Carbon - tenei ... waro ngota. Taumaha waro

Ko tētahi o nga mea timatanga tino maere, e te mea e taea ki te hanga i te momo nui o pūhui o te natura waro me inorganic, he waro. te reira āhuatanga kia rerekē o te huānga e tonu tohu Mendeleev he heke mai nui, e kore e ki te whakahua i te āhuatanga whäkina ano.

I muri i whakapumautia ai i roto i te mahi. I mohiotia tenei e e ia - te āhuatanga biogenic rangatira o to tatou paraneta, e te mea wahi o tino taata katoa. I tua atu, e taea o ngā i roto i ngā puka e rerekē radically roto i te tikanga katoa, engari ngā anake o ngota waro.

I roto i te whānui, rawa i roto i tenei hanganga he maha, he reira ki a ratou, a ka ngana ki te titiro i te tuhinga.

Waro: te tātai me te tūranga i roto i te pūnaha pūtau

Ko te pūnaha wā o te waro āhuatanga kei roto i te IV (rite ki te hou tauira 14) rōpū, te subgroups matua. Ko tōna tau rangatū 6, me te taimaha o 12,011 ngota. Tohu tohu huānga C tohu tona ingoa i roto i Latin - carboneum. He maha ngā momo rerekē i roto i nei vai waro. Ko reira na rerekē te tātai me te tei runga i te whakarerekētanga motuhake.

Heoi, ki te tuhituhi tohu motuhake te whārite tauhohenga, o te akoranga. I roto i te whānui, i te mea e he taonga i roto i te puka parakore, tangohia waro tātai rāpoi ngota C kahore fakahokohoko.

History o whakahura o huānga

I tahaki, kua tenei huānga kua mohiotia mai te wa tino tawhito. I muri i te katoa, tetahi o nga kohuke tino nui i roto i te āhua - he reira waro. Na reira, e kore ko ia hoki te tawhito Kariki, Roma me ētahi atu iwi ngaro.

I tua atu ki tenei momo, whakamahia ano te taimana me te graphite. Ki te whakamutunga mo te wa roa i te reira i te rota o ngā āhuatanga uaua, rite maha kahore te tātari i te hanganga o te graphite tangohia pūhui pērā i:

• mata hiriwa;
• rino carbide;
• sulfide molybdenum.

pania katoa o ratou i pango, me te pera i whakaaro ki te graphite. I muri mai i fakamahino'i tenei pōhēhē, me kua meinga tenei puka o waro iho.

Mai 1725 he uara nui arumoni o whiwhi taimana, ko i te 1970, taukei te hangarau mō te whakaputa ia ratou āwenewene. Mai 1779, whakawhetai ki te mahi Karla Sheele, te korenga i nga āhuatanga matū, e whakaatu ana waro. ko te timatanga o te raupapa o ngā āhuatanga nui i roto i te mara o te huānga tenei, a ka te pūtake mo te whakamārama o ona āhuatanga ahurei katoa.

Kanoirite o waro i roto i te āhua me te tohatoha

Ahakoa te meka e te huānga i roto i te pātai - he matūkai faufaa, tona ihirangi katoa he 0.15% i roto i te taimaha o te kirinuku. puta tenei i te meka e te i raro i te reira ki te tohanga tonu, tohanga tūturu i roto i Nature.

I roto i te whānui kia whakahuatia atu pūhui he āhua kohuke, i roto i nei te hanganga ngā waro. He toka māori, pērā i enei:

• dolomites me limestones;
• kerekere;
• hinu tokauku;
• hau māori;
• waro;
• hinu;
• lignite ;
• Peat;
• uku.

I tua atu, e kore matou e wareware e pā ana ki nga mea ora e e noa he pātaka o pūhui waro. I muri i te katoa, kua hanga e ratou i pūmua, te ngako, te warowaihā, waikawa karihi, a ko te kupu i te rāpoi ngota hanganga tino faufaa. I roto i te whānui, i te faafariuraa o te papatipu tinana kikokore o 70 kg 15 taka i runga i te huānga parakore. A pera katoa, e kore e ki te whakahua i nga kararehe, otaota me ētahi atu mea.

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te hanganga o te rangi , me te wai, e ko, ōnuku, me huru rite te katoa, i reira he hakari he ranunga o te waro-hāora, whakahuatia e te tātai CO _2. Hauhā ranei te hauhā - tetahi o nga haurehu matua, kaipōti rangi. I roto i tenei puka te hautanga papatipu o te waro o 0,046%. More rewa te hauhā i te wai o nga moana.

Ko te papatipu ngota o te waro hei huānga he 12,011. Kei te mohiotia te reira e tatau tenei uara te rite te tauhanga i waenganui i nga pauna ngota o nga momo katoa kanoirite ka puta noa, i homai ratou nuinga (rite te ōrau). Na ko reira i roto i te taonga i roto i te pātai. E toru kanoirite matua, i te mea i roto i te puka o te waro. Ko ratou:

• ¹² C - tona hautanga papatipu i roto i te nuinga o te 98,93% nui;
• ¹³ C - 1.07%;
• ¹⁴ C - te iraruke hawhe-ora o 5700 tau, he pūmau beta-kaituku.

I roto i te mahi o te whakatau i ngā tauira kaumatua geochronological nuitia whakamahia iraruke kanoirite ¹⁴ C, i te mea he tohu, no te mea o o te pirau tona wā roa.

whakarereke Allotropic o te huānga

Carbon - Ko he huānga i te mea i roto i te puka o te taonga ohie vai i roto i te maha o puka. Ko, he reira e taea ki te hanga i mohiotia ki te rā i te maha o akatuke'anga allotropic te nui rawa.

1. Crystal rerekētanga - te tīariari i roto i te puka o te hanganga totoka ki te wini whakakahokaho auau o te momo ngota. Tenei rōpū ngā taua momo rite:

• taimana;
• fullerenes;
• graphites;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• weu waro me te ngongo.

enei rerekē katoa hanganga tioata ripekapeka, i roto i nei kōpuku - waro ngota. No reira, he āhuatanga tino ahurei, e kore e rite, e rua tinana, me te matū.

2. puka amorphous - puka o ngota waro i roto i te hanganga o etahi pūhui tūturu. Ko, ehara i te mea momo parakore, a ki poke o ētahi atu āhuatanga i roto i te rahinga iti. Tenei rōpū ngā:

• whakahohe waro;
• kohatu, me te rakau;
• mangu;
• Waro Nanofoam;
• kerekere;
• waiwai;
• rauemi kōeke Hangarau.

Ratou whakakotahi hoki ngā āhuatanga o te karaihe hanganga wini whakakahokaho o whakamārama me ngā āhuatanga faaite.

3. Waro pūhui i te puka o tautau. ki tonu te hanganga taua, i roto i nei ngota e katia i roto i te conformation roto tuwhera motuhake, kei ki te wai karihi o te tahi atu huānga ranei. tauira:

• nanocone waro;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te waro amorphous

Nā ki te whānui o akatuke'anga allotropic momo ki te tohatoha he uaua etahi āhuatanga tinana whānui o te waro. Māmā ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te puka motuhake. Hei tauira, kua nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei i te waro amorphous.

1. I te ngakau o ngā puka katoa - pai-baked momo o graphite.
2. kaha wera High.
3. āhuatanga pēne pai.
4. Waro kiato o e pā ana ki 2 g / cm ^3.
5. A, no te tahu ki runga ake 1600 C puta ⁰ whakawhitinga i roto i pakete graphite.

Ngarahu, waro e whānui me te kohatu momo whakamahia mō ngā take ahumahi. e kore e ratou i te faaiteraa o te whakakē waro i roto i te puka parakore, engari kei reira te nui rawa nui.

waro tioata

He maha ngā huarahi i roto i nei i te waro - taonga hanga tioata auau o ngā momo, i roto i nei e hono nga ngota raupapa. Ka rite ki te hua o te hanganga o te akatuke'anga e whai ake nei.

1. Diamond. Hanganga - pūtoru, e kua hono ki te wha tetrahedrons. Ka rite ki te hua, here kotuari matū ia ngota o te waiwai mōrahi me te kaha. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te waro kiato 3300 kg / m ^3. pakeke High, iti wera motuhake, ngaro o te kawe ia hiko - ko te hua o te hanganga karaihe wini tenei katoa. He taimana tū hua. I hanga i i te whakawhitinga o te graphite i roto i te whakarerekētanga e whai ake nei i raro i te mana o tiketike pāmahana me te tetahi pēhanga. I roto i te whānui, he rite tiketike rite te kaha taimana rewa pāmahana - e pā ana ki 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Graphite. Kua whakaritea te ngota rite te hanganga o nga matū o mua, engari puta waiwai e toru anake ngā hononga, me riro te tuawha roa me iti roa, hono reira te "papa" mowhiti ripekapeka hexagonal. Ko te hua ko e te graphite - te ngohengohe, hinuhinu ki te rauemi pa i roto i mangu. He kawe ia hiko pai, me te kua he pāmahana nui rewa - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated i mārō ki kāwanatanga haurehu waihā, bypassing te wai (i te pāmahana o 3700 ⁰ C). Kiato carbon - 2.26 g / ^cm3, i te mea nui i raro i taua o taimana. Pūkete tenei mo ratou āhuatanga rerekē. Ko taea No te mea o te hanganga paparanga o te wini whakakahokaho karaihe ki te whakamahi i graphite mō kakau he pene rākau ohie i hangaia e. A, no te whakahaere tawerewere exfoliate pepa, me te waiho i te wahi i runga i te pepa i roto i te pango.
3. Fullerenes. Ko reira tuwhera anake i roto i te 80 o te rau tau whakamutunga. tohu ratou he whakarerekētanga, i roto i nei, e toaati te waro i roto i te hanganga ohu nei kati motuhake he pokapū tuwhera. Na te āhua o te karaihe - he matarau, te whakahaere tika. Ko te maha o ngā ngota ko noa. Ko te puka pai-mohiotia o te fullerene C _60. i kitea tauira o tenei rauemi i roto i te akoranga:

• meteorites;
• waipara;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• wāhi i reira roto hau i roto i te puka.

He momo katoa o te tioata waro o faufaa mahi, mai riro ratou he maha o ngā āhuatanga whai hua i roto i te toi.

tauhohenga

waro rāpoi he tauhohenga iti tika ki tona whirihoranga pūmau. Te hanga taea reira ki te tauhohe whakamōhio anake ngota pūngao anō, me te akina te irahiko taumata waho ki te mamaoa. I riro rite ki te valency o 4. Na reira tenei wa, kua reira i roto i te pūhui o te kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga + 2, + 4, - 4.

Tata ki te katoa o nga tauhohe ki te matū ohie pērā i konganuku me nonmetals, puta i raro i te mana o te pāmahana teitei. Ka taea e huānga i Tirohia e rua kaihoko oxidizing me te kaihoko whakaiti. Heoi, i te whakamutunga whakahuatia tino kaha te āhuatanga, e hāngai ana i runga i tenei tono i roto i ona ahumahi metallurgical me ētahi atu.

I roto i te whānui, i te kaha ki te tomo ki ngā matū tei runga i ngā āhuatanga e toru:

• purara waro;
• whakarerekētanga allotropic;
• pāmahana tauhohenga.

Ko te kupu, i roto i ētahi wā, pähekoheko reira ki te matū e whai ake nei:

• nonmetals (hauwai, te hāora);
• konganuku (konumohe, rino, konupūmā, me ētahi atu);
• waikura konganuku me ratou tai.

Ki te waikawa me kawakore e kore tauhohe ki kōnakonako he tino onge. Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te waro - te kaha ki te hanga i mekameka roa ki ia atu. Ka taea te kati ratou ki te Pekanga koropiko āhua. Mai te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro, tau i tenei ra i roto i te mirioni. Ko te pūtake o enei e rua pūhui huānga - waro, hauwai. Ano kia hoki te hanganga ngā tahi atu ngota o te hāora, hauota, whanariki, kōnakonako, ūkuikui, me ētahi atu konganuku.

pūhui Basic me ratou kiripuaki

He maha pūhui rerekē i roto i te hanganga e ngā waro. Tātai rongonui tino o enei - CO ₂ - te hauhā. Heoi, i roto i te tua waikura, i reira he CO - monoxide te waro haukura ranei me nedooksid C ₃ e _2.

I roto i te tai, e ngā te huānga hohe, ko te noa tino te konupūmā me te konupora pākawa waro. Ko te kupu he maha o taurite i roto i te taitara konupūmā pākawa waro kua, rite kitea i roto i te natura i roto i te puka:

• tioka;
• mapere;
• pākeho;
• dolomite.

Ko te faufaa o te pākawa waro whakarewa whenua kawakore whakakitea i roto i te meka e he ratou whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te tukanga o te hanganga o iri, hei koeko, me te manawa whenua.

waikawa Carbonic - tetahi atu pūhui e hanga he waro. Ko tōna tātai - H ₂ CO _3. Heoi, i roto i te puka tikanga, he reira tino iu, me te tonu i roto i te otinga decomposes ki te hauhā me te wai waro. Na reira, e mohiotia anake tai ona, engari ehara i te mea iho, rite te otinga.

halides carbon - kua whiwhi te nuinga i te tikanga autaki, rite he whāiti hāngai anake i pāmahana tiketike rawa, me te tukua iti. Ko tētahi o te noa tino - CCL ₄ - waro tetrachloride. He pūhui paitini e taea meinga poisoning i inhalation. Whiwhi e tuwhena tauhohe ahomatū o whakauru o nga ngota hauwai i roto i te mewaro.

carbides Metal - waro pūhui, i roto i nei kua reira he āhua pitihāoratanga 4. ano oraraa taea o feohi ki boron me te takawai. Ko te taonga matua o te tahi mau carbides whakarewa (konumohe, Tungsten, Titanium, Niobium, tantalum, hafnium) - he kaha nui, me te kawe ia hiko pai. Pūtiwha carbide B ₄ C - tetahi o te totoka i muri taimana (9.5 Mohs). E whakamahia ana ēnei pūhui i roto i te toi, me te te ahumahi matū rite puna o waiwaro (konupūmā carbide ki te wai arata'i ki te hanganga o acetylene me te konupūmā waihā).

hangaia maha alloys whakarewa te whakamahi i waro tino reira te whakanui ake ratou kounga me ngā whakaritenga (maitai - te koranu o te rino, me te waro).

Takitahi aro maha pūhui waro organic, i roto i nei reira - he āhuatanga taketake e taea te hono ki te taua ngota i roto i nga mekameka roa o ngā hanganga rerekē. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• waiwaro tahi;
• waiwaro rua;
• arena;
• pūmua;
• warowaihā;
• waikawa karihi;
• waiwaihā;
• waikawa me te maha atu akomanga o matū.

Ko te whakamahi o te waro

Te tikanga o pūhui waro me ona whakarerekētanga allotropic o te ora tangata he tiketike rawa. Ka taea e koe te karanga etahi o nga ahumahi tino ao, kia reira mārama e he pono tenei.

1. Tenei huānga ngā momo katoa o kora matatoka i nei e tango te tangata pūngao.
2. whakamahi ahumahi Metallurgical waro rite te kaihoko whakaiti kaha ki te whakaputa i konganuku i ratou pūhui. Kei te whānui He whakamahia rite pākawa waro.
3. pau Construction me te ahumahi matū he nui nui o pūhui waro i roto i te kōtuitui o ngā matū hou, me te ki te whiwhi i te hua e hiahiatia ana.

Hoki ngā taua rāngai o te ōhanga, pērā i:

• ahumahi karihi;
• whakapaipai hanga;
• taputapu (whakahinuhinu, crucibles tiketike-pāmahana, pene rākau, me ētahi atu);
• faaotiraa o te tau arowhenua o toka - whakataki iraruke ¹⁴ C;
• carbon - adsorbent faahiahia e taea te whakamahi mō te tātari ahumahi.

Porohita i roto i te āhua

Ko te papatipu o te waro hakari i te natura, e whakaurua ki roto ki te huringa tamau, whakamana nei te cyclically katoa tuarua huri noa i te ao. Ko te kupu, pūtake waro kōhauhau - CO ₂ horomia e otaota me katoa atu taata ora tukua te i roto i respiration. Kia i roto i te huru, e riro ano a reira, a pera tonu te huringa. Ko te kupu hua toenga organic ngaro i roto i te tuku o te waro me tona haaputuputuraa i roto i te whenua, te wahi ka ai riro i ano e kaiao ora, ka tukua ki te huru rite te hau.