Class Reptiles: he tirohanga whānui

He fakailifia mea rawa ngā, me te rawa rerekē. āhuatanga General o enei mea i roto i te nui taipitopito. He aha e kore i te mea maere, no te mea tenei piha o te kararehe chordates whenua ngā nakahi, mokomoko, Amphisbaena, klyuvogolovyh, ihuroa me kukupa. i maha ngā āhuatanga motuhake katoa o ratou. Mea katoa, o te akoranga, e kore e taea e ki te whakaahua poto, engari te ngā tino - ko reira.

He hītori iti

Hea mai ngokingoki? tīmata tonu ngā āhuatanga General ki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki reira. Ko reira arorau, no te mea he pai katoa ki te mohio e te kararehe whenua no ki tenei piha he uri tawhiti o nga mokoweri te nuinga te wā Mesozoic 160 miriona tau. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, ka ratou moa e pā ana ki 66 miriona tau ki muri. Ka taea te whakaritea ngarara Modern anake ki nga toenga marara o te, ao tawhito ngaro ataahua.

He mea nui hoki ki te mohio e te ngarara onamata ko nga tupuna o manu. Kua hoatu e ratou ara ki tenei rōpū o kararehe, kei te mātātoa nei ahu. Kua roa ngā Scientists i e te pūrere, i meinga kukuwhatanga o manu i kitea i to ratou tupuna - te māngai o te puka motuhake o ngā ngārara. Hoki ratou, ka āhuatanga reira e mahana te toto, o te uhi roro me te tinana te tuuraa i (huruhuru).

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Na - he atu taipitopito iti e pā ana ki te pū kikokiko mea moku, pērā i ngokingoki. āhuatanga General o te kerēme, kua kite ratou rite te āhuatanga o amphibians me teitei vertebrates. He aha e pā ana ki te taupoki waho? Ko e tika ana ki te thickening me ngā puka keratinization muri pukupuku me tawerewere ia. Taua cover tiaki nga kopa me whekau o te kararehe ki akiaki waho, me te mate o te makuku.

He mokomoko legless tauturu me nakahi unahi ki te neke. E fakalili'a mihi ki te mau papaa parau kararehe i te roughness whenua, me te neke i roto i tetahi aronga ranei tetahi.

Hipokina o ngārara rerekē. I roto i te tahi mau mea he unahi ia i roto i te whakapā tata ki tahi i te tahi. I roto i ētahi atu, ko ratou i te ahua o "inaki". Etahi puta mea rawa ki ngā tihi ranei titaha, e te hunga e tika ana ki te hanga o te tiaki i konihi.

Ko taea te kitea tetahi o nga pukupuku tino ngā i roto i mokomoko Moroko (lat. Moroko horridus). Kei te karanga a te reira "rewera tataramoa." Titiro i te pikitia i runga ake, ka taea e matau koe te aha. Tenei iti, e ora i roto i te mokomoko koraha Ahitereiria whānui, me te papatahi hipoki tinana ki rave rahi poto titaha haona kōpiko o rerekē te rahi o. Runga ake nga kanohi, me te i runga i nga growths urunga-rite i runga i te kaki, i whai ahua ai ratou te tahi mea haona rite. taea ki te huri i tona kara i runga i te rama, te pāmahana rānei, me o ratou ahua whaiaroaro tenei mokomoko koura-parauri ko.

Ko te mea e tika ana ki te hoki ki te kaupapa o te taupoki. ahakoa reira poka ki te tupu o ngā ngārara? No, no te mea ratou ia wā whakaheke ratou kiri tawhito. A i roto i te tukanga o te molting he tupu ratou. He uhi hou he ngāwari, me te ngohengohe. I tona actinic reira e wa, me te i roto i tenei wā enei mea i ngaro ia no te mea kei te ki ratou whakaraerae ki waho te tiaki.

Ko te hanganga o te kōhiwi

I reira he hoki nui ki te whakahua, ka tae mai te reira ki te mea ngā āhuatanga kikokiko he ngārara. Ko te tino ngā te āhuatanga whānui, no te mea e taea e te katoa te maha o pekehoe tae rave rahi rau! He pakeke Anaconda nui (lat. Eunectes murinus), hei tauira, i reira e pā ana ki 435! Ko te whakamīharo. Otiia ki te aukati tatou te kaiaia, ko te tapeke maha o pekehoe atu ngā ngārara rerekē i 50 ki te 80.

Ko te hanganga o te kōhiwi axial i ōrite katoa. A i te ara, he nui atu korerotia atu i roto i te take o amphibians te wehenga ki ngā wāhanga. E rima wehenga whai tuaiwi marama rerekē: kaki, truncal, lumbar, sacral me caudal. I roto i te whakamutunga o enei hāngai ko te tau mōrahi o pekehoe kati. E ratou he hanga rawa ngā: te piri ki te hiku, te iti to ratou rahi. pekehoe Last me katoa te hanganga rite ki te wheua iti i roto i te puka o rakau.

Heoi, etahi rōpū o ngā ngārara koiwi he hanganga rerekē. Nakahi, hei tauira, mārama kitea kātua me te hiawero wāhanga anake. E kore te mea te whaturei. He kakī o honu kātua me tauta katoa ki te anga whakangungu rakau, no te mea o te mea ngaro ratou nekeneke.

angaanga

Ano, te āhuatanga whānui o ngā ngārara e taea te korero ki te rota e pā ana ki te hanganga o te angaanga o enei mea. Rawa e pā ana ki te nakahi. Kua tipu Ko tōna hanganga rite ki nga tikanga o te whiwhi kai, me te kai.

Amphibians, pērā i angaanga poto, me te whānui elongated te kauae e hanga he ihu rawa roa. Hanganga mangai taea hinonga raraunga ki te hopu parakete iti ki tona whakaekenga.

Ko ngokingoki hopu production ko hāngai e pā ana ki te whakatoi o te patunga. Na konei he painga sino ihu elongated. I tua atu, ko reira tenei ahua o te kauae taea ki a koe haehae atu i te wahi o te taonga nui. I ihuroa me kukupa Ratau, tukanga puka wheua palatine te mangai tuarua, e wehe ratou mangai i te wāhanga o raro, me te runga. No te mea ratou taea manawa anake pipiki i roto o te wai ki te matenga mutunga o nga ihu, no te mea kei te neke hoki ofi ki te paeoro choanae (tatau nasal ā-).

pūnaha uaua

Ko tōna whakaahuatanga hoki ngā te whakaahuatanga whānui o ngā ngārara. Ko te pūnaha uaua o te hanganga o rerekëtanga, whakaatu ana te musculature segmental. He āhuatanga motuhake o enei mea - uaua intercostal, rite he mahi nui i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te respiration.

O ngā moni ko te musculature subcutaneous. Ētahi māngai o reira na tino whakawhanakehia e taea taata ki te huri i te tūranga o te unahi. Tenei, i te ara, kua whakahuatia i roto i te wāhanga i runga i te taupoki.

Ko te tūranga o te pūngao "kai" mo nga uaua o enei mea nui whāwehe anaerobic o te kūhuka. Te mea faahiahia, te nuinga o nga uaua (50-75%) e taea te mahi noa kahore hāora waiwai. Nā ki tenei, ka taea e ngā ngārara haere tawhiti poto rite nohopuku kararehe rite mahana te toto. hohoro uaua kirimana. Otiia ki te mea i reira te mea he "overdo" ka timata i te reira ki te hanga-ake i mātātoa i roto i te uaua o te waikawa lactic, he taikaha o e arata'i ki rohirohi. Na reira, nga māngai o tenei piha haapiiraa, ka hanga he torutoru desertions, huna hoki te toenga. I roto i te tika, he torutoru haora o te waikawa lactic decomposes, a whakahokia ana e nga mana o te kararehe.

uaua nakahi

Mō neoy Me ki korero motu. āhuatanga General o te tikanga o ngā ngārara e kore e taea te whakawhiti i ona pū katoa. Ko te meka e whakamahia nakahi uaua ki te neke i te kai ingested reira i roto, a kahore hoki te kaupapa anake.

He mea nui hoki ki te mohio, e reira e wha momo matua o te kaupapa. huaina ana te rongonui tino te tangiwai, taha retireti ranei. Āhuatanga e tāwakawaka puka o haereraa. E ko, ka taea tenei tikanga te nakahi ki te kauhoe me te tae tere tiketike. Record taata tei, i te ara, ka kitea i roto i Africa werewere mamba pango (lat. Dendroaspis polylepis). Ko tōna toharite tere ko 11 km / h.

Ano, i reira te mea he ara tika ki te haere ( "anuhe" tikanga). neke nakahi mua i runga i te kiri o te puku, me ka hutia ake i te hoki katoa o te tinana. I roto i te toru o te tikanga, kīia ki rite whakarara, me te mea te kararehe Ka whakakore ratou i roto i te ahunga (lateral ngā huringa). Tirohia te reira - he rarity. Tenei tikanga ko nakahi angamaheni noho i roto i te onepu wewete i roto i te koraha.

e kore te mea iti onge te tuawha tikanga. Kei te karanga a te reira "Concertina. Ranei, i roto i nga kupu atu, te tikanga o "bunching". Kei te whakamahia te reira mo neke i te nakahi i runga i te rakau. titiro reira rerekē no te mea e au ra te tinana ki te kia haere ki te hanga i te koropiko whakapae, ka wiwi mua upoko, e tika ana ki nei te "kōriana" whakatikaina.

Ko te tino rerekē tenei katoa, engari whakamārama reira te hanganga waho, me te kōhiwi o ngā ngārara. āhuatanga General, o te akoranga, āwhina ana ki te matau e pā ana ki te mea he "roto", engari i muri i te mātakitaki i te nekehanga whakaahuatia ana i runga e taea katoa whakaaro whatu.

pūnaha io

I reira he hoki nui ki te whakahua, e korero e pā ana ki te piha o ngā ngārara. āhuatanga General o te pūnaha io ngā. Otiia i mua i tatou aparau i te reira, ko reira ia tapao e te pūnaha io pokapū o hanga kanohi te ua, me te matenga, arā, o wehenga e rima.

Ko te tuatahi - te mua. Ko i haere ona tuakoi taupa olfactory.

Ko te tuarua - i waenganui i. I roto i te wahi o raro reira ko te repe, me te tihi - te repe pineal. Ko reira muri ki a ia, i te ara, i te tuatara (te anake hou wehe klyuvogolovyh māngai) me mokomoko whakawhanake unpaired tinana photosensitive, ka karanga te kanohi kōpako. Na ihuroa, i te ara, kahore he repe pineal ranei.

huaina ana te tuatoru wehenga te te toharite. I kawea ano e ia matamata ataata. I roto i te faatura i tenei, rawa, te piha haapiiraa taiea o ngā ngārara. āhuatanga General taea tatou ki te mahino e ratou wahi waenganui, me te uho ataata e nui ake whakawhanakehia atu i roto i amphibians. Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga o te roro - te roro tuarongo ko. Me te tari atu tapawhā.

Heoi, e kore katoa e te mea utu i mohio e pā ana ki te piha haapiiraa o ngā ngārara ko tenei. āhuatanga General, i poto, hanga ana e ia mārama e te māngai o tenei kāwai o kararehe kua he tino whakawhanakehia hanganga whaiaroaro, me te kikokiko. Ko nui atu ki te mohio e i roto i to ratou ua, ko te nui ake mārama kitea wehenga i waenganui i te mea hina, me te ma, rite te ātete ki te taua amphibians. A ano to ratou he pūnaha parasympathetic me pukuaroha korerotia autonomic io. Kei te māngai reira e mekameka takirua tautau io (ganglion).

Titiro me te kakara

Ko pea tenei te kaupapa tino ngā. A e kia oti ngā āhuatanga whānui o ngā ngārara (ngokingoki ranei), kahore te whakahua o reira.

Na, enei mea i rongo ono. Tuatahi - tenei whakakitenga. Te mea faahiahia, e rave rahi mokomoko tino wehewehe tae. Tupapaku - te tikanga tino nui o te kōrero. pepeke paitini mōhio ana ratou i te reira i roto i te tae. Na e taea ki te kite te tae hoki te tortoises Rapa. Ki whero, he maha o ratou whakautu pai. He ara te whakapae e e taea ki te kite marama pōkākā kukupa.

Nakahi a ihuroa meatia kore wehewehe tae. Otiia i roto i nga kanohi o mea ngokingoki e te hanganga ano rite i roto i te tangata. Na ano etahi o ratou māngai reira a ake ake. Ano, Ko te raro ake pūkoro atu te tihi. Tauira, i te ara, he rerekē i ngokingoki. Ko te māngai o te ārahi po, me te kakarauri ora, ko reira poutū. Na whāiti mokomoko i runga i ngā tauira, me te taea te kite i rua titi katoa, e arotahi ki runga i te etine o te whakapakoko motuhake. Tēnei āhuatanga hei kaha te koinga o te whakaatu mo te mo'oni mokomoko.

He aha e pā ana ki te tikanga o te kakara. Ka taea hoki e tōna pū korero nga āhuatanga whānui o ngā ngārara. Nounou, te tūranga matua i roto i te tikanga o te kakara o enei mea tākaro chemoreceptors. Nā ki a ratou, Kei te tino pai te kite i enei kararehe te kakara. E taea e ki te kitea te kai, ki te tanu ki te hohonu o 8 henimita ratou. nakahi waipera me mokomoko tika ki te tikanga o te kakara e taea te tautuhi i te momo o te kararehe tata roa i mua i tona ahua i roto i te mara o te tirohanga. Na ihuroa, mokomoko, me honu, me katoa i repe motuhake, hangaia te ngaro o nei ki te "kōrero ki" noho rohe. Odorants tohu enei mea ratou whakaaro.

ara o te ora

I reira ka taea e hoki korero i te āhuatanga whānui o ngā ngārara. Grade 7 - te pakeke i tēnei wā i roto i te kura nui ako te kaupapa.

Na, ko te nuinga o kararehe no ki tenei piha rahi, he kaikiko. whangai te nuinga ngokingoki i runga i kia ekara, me ngā ngārara. Tena ko tenei te konihitanga ahu ki anake etahi mokomoko, ihuroa me nakahi. Iguanas me agama taea kai tetahi - i hua me huawhenua, mutu ki te kai kararehe. Heoi, i reira e anake mea wätea. Ko ētahi o ēnei whenua tortoises.

Mea faahiahia i reira he uri. I te mea te reira nui ki te whakahua, e korero e pā ana ki te piha o Reptiles (ranei Reptiles). whakamārama poto āhuatanga General pehea e haere mea.

Ko te kupu, he ā te kikiritanga. whakawhanake te kukune i roto i te hua manu, hipokina nei e te anga calcareous kiriuka ranei. kitea hoki ovoviviparity. Whakauaua hoki, te kuao e whanau, rite viviparous kararehe. E tano ia tapao e te tiaki o enei mea uri moku,. ihuroa uwha, hei tauira, āta whakawhiti ki te kōhao-waha mā te whakapanga ratou pēpi ki Faarii.

He ngā atu ki te mohio, e kore e te nuinga o ngā ngārara nui i whekau waiata. Kahore, engari whiowhio me te whakahianga, e kore ai ratou te whakaputa. Na e kore e taea e kore faaipoiporaa rongo i te tangi - e arahina ana e kakara enei mea. Anake eublepharinae mokomoko e taea ki te tītī.

māngai ngā

Well, i runga i whakaaro āhuatanga whānui me ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga waho o nga ngarara. I te pae hopea, e taea e koe te kōrero e pā ana ki etahi o nga māngai onge.

Reira te hanga i te iti o tenei piha ko koka squeaky, noho i roto i tahora me te āhua-koraha. Ka taea te kitea te reira i roto i ngā wāhi i reira rere te Täingäwai. Ko te hanga mīharo tenei, hipoki ki te unahi potakataka. tona roa tinana, ko te 41 anake mm! Mō te taua i a ia, me te hiawero, e taea te ngāwari whiua.

Taa'eraa i hoki ko te neke, e ko te mema nui o te puninga o nakahi Rapa. Tenei - te hanga i te paihana kotahi 3 koma, o nei roa, ko te 2 mita.

Otiia ki te neke kingi, o te akoranga, e taea e kore te whakaritea te waipera. I muri i te katoa, ko reira te nakahi werewere nui rawa. tae ētahi takitahi te roa o 5.6 m. Ko te tipu, i te ara, i roto i te akoranga mo'uí. A ora ratou ki runga ki te 30 tau.

Tino ataahua, he nakahi taua, pera i te Taipan McCoy. Ko te mea hanga ataahua tika ki pauna koura-mangu tino kino Here. te reira - te nakahi whenua tino werewere i roto i te ao. Paihana kotahi tauira (44 mg) he nui ki te patua te wahi o te miriona kiore ranei 100 iwi.

Tenei, o te akoranga, e kore nga mea mīharo katoa, e te hunga nui i roto i te piha haapiiraa o ngā ngārara (Reptiles ranei). āhuatanga General taea ki tatou mahino e founga nui ko to ratou momo. Otiia tonu ko reira utu te tuhituhi i te aro o te moeone Far. Tenei mokomoko, e taea te kitea i roto i Japan ranei i te Kuriles. Ia, kia rite ki te momo whakarārangitia i mua katoa ngā i roto i te pukapuka Whero o Russia. Ko tona miramira - mīharo tae, e taea e te whakatau tata e titiro i te whakaahua i runga ake.

Well, i runga i tenei kaupapa, ka taea e tonu te kōrero koe mo te wa roa. I muri i te katoa, kei te mohiotia te ao pai 9400 momo o ngokingoki, me ia o ratou he ahurei. Engari e taea te ratou kitea takitahi. Katoa kua e kua mea i runga ake, kia pai whakaoho te moni.