.
6. Kohi - i huaina rakau o Koch. He mate matatini e pā te pūkahukahu, me te tahi atu whēkau. Kua whakawhanakehia ngā pūnaha rongoa i a whānui mahi engari tino whakakore tonu te mate parori.
7. mare - he mate meinga e te huakita Bordetella pertussis. Āhuatanga e te ahua o te whakaeke kaha o te maremare. Vaccination i roto i te kōhungahunga.
8. Pakewakewa - he mate rawa noa tuku i roto i whakapā fakasekisualé. huaina e ia trypanosomes tukumate spirochete. pānga te reira i te kikokiko, kanohi, kiri, io pokapū, wheua me hononga. Maimoatanga ki paturopi, mohiotia rongoa.
9. Gonorrhea - me te pakewakewa, he mate o te rau tau XXI. Ko te horapa o paturopi fakasekisualé. Meinga e te huakita - gonococcus.
10. Timu - meinga e te rakau Clostridium tetani, e E faatae mai te tāoke kaha i roto i te tinana tangata. arata'i tenei ki cramps whakamataku me contractions uaua haere noa.

O te akoranga, i reira e te tahi atu huakita me mate te tangata. Otiia whakarārangitia te tino noa, me te nui.

papapūata kararehe

Ko te mate kararehe tino noa, e kua meinga e huakita ngā:

• botulism;
• timu;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• mate piwa;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• Anthrax;
• waewae, me te mate mangai.

meinga katoa o ratou etahi huakita. Mate taea te nuinga ki te kia tuku ki te tangata, na ko ratou tino kino, me te nui. Ko te mehua matua ki te ārai i te horapa o taua mate - e pupuri kararehe i roto i te ma, tiaki tupato o ratou, whakawhāiti whakapā ki te mate.

whakato papapūata

I roto i te papapūata kino e whakapoke i te pūnaha pakiaka, me wana o te tipu, me te reira hei he nui ki te ahuwhenua, te noa tino ko te māngai e whai ake nei:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

mate Plant meinga e huakita e meinga pirau, me te mate o nga wahi e whai ake o te uwhi:

• pakiaka;
• rau;
• kakau;
• hua;
• inflorescence;
• hua pakiaka.

Ko, kia pāngia te tipu katoa i te kaihoko. mamae te nuinga maha i taua whakatō ahuwhenua, rīwai, te kāpeti, te witi, te witi, aniana, tōmato, Rustica, karepe, ngā rakau hua, me te tahi atu hua, huawhenua me purapura.

Ko te mate matua ngā te whai ake:

• mate kitakita;
• mate pukupuku;
• wahi kitakita;
• pirau;
• wildfire;
• bacteriosis basal;
• ahi ngingio;
• pirau mowhiti;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• bacteriosis purepure;
• bacteriosis pango me ētahi atu.

I tēnei wā kua kaha kua mahi huaota me te koiora ahuwhenua ki te kitea he hua tiaki te tipu i enei mate.